Mongolian characters in Mongolian

In the past, when there were no characters in Mongolian, in order to record Mongolian, it was necessary to mark the pronunciation or other languages with Chinese characters. When other ethnic groups learn Mongolian, they have also used their own words to mark the Mongolian language. Many of these voice files have been preserved. For example, the Yuan Yi language of Pinyin Chinese characters, the secret history of Mongolia, Huayi Yi Yi Yu Yi, Mukadi Mati Adabu of Arabic letters, and the Mongolian vocabulary of Istanbul, etc. Of course, the most famous one is the Secret History of Mongolia written and translated in the early Ming Dynasty.

Mongγol-un niγuca tobciyan, written in13rd century, is one of the oldest Mongolian documents handed down from generation to generation. Due to the war, the Secret History of Mongolia, which was translated with phonetic Chinese characters, was preserved, but the original Mongolian version of the Secret History of Mongolia has been lost, and it is only preserved in the next paragraph of the Golden History of Mongolia and other works. The following is the beginning of the document, comparing the transliteration of Mongolian ancient prose with Chinese annotations:

Ji Cheng-Si (middle) is with Hannah and Huzawuer.

cinggis qaγan-u ijaγur

Genghis Khan-Genus Source

Genghis Khan's roots

Overlapping (upper) forehead (tongue) Liege Pueraria (tongue) Frontal Rachel Tooth Artutuo (tongue) Liege [gram] First Kyle Borotiechi Na Ajuwu

What do you think? Lü gerson b? rte cinua a-juγu

Source-Tian Ge-Off-grid designation-Nominated birth-Past Kyle Polo position is-Past.

Destiny takes a hand, Kyle Polotiechinar (Cang Lang),

Gegaine (Middle) Hoema (Tongue) Lan [Le] A Zhi

Wife, his love for Emmanuel is-in the past

His wife is Howe Malanle.

It can be seen that the people who wrote this script used Mandarin. In his dialect, the entering tone of middle ancient Chinese has disappeared, so special symbols must be used, such as "Ke, Le" in square brackets on the superscript (the original text is attached to the word with small print in front) to indicate the ends of closed syllables G and L. In order to distinguish the first consonant k/g and the last consonant q/γ in Mongolian, the words "Shang, Zhong" in superscript brackets are used (the original text is marked on the right side of the last word). For example, "(upper) amount" represents ge (main tone) and "middle" gap represents qo (trailing tone). In order to distinguish the trill R and the edge sound L in Mongolian, a superscript "tongue" is attached to the trill syllable. For example, "(tongue) column" is pronounced re.

Historically, Mongolian has used the following languages:

Uygur Mongolian (Hudumu Mongolian, ancient Mongolian)

Improving traditional Mongolian characters from Uygur characters. Mongolian characters from13rd century to16th century were Uighur Mongolian characters.

1204, the Mongols destroyed Naiman's department, captured Naiman's national division, and Uighur Tata unified Afghanistan. Because of his deep understanding of Uighur characters, Temujin (Genghis Khan) ordered him to create Mongolian characters. Early Mongolian characters are very similar to Uighur characters, and some principles in orthography are directly derived from Uighur characters, so they are often called "Uighur Mongolian" in today's academic circles. In the 7th century A.D.16-/KLOC-0, this script was reformed to form the modern Mongolian language, which is the direct predecessor of the traditional Mongolian language (Hudu Mumengwen) prevailing today.

Traditional Mongolian characters are written in Mongolian letters, belonging to pinyin characters, which originated from Sogdian-Uighur alphabet system and originated from Genghis Khan era. The Mongolian language used by Chinese Mongolians has 29 letters, which was created on the basis of Uyghur letters. Mongolian letters represent 5 vowels and 24 consonants. When spelling, the words are connected up and down, and the lines are from left to right.

Mongolian traditional literature is rich. The earliest existing Uighur Mongolian language can be found in Ye Songge Monument (Genghis Khan Monument) carved in the 20th year of Genghis Khan (1225).

Basiba (Fangzi, Guoyuan, Mongolian, Mongolian)

Kublai Khan in the Yuan Dynasty was founded in 1268 by Basiba, then the Mongolian emperor and the leader of the Sakya Sect of Tibetan Buddhism. This kind of writing is born out of Tibetan letters. Kublai Khan wanted to create a new script, with the aim of creating a unified script that matched the huge and unified Mongolian empire and wrote all the languages in the empire. It has been found that the languages written in Basiba letters are Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan, Uygur, Sanskrit and Persian. But it turns out that this kind of effort is not successful. Because these languages are very different from each other, it is difficult to express each language accurately with the same text. Therefore, after the rule of the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown, this writing gradually disappeared. The existing Mongolian documents in Basiba characters are mainly imperial edicts in Yuan Dynasty. However, this script was later preserved in Tibetan areas for a longer time than in Mongolia, and was further transformed by Tibetan scholars. As a flower-shaped writing, it is used for the decoration of Tibetan local official documents and seals.

Totwin

/kloc-in the winter of 0/648, it was created by Willat and Zayabandida Nanhaijiemsu, a monk of Shuote Department, and was used by Willat tribe. "Tote" Toto means "clear". This way of writing distinguishes O and U, which cannot be distinguished in Hudumu Mongolian. And u, t, d, standardized and colloquial writing. However, because most of these reforms are based on Huilat dialect, the written language cannot be extended to other dialect areas. Therefore, Toth became the script of Willa dialect, which is still used today. Today, it is still used in Mongolia in Xinjiang.

Su Yongbu's writing (based on Sanskrit letters)

1686 was created by calka monk Zana bazar. This script is derived from the Sanskrit Lanza alphabet and is mainly used for religious and decorative purposes. Because of the complexity of fonts, they are not popular among the people. Now it appears on the national emblem of Mongolia.

Wakindara script (borrowed from Toth script)

1905 was created by Buryat Lama Awangdoji (moral, intellectual and physical). This writing mainly reflects Buryat dialect, with more than 100 letters, and is mainly used in the field of temple religion. It was not popularized after creation.

Cyrillic Mongolian (Slavic Mongolian, New Mongolian)

At present, Cyrillic Mongolian is used in Mongolia. At present, Mongolian law stipulates that Cyrillic Mongolian will be abolished and traditional Mongolian will be used as the official language of Mongolia. China, also known as the "new Mongolian language", is different from the traditional Mongolian language, namely the "old Mongolian language". From 1930 to 1940, Mongolian people tried to reform Mongolian. Under the influence of the Soviet Union, at first I tried to create Mongolian characters with Latin letters, and the writing scheme was determined. 1942 trial, 1946 official use. However, with the Soviet Union's policy of changing Latin script into Slavic script, Mongolia also had to turn. Two months after the announcement, the Latin alphabet program was withdrawn and the decree was re-promulgated. Kaerka dialect is the most important Mongolian language in China, with kirill alphabet as the national legal language, but the old Mongolian language is no longer used in daily life. Besides borrowing all the letters from Russian, you also joined? And y to represent vowels that are not found in Russian? ; In traditional Mongolian, however, several sounds use the same letter, for example, seven vowels have only five letters, o and u, And u are all represented by the same letter; T and d are not completely different. Some letters are easily confused when written together. Memorizing the written part will bring inconvenience to study and reading. Kirill alphabet can clearly distinguish these sounds, basically achieving "how to write", and the letter forms are very different, and they are separated and not easy to misread. Write horizontally from left to right, which is convenient for typesetting and scientific literature. But at the same time, it does not have the advantages of traditional Mongolian writing quickly and taking into account local dialects. As for Buryatia and kalmyk, two republics of the former Soviet Union, they also went through similar writing reforms. After a short Latin experiment in the 1920s and 1930s, they quickly used the Kirill alphabet to spell the local language in the 1940s.

Arigari character

During the16th century, the characters created to correctly spread the terms and religious uses of the Yellow Sect were created by Ayuxi, an ancient Lama, with reference to Tibetan Sanskrit. Not a separate text.

Chinese alphabetic characters

65438+65438 at the end of 2003+at the beginning of 2004 (the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty), only used for letter range, not independent font. It is used by Han people to learn Mongolian. Such as: a Wu Lashan and a Wu Lianyun.

Literature materials include Zhiyuan translation, Mongolian secret history, Huayi translation and so on. (1) pure pinyin characters

⑵ Simple strokes (compared with other pinyin characters in phonemes and syllables)

(3) The changes of the upper, middle and lower forms are helpful to the stereotype of words and facilitate sketching.

(4) Super-dialect features can make people in different dialects more acceptable.

5] The social foundation is quite deep.

[6] The Mongolian historical and cultural heritage (1) is difficult to write scientific books and periodicals.

(2) Homomorphic reading phenomenon

⑶ Orthography retains unscientific idioms, and the writing system is divorced from spoken language.

(4) The font is special, which makes it inconvenient to use international advanced technology.