How to understand the cash flow formula of enterprises

The calculation formula of cash flow statement is as follows:

1. Cash received from selling goods and providing services

= main business income+tax payable (VAT payable-output tax)+accounts receivable (opening balance-ending balance)+notes receivable (opening balance-ending balance)-accounts received in advance (opening balance-ending balance)-bad debt reserve for the current period.

2. Cash paid for goods and services.

= main business cost+taxes payable (VAT payable-input tax)+accounts payable (opening balance-ending balance)+notes payable (opening balance-ending balance)-prepayments (opening balance-ending balance)-inventory-wages, benefits and depreciation expenses included in production costs and manufacturing expenses in the current period.

3. Cash paid to employees

= Wages and welfare expenses in production costs, manufacturing expenses and management expenses+Payable wages (opening balance-ending balance)+Payable welfare expenses (opening balance-ending balance)-Payable welfare expenses "charged in construction" (opening balance-ending balance).

4. Various taxes and fees paid

= income tax+main business tax and surcharge+tax payable (VAT-tax paid)

5. Other cash paid related to business activities.

= Operating expenses+other management expenses

6. Cash received from investment recovery

= short-term investment credit+short-term stock investment income recovered together with principal.

7. Cash received from investment income

= Dividend income received

8. Other cash received related to business activities.

= According to the records of cash, bank deposits, non-operating income and other business income.

9. Reduction of business receivables

= Accounts receivable (opening balance-ending balance)+notes receivable (opening balance-ending balance)+other receivables (opening balance-ending balance)

10, business items payable increased.

= Accounts payable+notes payable+welfare expenses payable+wages payable+taxes payable+other payables+other payables.

I. Commercial activities

(1) Cash received

1 Selling goods and providing services

Content: Cash received from selling goods and providing services (including sales tax, sales materials and purchasing and selling services).

Basis: main business income, other business income, accounts receivable, bills receivable, accounts received in advance, cash and bank deposits.

Formula: main business income+output tax+other business income (excluding rent)+accounts receivable (beginning-ending)+bills receivable (beginning-ending)+accounts received in advance (ending)+recovery of bad debts written off in the previous period in this period (regardless of income, expenses and sales)-provision for bad debts in this period-write-off of bad debts in this period-cash discount-discount interest expense on bills-regarded as sales.

2 tax refund

Content: refund of value-added tax, consumption tax, business tax, customs duties, income tax and education surcharge.

Basis: main business taxes and surcharges, subsidy income, subsidies receivable, cash and bank deposits.

3. Receive other business activities.

Content: fine income, personal compensation, operating lease income, etc.

Basis: non-operating income, other business income, cash and bank deposits.

(2) Pay cash

1 Purchase goods and accept labor services

Content: Cash paid for goods and services (excluding purchase return and input tax).

Basis: main business cost, inventory, accounts payable, notes payable and prepayments.

Formula: main business cost+input tax+other business expenses (excluding rent)+inventory (period-end-beginning)+accounts payable (period-end+notes payable (period-end-beginning)+prepayments (period-end-end)+inventory loss+inventory raised, invested and sponsored by projects-inventory paid off in non-cash form-non-material consumption in cost (labor

2 Pay employees' wages

Contents: Wages, bonuses, allowances, labor insurance, social insurance, housing accumulation fund and other welfare funds paid to employees (excluding retirees, in others).

Basis: salary payable, welfare payable, cash and bank deposit.

Formula: Wages and welfare expenses in cost, manufacturing expenses and management expenses+decrease of wages payable (beginning-end)+decrease of welfare expenses payable (beginning-end).

3. Various taxes and fees paid

Content: Value-added tax, consumption tax, business tax, customs duty, income tax, education surcharge, mineral resources compensation fee, "four taxes" and other taxes and fees actually paid in this period (including the previous period, the current period and the later period, excluding farmland occupation tax included in assets).

Basis: tax payable, management fee (stamp duty), cash and bank deposit.

Formula: income tax+main business tax and additional+paid value-added tax, etc.

4. Payment for other business activities

Content: fines, travel expenses, business entertainment expenses, insurance premiums, operating lease fees, etc.

Basis: manufacturing expenses, operating expenses, management expenses and non-operating expenses.

Two. investment

(1) Cash received

1 investment recovery

Content: short-term equity and short-term creditor's rights; Principal of long-term equity and long-term creditor's rights (excluding long-term debt interest and non-cash assets)

Basis: short-term investment, long-term equity investment, long-term debt investment, cash and bank deposits.

2 Investment income

Content: Dividends, interests and profits received (excluding stock dividends)

Basis: investment income, cash and bank deposits.

3 Disposal of long-term assets

Content: Cash received from the disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets shall be deducted from the disposal expenses, including insurance compensation; Negative numbers are reflected in "other investment activities"

Basis: Liquidation of fixed assets, cash and bank deposits.

4. Accept other investment activities

Content: Recover the unpaid dividends and interest announced at the time of purchase.

Basis: Dividends receivable, interest receivable, cash and bank deposits.

(2) Pay cash

1 purchase and construction of long-term assets

Content: Cash paid for the purchase and construction of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets, and down payment paid for the purchase and construction of assets by stages (excluding late payment, capitalization of interest, and rental fees for financial leasing assets, in financing activities).

Basis: fixed assets, projects under construction and intangible assets.

Pay for the investment

Content: the principal paid for equity investment and debt investment and surcharges such as commission and handling fee.

Basis: short-term investment, long-term equity investment, long-term debt investment, cash and bank deposits.

3 Payment for other investment activities

Content: Pay dividends and interest declared unpaid when buying stocks.

Basis: Dividends receivable and interest receivable.

Three. Financial activities

(1) Cash received

1 Absorb investment

Content: Net income from issuing stocks and bonds (excluding issuance expenses, auditing and consulting fees directly paid by enterprises, etc.).

Basis: paid-in capital, bonds payable, cash and bank deposits.

Access to credit

Content: Cash received by borrowing various short-term loans and long-term loans.

Basis: short-term loans, long-term loans, cash and bank deposits.

3. Accept other fundraising activities: accept cash donations, etc.

Basis: capital reserve, cash and bank deposits

(2) Pay cash

1 Debt repayment

Content: repayment of loan principal and bond principal (excluding interest)

Basis: short-term loans, long-term loans, bonds payable, cash and bank deposits.

Pay dividends, interest and profits

Content: Dividends, interests and profits paid to other units.

Basis: dividend payable, long-term loans, financial expenses, cash and bank deposits.

3 Payment for other financing activities

Content: Donation expenditure, financing lease expenditure, audit and consulting fees paid directly by enterprises for issuing stocks and bonds, etc.

1. The calculation formula of cash items received from selling goods and providing services is as follows:

(1) main business income (net income)

+(2) Other business income (such as sales of surplus materials, purchasing and consignment, etc.). (from the income statement)

+(3) Output tax (business analysis)

+(4) (opening number of accounts receivable and notes receivable-closing number)

+(5) (closing number of accounts received in advance-opening number of accounts received in advance) (from balance sheet)

+(6) Recover the bad debts that have been written off before.

-(7) Unexpected decrease in receivables:

Including: actual bad debts; The financial expenses for discounting bills receivable are in the debit part; In debt restructuring, the other party pays off the accounts with inventory; Non-monetary transactions involve the exchange of accounts receivable.

Note: (4) The provision for bad debts is not deducted from the opening and closing contents of accounts receivable in the above formula, and (6) and (7) are analyzed from business.

Two, the calculation formula of cash items for purchasing goods and receiving services is as follows:

(1) Main business cost

+(2) Other business expenses (such as sales of surplus materials) (from the income statement)

+(3) Current input tax (business analysis)

+(4) (ending inventory-beginning inventory)

+(5) (Number of prepayments at the end of the period-Number of prepayments at the beginning)

+(6) (Accounts payable, opening number of notes payable-accounts payable, closing number of notes payable) (from balance sheet)

+(7) Unexpected decrease in inventory:

Among them: inventory deficit; Use inventory for overseas investment; Donation with inventory; Paying off debts with inventory in debt restructuring; Non-monetary transactions are used to exchange inventory.

-(8) Unexpected increase in inventory:

Including: depreciation of fixed assets included in manufacturing expenses; Prepaid expenses are included in manufacturing expenses; Accrued expenses are included in manufacturing expenses; Wages are included in production costs and manufacturing expenses; Welfare expenses are included in production costs and manufacturing expenses; Accept inventory input; Accept inventory donations; In debt restructuring, the other unit pays off debts with inventory; Inventory exchange for non-monetary transactions.

-(9) Unexpected reduction of pending projects:

Among them: accounts payable that cannot be paid; Repaying accounts payable and notes payable with non-monetary assets.

Note: In the above formula, (4) the amount of inventory at the beginning and end of the period does not deduct the provision for inventory depreciation, while (7), (8) and (9) are analyzed from the business perspective.

Three. Cash items paid to employees

This project only reflects the wages, bonuses, various allowances and other expenses actually paid by the enterprise (including social insurance funds such as pension and unemployment, supplementary pension insurance, housing accumulation fund, housing subsidy and other welfare expenses).

Wages, bonuses, various allowances and other expenses paid by enterprises for "on-the-job construction workers" (including social insurance funds such as pension and unemployment, supplementary pension insurance, housing provident fund, housing difficulties subsidies and other welfare expenses, etc.). ) are reflected in the investment activities of the project "cash paid for the purchase and construction of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets".

The actual expenses paid by the enterprise for retirees (whether the pension is paid as a whole or the expenses of retirees who have not participated in the overall planning) are reflected in the "other cash paid related to business activities" project.

IV. Supplementary information "Adjusting net profit to cash flow from operating activities".

(A) "asset impairment reserve" project

Reflect the eight impairment reserves accrued by enterprises mainly include:

1. Debit: management fee

Loan: bad debt reserve

Inventory depreciation reserve

2. Borrow: Investment income

Loan: Short-term investment impairment reserve

Long-term investment impairment reserve

Impairment of entrusted loans

3. Borrow: non-operating expenses

Loan: Fixed assets impairment reserve

Intangible assets impairment reserve

Construction in progress impairment reserve/construction in progress impairment

As can be seen from the above, the eight impairments increase the three profit and loss expenses of "management expenses", "investment income" and "non-operating expenses" and reduce the current profit, but it does not cause cash to flow out of the enterprise, so this item should be added to the net profit.

(ii) "Decrease in prepaid expenses (decrease: increase)"

Fill in the column according to the difference between the beginning and the end of the "deferred expenses" item in the balance sheet. Different situations should be analyzed according to the actual economic business during this period. As the item of "prepaid expenses" in the balance sheet includes the ending debit balance of "prepaid expenses", "accrued expenses" and the ending debit balance of "long-term prepaid expenses" which has been amortized within one year, only the amortization amount in the current "prepaid expenses" account is included in the specific operation of this item.

(c) "Increase (decrease) of accrued expenses"

According to the balance sheet "accrued expenses" project at the end of the period, the difference between the opening balance. Different situations should be analyzed according to the actual economic business during this period. As the item "Accrued Expense" in the balance sheet includes the ending credit balance of "Prepaid Expense" and "Accrued Expense", only the accrued amount of the current "Accrued Expense" account is included in the specific operation of this item.

(4) "Investment loss (less: gain)" project

Fill in the column according to the figure of "investment income" in the income statement. If it is income, fill in the column with "-". However, it should be noted that the items of "investment income" in the income statement may include the decrease of investment income caused by short-term investment impairment reserve, long-term investment impairment reserve and entrusted loan impairment reserve, which has been reflected in the item of "provision for asset impairment", so it should be filled in according to the figures of "investment income" in the income statement, that is, if it is investment income. If it is an investment loss, after deducting the short-term investment impairment reserve, long-term investment impairment reserve and entrusted loan impairment reserve, fill in the "investment income" item in the income statement.

(V) "Inventory decrease (decrease: increase)" project

Fill in the column according to the difference between the opening balance and the closing balance of the "inventory" item in the balance sheet. However, the opening balance and ending balance of the "inventory" item in the balance sheet reflect the inventory depreciation reserve, so the "inventory" item in the balance sheet should be adjusted and filled in.

(six) "reduce (decrease: increase) operating accounts receivable" project.

Reflect the decrease of accounts receivable, notes receivable and other receivables related to business activities and value-added tax receivable. When some units have business activities, the contents of accounts received in advance are also included in this item, and the preparation depends on the actual situation.

(7) "Increase (decrease) of business items payable"

Reflect the increase of accounts payable, notes payable, welfare expenses payable, taxes payable, other payables related to business activities and VAT input tax payable in this period. However, the part of "other payables" related to business activities is also listed in this project.

Compilation of cash flow statement

I. Main Table Items of Cash Flow Statement

(1) Cash flow from operating activities

1, cash received from selling goods and providing services = income from main business+income from other business+taxes payable (VAT payable-output tax)+(opening number of accounts receivable-closing number of accounts receivable)+(opening number of accounts receivable-opening number of accounts receivable)+(provision for bad debts in current period-payment of discounted interest on bills receivable). ※

Such as debit: accounts receivable, notes receivable, accounts received in advance, etc. , the deduction is not "income and output tax", it will be added; Such as debit: accounts receivable, notes receivable, accounts received in advance, etc. , it will be subtracted.

① It has nothing to do with the recovery of bad debts ② The input tax paid off by customers with commodities is not reflected here. ※.

2. Tax refund received = refund (VAT+consumption expenses+business tax+customs duties+income tax+education surcharge), etc.

3. Other cash received related to business activities = cash related to other business activities other than the above business activities.

4. Cash paid for goods and services = [main business cost (or other expenses); +ending value of inventory-ending value of inventory]+Taxes payable (VAT payable-input tax)+(opening number of accounts payable-ending number of accounts payable)+(opening number of bills payable-ending number of bills payable)+(opening number of prepayments-opening number of prepayments)+changes in inventory use value (such as project application forms)+inventory shortage-wages and welfare expenses included in current production costs and manufacturing expenses.

If debit: accounts payable, notes payable, prepayments, etc. (deposit and loan), if the credit is not a "cash" account, it will be reduced; Such as credit: accounts payable, notes payable, advance payment, etc. If the debit is not the subject of "sales cost or input tax", add.

5. Cash paid to employees = production costs, wages, manufacturing expenses and management expenses, welfare expenses+(initial amount of wages payable-final amount)+(initial amount of welfare expenses payable-final amount) Attachment: When wages and welfare expenses of "construction in progress" personnel exist, please pay attention to whether "construction in progress" is included in the initial amount, final amount and withdrawal amount, and calculate according to the following formula. Wages paid to employees in this period = (total amount at the beginning-amount of construction in progress at the beginning)+(total amount extracted-amount of construction in progress at the end)-(total amount at the end-amount of construction in progress at the end) When the title only gives wages and benefits included in the production cost of this period, and there is no wages and benefits of construction in progress at the beginning, the formula is: wages and benefits of production cost, manufacturing cost and management cost+(payable

6. All taxes paid (excluding farmland occupation tax and returned VAT income tax) = income tax+main business tax and surcharge+tax payable (VAT paid)+consumption expenses+business tax+customs duty+land VAT+property tax+vehicle and vessel use tax+stamp duty+education surcharge+mineral resources compensation fee. ※

7. Other cash paid related to business activities = expenses excluding various factors+fines+insurance fees, etc. ※

(2) Cash flow from investment activities

8. Cash received from investment recovery (excluding interest recovered from long-term creditor's rights investment) = principal and income recovered from short-term investment (sold, (the advertisement content has been deleted) and recovered at maturity)+principal and income recovered from long-term equity investment (sold, (the advertisement content has been deleted) and recovered at maturity)+principal received from long-term bond investment. ※

9. Cash received from investment income = cash dividends and interest received from long-term equity investment and long-term bond investment. ※

10, cash received from disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets = cash received-net related expenses (including insurance compensation received for losses of fixed assets and long-term assets caused by disasters) (if it is negative, it will be reflected in other paid cash items related to investment activities). ※

1 1, other cash received related to investment activities = declared but not yet received dividends paid when buying stocks and bonds, interest on bonds that have expired but not yet received, and other cash inflows related to investment activities other than the above-mentioned investment activities.

12. Cash paid for the purchase and construction of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets = cash paid according to the actual handling of the matter (excluding capitalized fixed asset loan interest and financing lease fees, which are reflected in financing activities). ※

13. Cash paid for investment = current period (short-term stock investment+short-term bond investment+long-term equity investment+long-term bond investment) and handling fees and commissions. ※

14. Other cash paid related to investment activities = cash dividends announced but not received at the time of purchase+bond interest paid but not received at the time of purchase and other cash outflows related to investment activities.

(3) Cash flow from financing activities

15. Cash received from investment = cash received from issuing stocks and bonds-commissions paid and other issuance expenses cannot be deducted and are reflected in "other cash paid related to financing activities". ※.

16, cash received for loans = short-term loans+cash received for long-term loans. ※

17. Other cash received related to fund-raising activities = other cash related to fund-raising activities except the above-mentioned fund-raising activities (such as cash donation). ※

18, cash paid for debt repayment = repayment of loan principal+bond principal. ※

19, cash paid for dividends, profits or interest = paid (cash dividend+profit+loan interest+bond interest). ※

20. Payment of other cash related to fund-raising activities = cash outflow related to fund-raising activities other than the cash paid by the above-mentioned fund-raising activities (such as cash donation expenses, financing lease fees, etc.).

Audit of several main items in the main table of cash flow statement

1. Cash received from selling goods and providing services. Certified public accountants can refer to the following formula when auditing: cash received from selling goods and providing services = (income from main business+income from other business-income from non-selling goods and providing services) × 1. 17+ notes receivable (beginning-end)+accounts receivable (beginning-end)+accounts received in advance (end-end)-.

When using this formula, (1) if the products sold by the company include products with zero tax rate (such as export) and low tax rate 13%, the influence of this factor should be eliminated; (2) If there are conditions such as endorsement and transfer of bills receivable, write-off of accounts receivable, debt restructuring, and accounts receivable payment in this period, it should be excluded from the formula; (3) Exchange losses (minus gains) caused by foreign currency accounts should also be excluded from the formula. If there is a big difference between the data calculated by the formula method and the figures reflected in the enterprise statements, the enterprise should be required to find out the reasons and make appropriate records in the audit working papers. Academic accounting forum

2. Other cash received related to business activities. If the financial discount or appropriation received is directly related to the purchase and construction of fixed assets, it should be properly classified as "other cash received related to investment activities".