Classification of bridges and the characteristics of various types of bridges

Bridges are divided according to the force characteristics, there are beam bridges, arch bridges, rigid frame bridges, suspension bridges, combined system bridges (cable-stayed bridges) five basic types.

1, beam bridge: generally built in a large span, shallow water, composed of bridge columns and bridge plate, the weight of the object from the bridge plate to the bridge columns.

Characteristics: beam bridge solid web beam construction is simple, manufacturing, erection and maintenance are more convenient, widely used in medium and small span bridges, but in the use of materials is not enough economic. The rods of truss girder bear axial force, the material can be fully utilized, the self-weight is lighter, the spanning capacity is large, mostly used for the construction of large-span bridges.

2, arch bridge: generally built on top of a smaller span of water, the bridge body into an arch, usually have a few bridge holes, play the function of flood relief, the weight of the middle of the bridge to the two ends of the bridge, while the two ends of the transmission to the center.

Features: long history, beautiful shape, rounded curves, dynamic. The number of holes is divided into single and multiple holes. The bridge is wide and cheap.

3, suspension bridge: is the most practical kind of bridge, the bridge can be built in a large span, deep water, by the bridge columns, cables and bridge deck, the early suspension bridge has been able to withstand the wind and rain, will not break, the suspension bridge basically can be in the storm when the stout.

Features: Suitable for areas with deep water and high strength.

4, rigid bridge: by the bridge deck system, lintel beams and columns. The bridge deck system bears the load directly and transmits the load to the lintel beams. Lintel beams and columns rigidly connected, the latter instead of piers (platforms) will be the load transfer to the foundation. The bridge deck system is subjected to bending moment and shear force, while the lintel beams and columns are subjected to axial force in addition to bending moment and shear force, and are mostly constructed with reinforced concrete or pre-stressed concrete.

Features: this bridge has a node negative moment, can reduce the lintel beams of the span of the positive moment, the building height is very small, very suitable for overpasses and elevated line bridges, etc., and material savings, but the foundation requirements are high.

5, cable-stayed bridge: the main girder with a number of cables directly on the tower of a bridge, is a structural system by the pressure of the tower, tensile cables and bending beams combined. It can be regarded as a multi-span elastic support continuous beam with tension cables instead of piers.

Features: it can make the beam body bending moment reduced, reduce the building height, reduce the weight of the structure, save the material. Concrete to box, plate, side box in the plate type; steel girder to orthogonal anisotropic pole steel box is mainly, there are also side box in the plate type. Cable-stayed bridges, as a cable-stayed system, have a greater spanning capacity than girder bridges, and are the most dominant bridge type for large-span bridges.

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