Summary of compulsory 2 knowledge points of geography in senior high school

Although learning also includes good work, quality and culture, the purpose must not be defined as these insignificant "trace elements". As I said above, the main purpose of learning is to pursue nobleness and perfection. Let's share with you some summaries about the compulsory knowledge points of high school geography, hoping to help you.

High school geography compulsory knowledge points 1

Chapter IV Formation and Development of Industrial Zones

I. Industrial location factors

1, factors affecting industrial location

(1) Natural factors: minerals, land, water, climate, etc.

(2) Economic factors-being close to raw materials, fuels (such as nonferrous metal smelting and heavy chemical industry bases) and markets-saving freight.

(3) Labor and technology: In industries that need a lot of labor, wages account for a higher proportion of product costs (labor-intensive industries), and factories should be located in places with a lot of cheap labor. Technology-intensive industries should be close to places with advanced education and technology.

(4) Industrial and agricultural basis and cooperation conditions: including production cooperation and social cooperation.

(5) Environment: The industrial layout should pay attention to economic, social and environmental benefits.

Environmental factors in industrial layout;

① Wind direction, divided into three situations: factories with air pollution should be located in the downwind direction of the dominant wind in residential areas, the direction perpendicular to the monsoon and the blowing direction, and the upwind direction of the minimum wind frequency.

② Water source: those with water pollution should be located in the downstream of residential areas, and those with high water quality requirements in production should be located in the upstream of residential areas.

③ Distance from the city: those with pollution should not be located in the city, and those with air pollution should be located outside the urban thermal cycle.

2, the factors of industrial location change:

(1) The influence of raw materials on the factory is gradually weakening, while the influence of the market on the factory location is gradually strengthening. Reason: the range of industrial raw materials is getting wider and wider, and the transportation conditions are improving.

(2) Transportation: Coastal ports along the Yangtze River, railway hubs and areas along expressway are very attractive to the industry (in recent years, transportation in some developed countries has been quite perfect, and transportation is no longer the main factor they consider).

(3) The accessibility of information and communication networks is becoming more and more important as an industrial location factor.

(4) The influence of labor quality is gradually increasing.

3. Types of industrial location orientation

(1) Types of raw materials:

① Industry characteristics: inconvenient long-distance transportation of raw materials or high transportation cost of raw materials. ② Site selection principle: close to the origin of raw materials. ③ Main industrial sectors: mining, sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry, etc.

(2) Power pointing type:

① Industrial characteristics: large energy consumption. ② Site selection principle: close to energy base. ③ Main industrial sectors: nonferrous metal smelters.

(3) Market orientation:

① Industry characteristics: the products are inconvenient for long-distance transportation or the transportation cost is high. ② Location selection principle: close to the consumer market of products. ③ Main industrial sectors: bottled drinks, furniture manufacturing, printing, petroleum processing, etc.

(4) Labor-oriented:

① Industry characteristics: It needs to invest a lot of labor. ② Location selection principle: close to areas with a large number of cheap labor. ③ Main industrial sectors: ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, belt wrapping, umbrella making, shoe-making industry, etc.

(5) Technology-oriented:

① Industry features: high technical requirements. ② Site selection principle: close to higher education and technologically developed areas. ③ Main industrial sectors: integrated circuits (microelectronics) and precision instruments.

Second, the formation of industrial zones.

Industrial links: ① production links. ② Spatial connection. ③ Information connection.

1, industrial agglomeration and the formation of industrial regions

(1) Leading factors leading to agglomeration: infrastructure such as roads, water supply and power supply; Cheap labor; Distribution of resources and energy, etc.

(2) Agglomeration benefits-scale benefits (reducing costs and improving profits)

① Strengthen information exchange and technical cooperation among enterprises.

② Reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products.

(3) * * * Utilize infrastructure such as roads, water supply, power supply and communication in the industrial zone to save investment in production and construction.

(4) It is conducive to centralized treatment of environmental pollution problems in the production process.

2. Industrial decentralization and industrial regional contact

(1) Reasons for industrial dispersion: In order to give full play to the location advantages of different places (such as multinational companies looking for the best location in the world).

(2) two types of industrial dispersion:

① The products are light, small and expensive.

② Products are extremely complicated, such as airplanes.

(2) Conditions for industrial decentralization:

① Modern means of transportation-convenient, fast and cheap;

② Modern communication technology and means-the "simultaneity" of the world.

Three. Major industrial areas

1, traditional industrial zone

(1) Overview:

① Distribution: Ruhr, Germany, industrial zone in central Britain, industrial zone in northeastern United States, industrial zone in central and southern Liaoning, China.

② Formation conditions: abundant coal and iron resources.

③ Industrial sectors: textile, coal, steel, machinery and chemical industry.

(4) Prosperity period: from the first industrial revolution to the end of World War II.

⑤ Features: Large production scale, large resource consumption and serious environmental pollution.

(2) Location conditions of Ruhr, Germany:

① Rich coal resources.

② Abundant water sources.

③ Convenient transportation.

④ Broad market.

(3) Reasons for Ruhr's decline:

① The production structure is single.

(2) The status of coal energy is declining.

(3) There is a surplus of steel in the world.

(4) The influence of the new technological revolution.

⑤ The environmental pollution is serious.

(4) Restoration measures in Ruhr area:

(1) Development of emerging industries and tertiary industries.

② Adjust the industrial layout.

③ Expand the flow.

④ Develop science and technology.

⑤ Eliminate pollution and beautify the environment.

2. Emerging Industrial Zone-Italian Industrial Zone

(1) Production characteristics:

(1) Mainly small and medium-sized enterprises and light industry.

② Decentralized production process.

③ Capital concentration is low.

④ Scattered in rural areas or small towns.

(2) Production mode: the industrial community mode where small and medium-sized enterprises gather has formed a production, sales and service information network with perfect institutions and complete functions.

3. Emerging industrial zone-Silicon Valley (high-tech industrial zone) in the United States.

(1) Features of high-tech industry:

① Employees have a high level of knowledge and skills.

② The product update cycle is short.

③ The research and development cost is high.

④ The products are oriented to the world market.

(2) Location conditions of "Silicon Valley":

(1) has an excellent location.

② Beautiful environment and pleasant climate.

③ There are institutions of higher learning.

④ Convenient transportation.

(5) Military orders (unique to the United States).

High school geography compulsory two knowledge points 2

Chapter V Traffic Layout and Its Influence

I. Main modes of transportation

1. Railway transportation: large volume, high speed, low freight rate, little influence by natural factors, good continuity, but high cost, wide land occupation and high consumption of metal materials. Suitable for large-scale long-distance transportation.

2. Road transportation: flexible, adaptable to natural conditions, fast turnover and convenient loading and unloading, but small in size, high in cost and expensive in freight. Suitable for small batch and short distance transportation.

3. Water transportation (including river transportation and sea transportation): the transportation volume is large and the cost is low, but the speed is the slowest, the flexibility and continuity are poor, and it is greatly affected by natural conditions. Suitable for large-scale long-distance transportation.

4. Air transport: the fastest, but the investment is large, the volume is small, and the freight is the highest. Suitable for transporting urgently needed, expensive and small articles.

5. Pipeline transportation: small loss, good continuity and large volume, but large investment and poor flexibility. Suitable for gas and liquid transportation.

Second, the traffic layout

1. Main location factors: economic factors; Natural factors (topography, rivers, natural disasters, etc. ); Technical factors.

2. Changes in location factors: In the past, natural factors were the most important factors; With the progress of science and technology, economic factors become more and more important.

3. Main location factors of Shanghai Port:

① Water conditions (navigation conditions, berthing conditions),

(2) Land conditions (port construction conditions, hinterland conditions and relying on cities).

4. Airport construction:

(1) The terrain is flat and open, and the slope is appropriate to ensure drainage;

(2) Have good geological conditions to ensure the stability of the foundation;

③ Avoid low humidity areas;

④ Keep a proper distance from the city: the land is vast and there are many people, and the city has a smoke screen.

5. Railway construction:

① Location factors: the traffic network layout is reasonable; Promote economic development along the route; Promote regional stability and prosperity; Advanced technology is the guarantee.

② Significance: promoting industrial production; Accelerate regional development; Strengthen the links between industry, agriculture and urban and rural areas; Promote cultural and scientific exchanges; Promote ethnic integration and exchanges; It is conducive to political unity, national security and the consolidation of border defense.

6, highway route selection principle:

① Plain area: occupy less fertile land, avoid swamps, and properly handle the relationship with farmland water conservancy facilities and urban development.

(2) Mountainous areas: bend zigzag on steep slopes, and roads in valleys should avoid steep slopes. Make full use of natural conditions and avoid areas with complex terrain, geology and hydrological conditions.

The general direction of the line depends on economic factors, while the specific direction of a certain section may depend on topography, geology or technical conditions.

Third, the impact of changes in transportation mode and layout on residential areas and commercial outlets.

1, the influence of the change of transportation mode and layout on the settlement

(1) Transportation and settlement formation: A place with convenient transportation is conducive to business activities and usually forms a larger settlement.

(2) Spatial distribution of traffic and residential areas

(1) The influence of transportation mode on the spatial layout of settlements: in the south, waterway transportation is the main way, and the layout of settlements is close to water; The northern part is dominated by land transportation, and residential areas are mostly close to main roads and other traffic arteries.

(2) The influence of different environments on the spatial layout of settlements: the northern terrain is flat and open, and the settlements are mostly blocky, with regular shapes and checkerboard roads. In the plain area with dense rivers in the south, settlements are distributed along rivers, railways and highways in a strip layout.

(3) Traffic and urban distribution: The starting point and ending point of river transportation and the intersection with other traffic lines often form towns.

(4) The influence of the change of transportation mode and layout on the settlement, such as the change of the shipping status of the canal, the rise and fall of Yangzhou, the migration of the city center, etc.

2. The impact of changes in transportation mode and layout on commercial outlets.

(1) Impact of traffic on commercial outlets: Convenient traffic is conducive to the distribution of people and logistics.

(2) The influence of traffic and layout changes on commercial outlets.

With the development of expressway, many businesses gather at the junction of expressway and the city.

With the development of transportation and modern logistics industry, various types of specialized markets and large supermarkets appear in places with convenient transportation on the edge of the city.

With the improvement of urban traffic and the expansion of people's travel scope, some multifunctional large-scale shopping and leisure centers have been born.

With the development of computer and network technology, online shopping, e-commerce and unmanned sales have all developed.

High school geography compulsory two knowledge points 3

Chapter VI Coordinated Development of Humanities and Geographical Environment

First, the historical evolution of the development of man-land relationship thought:

1, worship of nature-hunting civilization-the relationship between man and nature is fear and dependence;

2. Transforming nature-agricultural civilization-people's dependence on nature is greatly weakened and their antagonism is enhanced;

3. Conquering nature-industrial civilization-the relationship between man and land is completely uncoordinated, and the contradiction between man and land is rapidly intensifying;

4. Seeking harmony between man and land-the harmonious development of population, resources and environment in today's society.

Second, the major environmental problems facing mankind

1, environmental problems-primary environmental problems and secondary environmental problems

Rational development and utilization of resources:

① Renewable resources: The key lies in "rational development"-controlling development intensity, protecting and promoting renewal.

(2) Non-renewable resources: The key lies in "rational utilization"-saving comprehensive utilization and finding new substitutes.

2. Causes of environmental problems

① Population pressure; ② Unreasonable utilization of resources; ③ One-sided pursuit of economic growth.

(1) The consumption rate of human resources in production and living activities exceeds its regeneration rate;

(2) The amount of waste discharged into the environment by human beings exceeds the self-purification capacity of the environment.

The environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed countries. The reasons are as follows: ① The environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; (2) Low level of economy and technology and insufficient ability of environmental protection; (3) The developed countries transfer the heavily polluted industries to the developing countries.

(3) Major environmental problems-environmental pollution and ecological destruction.

1, environmental pollution:

(1) air pollution: global warming, acid rain, ozone layer destruction-pollution sources: industrial production, family life, transportation.

(1) Global warming is caused by burning a lot of fossil fuels.

The main greenhouse gases are CO2, CH4, N2O and O3. Volcanic ash and afforestation can weaken the trend of climate warming.

Hazards: coastal glaciers melt, sea level rises, coastal lowlands are flooded, cultivated land decreases, storm surges and salinization intensify.

Mid-latitude areas-evaporation increases, cultivated land and grassland are degraded, desertification expands, and agricultural planting area decreases.

(2) Acid rain (fog, snow)-atmospheric precipitation with pH less than 5.6 caused by burning a large amount of fossil fuels.

Hazard: Impact on water, soil, living things and buildings.

③ Ozone layer destruction-caused by refrigerant chlorofluorocarbons.

(2) Water pollution: industrial wastewater; Agricultural sewage (from pesticides and fertilizers); Domestic sewage (all kinds of washing water, including nitrogen and phosphorus, etc.). )

(3) Soil pollution:

(4) Solid waste pollution: industrial waste, agricultural waste, construction waste and municipal solid waste.

Hazards: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and health-transmitted diseases.

Treatment: classified recycling and comprehensive utilization; Landfill; Composting (fermentation, high temperature sterilization); Incineration (power generation), etc.

2. Ecological damage:

Destruction of ecological balance-reduction of biological species, destruction of forests and grasslands, land desertification, soil erosion, etc.

(1) Biological species have declined sharply.

① Status quo: Biodiversity is being destroyed faster and faster. Large-scale extinction of tropical rainforests occurred.

Functions of biology: ① Economically-providing food, wood and industrial raw materials for human beings.

(2) Ecology-promoting material circulation and energy flow in the ecosystem and forming a life support system.

② Causes: deforestation, overfishing and environmental pollution. (Alien invasion can also lead to species extinction)

③ Hazard: biodiversity is destroyed, food chain is broken, and ecological balance is unbalanced.

(2) Destroy forest resources-forest is called "the lung of the earth", and forest is the main body of terrestrial ecosystem.

Reasons for the decrease of forest area: logging, land reclamation, mining, firewood collection, grazing and air pollution.

(3) Wetlands decrease-Wetlands are called "kidney of the earth".

① Functions of wetlands: Economic functions-providing food, water, shipping, aquaculture, tourism, irrigation, etc.

Ecological functions-protecting biodiversity, conserving water, storing flood and preventing drought, and regulating climate (peat in wetlands contains a lot of undecomposed organic matter, which does not participate in the circulation of atmospheric CO2 and becomes a carbon pool, which can alleviate the "greenhouse effect").

② Reasons for wetland reduction: soil erosion leads to sediment deposition; Water diversion irrigation leads to the decrease of water entering the lake (swamp); Reclaiming land from the sea has reduced the area of lakes and beaches; Eutrophication of water body weakens or even loses the function of wetland.

(4) Land desertification

① Manifestations of desertification: land desertification, rocky desertification and secondary salinization caused by shrinking cultivated land, woodland, grassland and wetland.

② Main distribution areas: arid, semi-arid and semi-humid areas.

③ Causes of desertification in northwest China:

Natural causes: dry climate, sparse vegetation and loose soil; Strong wind (heavy rain, rat damage, etc.). ).

Man-made reasons: population explosion leads to over-cultivation, over-logging, over-grazing and unreasonable utilization of water resources.

(4) Main control measures:

1. Population control: it is conducive to alleviating the contradiction between man and land and establishing an ecosystem with coordinated development of population, resources and environment.

Ⅱ. Ecological restoration and construction:

Using biological measures and engineering measures to prevent wind and fix sand

◇ Oasis area: closing sand and planting grass (periphery); Afforestation (frontier); Establish farmland shelterbelt network (inside).

Water shortage area: use firewood and other materials to set up sand barriers in quicksand areas to stop quicksand.

Adjust the land use structure and rationally allocate agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry: plant trees and grass, rationally graze, and return farmland to forests and grasslands.

Solve energy problems from many aspects, such as developing new energy sources, building firewood forests, building biogas digesters, and popularizing firewood-saving stoves.

ⅲ. Rational utilization of water resources: improving farming and irrigation techniques and popularizing water-saving agriculture; The rational allocation of water resources in the upper, middle and lower reaches of rivers should consider both the development of the upper and middle reaches and the ecological protection of the lower reaches.

(5) Secondary salinization of soil

① Distribution (China): North China Plain, Northeast Plain and Oasis (desert area with water irrigation).

② Causes of secondary salinization: human factors: backward farming techniques and unreasonable irrigation (flood irrigation). Natural aspects: dry climate, strong evaporation, easy to accumulate salt on the surface.

Third, sustainable development.

(1) The concept of sustainable development: it not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

(2) the connotation of sustainable development-the sustainable development of ecology (foundation), economy (condition) and society (purpose)

(3) Principles to be followed in sustainable development:

Principle of fairness: intergenerational fairness, human and animal fairness, and fairness in different countries and regions.

② Principle of sustainability: Economic activities and social development must be kept within the carrying capacity of resources and environment.

③ Same-sex principle: The earth is a whole, and regional environmental problems often turn into global problems. Regional decisions and actions should contribute to global coordination.

(4) Measures: Develop circular economy.

(1) Carry out cleaner production in industry: The traditional product environmental impact assessment method only focuses on terminal treatment. Cleaner production evaluates the environmental impact of products from the whole process of raw material mining, production, consumption and waste treatment.

(2) Develop ecological agriculture in agriculture, such as mixed agriculture, pond agriculture and three-dimensional agriculture.

Fourth, the road of sustainable development in China.

1, the necessity of sustainable development in China;

(1) Huge population pressure:

The shortage of resources is worrying: population pressure, rapid economic development and low resource utilization.

(3) Profound environmental crisis: environmental pollution has spread rapidly from cities to rural areas, and the scope of ecological damage is still expanding. Ecological crisis areas are distributed in the eastern region with dense population, developed economy and frequent human activities.

2. China's strategic framework for sustainable development: 1994. In March, the State Council released China 2 1 Century Agenda.

3. Ecological agriculture is a sustainable agricultural development model with China characteristics. Measures to build ecological agriculture in private villages;

① Adjustment of agricultural structure: from single planting to all-round development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and by-fishing.

② Comprehensive utilization: focusing on agricultural and livestock products, develop feed processing plants and food processing plants.

(3) Broaden sources and develop new energy sources: the utilization of biogas-raw materials come from straw, human and animal manure, biogas slurry, biogas residue returning to fields or fish farming.

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