What are the characteristics of Li Shangyin's Seven Laws?

Among Li Shangyin's many poems, his seven laws have the highest achievement and the greatest influence on later generations. The genre of seven laws only matured in Du Fu's hands. It can be said that Du Fu improved the status of the Seven Laws, making it a poetic style that can be on an equal footing with quatrains and Five Laws, and both belong to modern poetry. After Du Fu, he can get the essence of Lao Du, and his own characteristics are Li Shangyin's Seven Laws. This paper aims to explain three outstanding characteristics of Li Shangyin's Seven Laws.

First of all, the complexity of the image

Li Shangyin's Seven Laws has indeed made a step forward in the use of images. As Mr. Ye Jiaying pointed out: "For Yishan, this is indeed a master of imagery. ..... and the image in Yishan's poem is' made by fate'. In Yishan's poems, we can clearly feel the author's intentional creation and arrangement of images. In Yishan's poems, sometimes a complex and colorful image is expressed ... The materials used in his images are particularly biased towards some unrealistic things, with a trance-like color, because only these unrealistic things can show his sad feelings. " (Ye Jiaying's "Looking at China's Old Poems with Modern Eyes") This is not only the reason why Li Shangyin's Seven Laws are "beautiful" (Zhu Yu), but also makes them obscure. Therefore, Yuan Haowen sighed: "Poets always love Quincy, but hate that no one writes about Jian Zheng" (On Thirty Poems). Wang Shizhen's "On Poetry" also said: "Rex Festival once shocked Boao, and it was a mystery." Whether it is positive or negative, it captures the intricate characteristics of Yishan's poetry images. In fact, many of Li Shangyin's poems are difficult to understand, but they are beautifully written and of high artistic value. For example, Jinse, although we don't know its specific meaning, is really a good poem, which can be regarded as a masterpiece of one mountain. It conveys Yishan's thoughts and feelings about his life's feelings, and can impress readers and make them deeply moved. In other words, it has a strong inducing effect.

We take Untitled as an example to illustrate the intricate image of Li Shangyin's Seven Laws. Last night's star and last night's wind, you said you would come, but you didn't. You didn't leave any other traces for me. A misty rain blew from the east, long before I met her, but it was longer since we parted. A faint phoenix tail yarn was doubly fragrant, and there were many curtains in your carefree house and Wan Li. It is worth noting that, except Wanli Storm, the other six were selected into 300 Tang Poems, which proves that the Untitled Seven Laws is really popular and has high artistic value. "Wan Li storm left the boat", Feng Hao thinks this is beside the point. Judging from the theme style, Feng Hao's statement is correct. Because other untitled poems, with or without sustenance, are at least literally about love, but Wan Li Storm Leaving the Boat is homesick, with a distinctive style, which is not as complicated as other untitled poems, and its artistic conception is so subtle and ethereal.

The stars were bright last night, but there was a cool breeze at midnight. Our banquet is on the side of Hualou Temple and the east of the county. Without Cai Feng's wings, it is impossible to be Qi Fei in fly with me; The heart is like a soul, and the feelings are the same.

Guessing and intrigue, wine warms the heart; This group of people came to the bet of drinking friends, and a win-lose red in candlelight. Alas, it's time to call the roll in the morning when you hear the drums of the fifth watch; Riding to Lantai is like the wind in the wind.

This poem is easy to understand and realistic. The poet described a typical scene and explained time and space at the beginning: time is "the star last night, the wind last night" and space is "the west of the studio and the east of Guixiangtang". It is well written and correct in the sentence. Influenced by these two sentences, Huang Zhong, a man of A Qing Dynasty, wrote a famous sentence: "If the stars were not there last night, who would Feng Lou stand in the middle of the night?" ("Love") 3, 4 sentences to write acacia, using a wonderful metaphor, is an epigram. Cai Feng and lin xi are both things that are not in reality, but are created by fate. But because it is a simile, there are still ideas to be found in the narrative, so it is not obscure. 5, 6 sentences about the joy of the party, with the words "warm" and "red", the realm has come out. 7, 8 sentences to write the sadness of parting. The whole poem is described with meticulous brushwork, delicate and touching.

Lingluo of Pteris, thin; Never put off till tomorrow what you can, I chased it late into the night. It's too late to cover up the encounter with a fan; But you drove by, speechless.

Once lonely and sleepless, I missed candles; But I haven't heard from you until the pomegranate blossoms. Maybe you are on the bank of weeping willows, stopping to chase; How can you wait until it is sent to the southwest wind?

There are many curtains in your carefree house, where ecstasy will last all night. The Wushan goddess of Chu was originally a dream; Qingxi is the residence of my sister-in-law, and there is no lang here.

I am a weak lingzhi, biased by storms; I'm Lingfang, but I don't have any fragrant leaves. Although fully aware of lovesickness, there is no good health; I am infatuated with it to the end and fall in love for life.

These two untitled poems are linked together. Literally, it's about meeting a woman. Don't miss each other. Because the image is complex and the color is blurred, it is generally considered as a masterpiece. But what is the sustainer is still uncertain. He Chao thinks the second song "Tell the Truth" is more practical. It can be said that the author combines the feelings of life experience with eroticism. Looking closely at these two poems, Li Shangyin prefers to write exquisite and elegant things: Feng Wei, Bi Wen Qiong, Jin Ember, Pomegranate, Ganoderma lucidum and laurel leaf. These images set off the beauty and elegance of the heroine from the side, and set off the loneliness and boredom of the characters with the beauty of these things. The brushwork is profound and delicate: "Biwen dome" is "deep seam" and "heavy" is "deep bottom", thus psychologically distancing itself from readers and creating aesthetic feeling with this distance. "Clear night" is "thin and long" and "never sleeps and knows forever". "Shame is hard to hide" and "unclear words" are all written in meticulous brushwork. Words such as "loneliness", "news", "melancholy" and "madness" increase the aesthetic feeling of poetry in form, sound and meaning. Most of the seven laws in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were written from the big picture, with small image density and few turning points. Generally speaking, there is a clear difference between scenery and love. Although the Seven Laws of the Middle Tang Dynasty talked about things in people's minds, most of them were too close in style. Li Shangyin's seven laws are described from a small place and created with emotion, with endless images, but the artistic conception is far-reaching, not only elegant, but also beautiful. This is the result that Li Shangyin is good at learning from Lao Du, and his appearance is natural. It is also the evolution of writing skill consciousness. In addition, Li Shangyin seems to have mastered the alchemy of language, not to mention unrealistic things, even common things in reality have a trance-like brilliance in his works. This is the sign of a master: he has his own unique style and creates an independent poetic world outside the objective world.

Second, the change of composition.

Poetry has grammatical rules, which is a higher requirement than grammatical rules. The so-called word method generally refers to refining words and how to choose more expressive words. Sentence rules refer to how to make sentences more vivid and powerful. Composition generally refers to the changes in the beginning and end of the whole article, including the requirements for grammar and syntax. Generally speaking, orthographic poems pay attention to the connection between the beginning and the end, and have less changes than archaic poems. Of course, this is only the minimum requirement. If everything is so still, it will be the same as writing an eight-part essay. Many comments in 300 Tang Poems use stereotyped terminology. For example, commenting on Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain", he said: the first couplet has 14 floors, the neck couplet has 14 floors, and the tail couplet has more than a dozen floors. This is very interesting.

There are many changes in the composition of Li Shangyin's Seven Laws. Some works begin: such as the opening metaphor of I don't know why I have fifty strings on a golden harp (golden harp), the shocking singing of Jiang Feng's Waves and Moving the Roots of Clouds (presented to Liu), Where is life going (left in the middle of Shu), Asking in the air, February 2 (February 2) Breaking through the ancient depression, and Looking forward to the sage country.

Some works are at the end: for example, "a moment that should last forever has come and gone before I know it." (Jinse) Infinitely low back, "Baling hunts with Tian Dou at night, and I don't know how to rotate in the cold suburbs." (Teenagers) Compare with each other. "If he meets an underground and later-generation Emperor Chen, do you think they will mention a" Garden Flower "?" "In Sui Palace" is novel, and "Xintan doesn't understand tourists, but it is more like the sound of rain falling on the eaves at night". On February 2 nd, it ended with a scene, "But the magic mountain is far away from me, and you are on that side, beyond Wanfeng". Four untitled songs were used to promote the first floor, and four untitled metaphors were used.

It is worth noting that Li Shangyin is very good at learning the rules of the seven laws from Du Fu. Wu Diaogong said, "The length of Du Fu's seven laws lies in his refinement, straightness and heaviness, spouting and muddy, and venting and sonorous." Many of Li Shangyin's Seven Laws are close to this, and even Du Gongbu, who clearly marked Du Fu's study, left the meeting. In addition, the agility and precision of Li Shangyin's seven-law function words also benefited from Lao Du, such as Sui Palace. Using function words well is like making the finishing point, and the whole article will come alive. Therefore, Wang Anshi thinks: "Only Yishan is the only person in the Tang Dynasty who knows how to learn from Lao Du." . Of course, in addition, there are seven methods that are unique to Li Shangyin, such as Jinse and Untitled mentioned above. These two kinds of seven laws can be explained by a sentence from Mr. Ye Jiaying: "Regarding laws, ... Du Fu is both rational and emotional, even if he suddenly shifts because of emotional association, he still does not forget to make a rational response; A mountain is often dominated by the intricacies of some images, but sometimes it is slightly rational at the beginning and end. " The difference between Du and Li mentioned here is exactly the difference between Li Shangyin's two poems. Let's look at Jinse again: the beginning is "thinking about China" and the end is "recalling" as a rational reminder. The two couplets in the middle are the intricacies of some images. This kind of poem is not as vigorous and powerful as Du Fu, but deep, delicate and gorgeous. From the theme, Li Shangyin's love poems have their own characteristics, while his political poems have the style of Lao Du.

Third, the accuracy and flexibility of fighting.

The antithesis of neat use in modern poetry is called "Gongdui". In order to make the antithesis neat, it is generally necessary to use words of the same category, such as astronomy, geography, seasons, utensils, clothing and other words with the same meaning.

Li Shangyin's Seven Rhythms are too neat. Let's take a few examples: "Saint Zhuangzi daydreaming, butterfly bewitched, monarch in spring cuckoo crowed." Zhuang Sheng is a character, dawn and spring are seasons, and butterflies and cuckoos are animals. "Sepal green flowers have nowhere to stay, but Durant fragrance has gone." Sepal green flowers and Durant fragrance are both names. When they are integrated, there is time and space.

Too hard, easy to die, will make the whole article not smooth; Although Li Shangyin's Seven Laws are neat, they are not dull, because he makes good use of function words and uses some special antithetical forms, such as loanwords and equivalent sentences. I collectively call it the right life. Active alignment can make up for the shortage of workers' pairs, thus making the pairs varied and ups and downs. In fact, it is also a process of negation of negation. Beginners write poetry and deliberately look for a job. After proficiency, nothing will happen. So Lao Du said: Old poems are muddy. Not really sloppy. But after being good at improvising freely, everything becomes colorful. It is such a portrayal that the Evening Festival gradually becomes more detailed in the poetic rhythm. Li Shangyin is no exception. He has also experienced such a process of deliberately seeking arbitrariness in his works.

Those who make good use of function words, such as "life is too light and God is too jealous", say the conclusion first and then state the reasons. This sentence seems to be inflected and powerful. Zhu Yizun's comments: Yuxi is unique because of its profound feelings. "The mountains come to occupy the small garden, and Chunyin just wants to stand by and watch the tall buildings" wrote a dynamic and vivid image. "The floating world is crowded and scattered, and the red cockroach is separated from everything." The world is empty, uncertain, crowded and separated. Why are red cockroaches scattered in nature? This is also an unreasonable and wonderful problem. Although Floating Life VI didn't work for Hong Hong, it became a famous sentence because of the good use of these two function words. This sentence pattern was learned in Chen's poem "When I was a guest poet, the news of apricot blossoms and the sound of rain". Don't pay attention to the neatness of the surface, but to the flow of meaning. This shows the influence of Li Shangyin on Song poetry.

There are also sentences with poor use of function words and excessive prose culture: "Get what you want, and do a solo by Shan Ye." If the Song people are concentrated, they will be confused. Mr Wen Yiduo once mistook this poem for a model of Song poetry. Although the sentence pattern is too plain and lacks the charm and appeal of poetry, we can also see Li Shangyin's innovative spirit.

Some antitheses, literally neat, are actually borrowed. "If the imperial seal had not been seized by the emperor in the early Tang Dynasty, he would have set sail long ago." Destiny Sun, Tianya was really hard to write. Sun angle actually means that the frontal bone rises like the sun, which was considered as the phase of emperors in ancient times. So the sun angle here actually refers to Li Yuan. "As far as the present situation is concerned, the tiger's teeth are so crimson that they are far more than Xinfeng." Tiger teeth are very neat to the chicken's tongue, but actually tiger teeth refer to tiger teeth. Biography of Emperor Xuandi in the Later Han Dynasty: In February of this year, Tian Shun, the satrap in Yunzhong, became General Tiger Tooth. Chicken tongue means chicken tongue is fragrant. Han Guan Yi: Jean Shu Lang was playing in Guangming Hall ... Lang left Dan in a hurry and smacked him with the smell of chicken tongue. So it's just the literal meaning of tiger and chicken, and it has nothing to do with these two animals.

Seven laws in one mountain are correct for many sentences. Some words in a sentence are self-dual and are called sentence pairs. "Flowers must have hooligans, and purple butterfly wasps have feelings." Flowers must be to the willow eyes, and purple butterflies to the wasp. "Get rid of the clock when you are upset, get rid of the clock when you turn off the lights and put out the candles, and stop the lights and put out the candles. "When it comes from the blue sky and the Milky Way, there must be a golden wind and a jade dew." The blue sky is opposite to the milky way, and the golden wind is opposite to the jade dew. The most typical example is "Mier Pingyang connected with Lan, and spent her honeymoon in Vaughan Palace". The pool light may be messy. At first, the sun's air was dry. But I feel that the wandering bees have spared the butterfly, and I am afraid that the lonely phoenix will remember to leave Lu' an. Samsung rotates three mountains away. The purple house is far away and the blue sky is wide. "Many sentences in the poem are self-contradictory, such as Qin Lou's second sentence to the Han Palace, tile to the plate; The fifth sentence, bees swim against the butterfly; The sixth sentence, solitary phoenix is relative, and so on. Because when the sentence corrects itself, the requirements can be relaxed. This is also a manifestation of flexibility.