The difference between list pricing and fixed pricing?

A brief introduction to the two modes of pricing

(a) Fixed-price pricing mode

For many years, in the construction project costing industry, China has been using the traditional fixed-price pricing mode, that is, by the state or the industry to provide a unified social average of the standard and price of labor, materials and machinery for the user to determine the cost of the project mode. Quotas are the product of the planned economy, in the planned economy, quotas as the main basis for construction project pricing plays an important role. However, with the transformation of the economic system from planned economy to market economy, the limitations of the quota are becoming more and more prominent, mainly manifested in: First, the directive nature of the quota limits the flexibility of the application of the quota; Second, the average consumption of the quota of the society and the construction administrative department regularly issued the budget price of the material is not conducive to market competition. In view of the problems in the preparation and application of the quota, put forward the quantity and price separation, the enterprise independent quotation, the market formed the price of engineering cost reform measures, engineering cost management by static management mode gradually changed into a dynamic management mode.

Beginning in 2000, the whole country began a pilot project costing reform: Shanghai's new quota implementation of the quantity and price separation; Shunde, Guangdong's reform adopted the bill of quantities model, which embodies the separation of quantity and price, but also the traditional fixed price and the list of pricing organically combined. Our province also in 2000 began to embark on the preparation of new quotas, the preparation of new quotas that is fully integrated with the actual province, but also draw on the successful experience of the reform of the above places, while also focusing on the direction of the development of engineering pricing, in order to facilitate the next step with the combination of the new pricing model.

The province's new construction and installation engineering quotas have been issued on April 1, 2003 onwards. Compared with the previous quota, the new quota has the following aspects of the characteristics: First, the new quota of the directive weakened, the new quota is the preparation of the bidding tender basis, is the preparation of tender offers, construction budgets, to determine the cost of the project reference; Second, the new quota fully embodies the amount of separation of the characteristics of the price, that is, the new consumption of the quota of the amount of only the consumption of work, materials and machines, does not contain the price; Third, the project set up a more detailed and the composition of the project Entity of the project and technical measures to separate the project (for example: concrete works, concrete and templates set separate quota subheadings); Fourth, the price list in addition to the billing price for the price, the rest of the reference price, enterprises can quote according to the market situation; Fifth, the composition of the project cost items and the rules for calculating the cost of providing a reference rate of each cost, the enterprise can choose to use the reference rate or according to the market conditions when quoting the rate. Choose to use the reference rate or calculate the rate according to the provisions of the determination of the rate; six, safety and civilization construction costs are not the rate of lump sum, but according to the "Shandong Province Construction Safety Management Regulations" and the actual setup of the site to determine.

After the implementation of the new quota, the flexibility of the use of the quota enhanced to facilitate the implementation of the bill of quantities of works with the state combined, at the same time, the enterprise can be based on the provincial quota combined with the level of technical equipment, management level and labor productivity to prepare their own enterprise quota, so that enterprises in the bidding for the offer, according to the actual choice of the project to use the province's quota or the enterprise quota independently; the new fixed price and the rate of reference, more conducive to the construction of safety and civilization construction costs. The rate of reference, more conducive to the enterprise combined with their own technical management level, market conditions and the actual project independent offer, improve competitiveness, to achieve the government pricing to the market pricing changes.

(ii) bill of quantities pricing model

With the rapid development of China's construction market, bidding and tendering system, the gradual implementation of the contract system, the basis of the reform of project costing and pricing continues to deepen, especially at the end of 2001, China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WT0), in the face of the opening of the international market competition environment, in accordance with the requirements of the WTO, China's engineering pricing method and the international standard bill of quantities pricing. Internationally recognized bill of quantities billing method of convergence is imperative. According to the reform goal of "macro-control by government, unified pricing rules, independent quotation by enterprises and price formation by market competition", the Ministry of Construction started to organize relevant departments and regional engineering costing experts to prepare the national unified bill of quantities pricing method in early 2002, and in order to enhance the authority and mandatory nature of the bill of quantities pricing method, it launched the "Construction of the Bill of Quantities" in the form of a national standard. In order to enhance the authority and mandatory bill of quantities pricing approach, the form of national standards launched the "construction project bill of quantities pricing specification", in July 1, 2003 onwards officially come into force.

1, the main content of the billing specification

The billing specification includes the main tenant and appendix two major parts, both have the same effect. The main text **** five chapters including general principles, terminology, bill of quantities, bill of quantities, bill of quantities and its pricing format. Respectively, the scope of use of the pricing specification, follow the principles, the preparation of the bill of quantities should follow the rules of the bill of quantities, the rules of the bill of quantities pricing activities, the bill of quantities and its pricing format is clearly defined.

2, bill of quantities pricing is in the construction project bidding and tendering projects in accordance with the national unified bill of quantities pricing specifications, by the bidder to provide a list of quantities reflecting the project entity and measures as part of the bidding documents, by the bidder's own offer, after evaluation of the reasonable and low price of the winning bid of the project construction price pricing model. The implementation of the bill of quantities pricing features and advantages:

(1) the implementation of a unified project code, project name, unit of measurement, calculation rules, for the establishment of a unified construction market and standardize the pricing behavior provides the basis.

(2) The bill of quantities pricing consists of component project cost, measure project cost, and other project cost. Measures project cost is calculated separately, is conducive to bidding enterprises according to their own technical strength, management level and labor productivity to reduce costs and improve competitiveness.

(3) the implementation of the bill of quantities pricing, as the amount of work is open, will avoid the project bidding fraud, backroom operations, blind price pressures and other irregularities, truly reflecting the principle of openness, fairness and justice, reflecting the laws of market economy.

(4) bill of quantities pricing implementation of integrated unit price, that is, the unit price of sub-projects including labor, materials, machinery, management fees and profits, and consider the risk factor, so that as long as the calculation of the amount of work, can be simple and quick to determine the cost of the project, more conducive to the control of construction costs.

(5) the bill of quantities pricing specification does not have specific labor, materials, machinery consumption, bidding enterprises can be based on the enterprise quota or refer to the provincial award of the average consumption of social quotas and market price information, in accordance with the pricing specification of the principles and methods of quotation, the final determination of the project cost, by the contracting parties in the market competition in accordance with the law of value through the contract to determine. Fully embodies the enterprise independent offer, the market price list pricing model.

(6) list pricing model and the internationally accepted pricing model is consistent with the realization of international standards, improve the ability to participate in international competition.

3, bill of quantities pricing in China belongs to a new model of pricing, especially in the form of national standards issued for the first time, the implementation of the list of pricing should pay attention to the following aspects of the problem:

(1) pricing specification of individual items are not detailed, covering more content; individual items of the project content is incomplete and so on. Therefore, in the preparation of the bill of quantities, should be combined with the actual project to be added or subtracted to avoid duplication or omission.

(2) bidders should review the amount of work provided by the bidder in a timely manner, and find errors in a timely manner, to avoid disputes and tug-of-war in the settlement.

(3) The bidder should combine the actual project and the enterprise's own conditions when compiling the comprehensive unit price or determining the project cost rate, and consider the risk factors to avoid adjustments at the time of settlement.

4, the implementation of the bill of quantities pricing, the project costing professionals put forward higher requirements, must be to understand the technology, understand the economy, understand the law, good management and other comprehensive development of composite talents. Engineering cost professionals should be based on engineering quotas from the past to prepare project pre-settlement, change to the basis of engineering quotas combined with the level of enterprise technology and management to prepare enterprise quotas, and based on the enterprise quotas and the actual project, the market situation to determine the cost of the project, and at the same time, engineering cost professionals should also pay attention to the collection of price information such as work, materials, machinery, and fees, to improve the level of quotation and competitiveness.

Second, the list of pricing and fixed pricing are linked and different

(a) link

1, fixed pricing has been used for many years in our country, with a certain degree of scientific and practicality, the list of pricing specifications for the preparation of the fixed amount as the basis for the fixed amount of reference and reference to the fixed amount of the project division, unit of measurement, quantity calculation rules, etc.

2, the list of pricing specifications for the preparation of the fixed amount as the basis for the project division, unit of measurement, quantity calculation rules, etc..

2, the fixed price can be used as a list of pricing grouping. In determining the list of comprehensive unit price, the provincial quota or enterprise quota as the basis for calculation.

(ii) the difference

1, quota performance is a part of the project consumption, consumption is how much; and part of the list of quantities of works is included in the list of what this project, what needs to be priced.

2, quota items are generally set according to the construction process, including the project content is generally a single; while the bill of quantities of the project is generally divided into a "comprehensive entity" to consider, including the project content is generally more than one.

4, quota consumption is the average consumption of society, enterprises according to the quota bidding, can not fully reflect the individual cost of enterprises; list pricing specification does not provide materials and machinery consumption, enterprises according to the bidders to provide a list of independent quotation, reflecting the individual cost of enterprises;

5, the preparation of the bill of quantities, according to the net value of sub-projects entity calculations Quantity of work; according to the fixed amount of calculation of the amount of work takes into account the man-made provisions of the reserved amount.

6, the bill of quantities of measurement for the basic unit; fixed quantities of measurement is not necessarily the basic unit.

7, list pricing using the comprehensive unit price method, according to the enterprise according to the construction drawings to complete the amount of qualified work to determine the cost of the project, the realization of the risk *** share, that is, the amount of risk borne by the bidders, the comprehensive unit price risk borne by the bidders; fixed amount pricing is generally used in the unit price method of materials, the risk of the general in the investment side.

Third, fixed pricing and bill of quantities pricing is *** exist in the bidding and tendering pricing activities in two different pricing methods.

But the pricing specification as a national standard, from the source of funds, the mandatory implementation of the scope of the bill of quantities pricing, that is, "all the use of state-owned funds or state-owned funds to invest in large and medium-sized construction projects should be the implementation of the specification", it can be seen, the bill of quantities pricing in the construction of engineering bidding and pricing activities The construction project bidding and pricing activities will gradually occupy a dominant position.

At present, in order to actively and steadily implement the bill of quantities pricing, the province is taking active and effective measures to formulate the work program, drafting supporting documents, preparation of the bill of quantities preparation guide and comprehensive unit price calculation methods, the national pricing specifications and the province's consumption quotas organically combined for the owners of the list of preparation and construction companies bidding offers to provide a convenient, fast and complete pricing method

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