What are the structural types of antique buildings?

Although China's ancient buildings have undergone thousands of years of evolution, their unique structural methods and layout scales have never changed. They are unique architectural disciplines in the world and a bright pearl in the world's architectural art treasures ... The traditional ancient buildings in China are mainly wood structures, with many characteristics in material selection, plane treatment and artistic modeling. However, with the development and progress of society, the defects of traditional wood structure in fire prevention and corrosion protection are becoming increasingly obvious. The application of new technologies and new materials makes it possible to design and build antique buildings, which is also the inheritance and development of ancient architectural culture in China. Modern antique buildings take reinforced concrete as the main structure, which changes the stress system of traditional ancient buildings in China with wood structure as the main structure, absorbs the essence of the style of traditional ancient buildings in China, and takes the shapes and components of traditional ancient buildings as decorative effects on the basis of reinforced concrete structure, thus achieving the purpose of antique buildings. This paper will talk about some experiences of this kind of building structure design with engineering examples, for reference in the design work of peers.

2 the characteristics of ancient architecture in China

The ancient architecture in China is a kind of structural mode with wood structure as the main structure. The plane layout is restrained, rich in layers, balanced and symmetrical, flexible in spatial layout, and clear in division of labor between load-bearing and envelope structure. In the design and construction of buildings, modular systems and components have been practiced for a long time, and the forms, scales and practices of the whole building to the parts are quite detailed. Ancient Chinese architecture also created the structural form of bucket arch, and made full use of the decorative means of color to make the building look solemn and gorgeous.

There are three structural forms of ancient buildings in China: "stoplog", "cross bucket" and "well". Roof styles include hard roof, suspended roof, temple roof, rest roof, pyramid roof and composite roof.

Structural design requirements of antique buildings

At present, most antique buildings adopt reinforced concrete structure instead of wood structure. In order to achieve the same appearance as the wooden frame after painting, compared with the traditional reinforced concrete structure, the structural design of antique buildings has the following special requirements:

3. 1 Modulus requirements and component sizing

The specifications of each stressed component should meet the requirements of the modulus of classical architecture, and the composition of the force transmission system and the size and shape of each component are completely modeled after the corresponding practices of columns, beams, purlins and purlins in ancient wood structures.

3.2 Roof modeling requirements

The roof changes obviously and the modeling requirements are high. The frame system adopts the method of stepping and lifting, which makes the slope of the roof steeper as it goes up and gentler as it goes down, forming the characteristics of beautiful curve and far eaves, which embodies the modeling characteristics of ancient buildings in China.

3.3 There are a large number of structural members with unique decorative functions in the building, among which the most representative are the replacement of bucket arches and sparrows.

Bucket arch: The China-shaped base of a bucket arch is called a bucket, and the boat-shaped wooden block built on it is called an arch. Dougong is a unique type of traditional ancient buildings in China. It is located between the wooden beam and the wooden column. It has structural and decorative functions such as conducting roof load, increasing eaves length, shortening beam span and absorbing earthquake energy. It is one of the most distinctive parts of ancient architecture in China. For antique buildings, because the main structure is reinforced concrete, decoration often becomes the main function of the bucket arch.

Queti: used at the intersection of forehead (eaves) and eaves column, shaped like a triangle, with carved decoration on the surface. It can shorten the clear distance of the beam and has the dual functions of assisting Rachel and decoration.

Four engineering examples

4. 1 project overview

Located in Tangshan City, xingguo temple Daxiong Hall in Tangshan is a magnificent building in the Tang Dynasty. It has 1 1 bay, which is a reinforced concrete building imitating the Tang Dynasty. The main hall is an antique building with double eaves, with a building area of 1400 m2 and a total height of 25m. The roof is in the form of a tripod, without uranium tiles, and the cornices are upturned, which is magnificent. There are seven arches under the eaves. Indoor use of "exposed buildings" makes the space bigger and more spacious. The building adopts reinforced concrete imitation wood structure.

4.2 Structural system

The cast-in-place reinforced concrete imitation wood frame structure is adopted, and the overall calculation is carried out by SATWE program. Because the software itself does not consider the role of the inclined plate, it uses PMSAP for analysis and PK program for checking the reinforcement of the main stress frame. The frame system adopts walking frame and lifting frame, and its transmission path is obviously different from that of traditional reinforced concrete buildings. The roof load is transmitted to the roof purlin beam through the T-shaped roof panel, then from the beam frame to the frame column layer by layer, and finally from the bottom beam to the frame column. Elevation of main bearing frame. Due to the need to worship the Buddha after the completion of the main hall, two gold pillars were removed from the main hall, making the span between adjacent pillars 18m. Such a large span is rare in traditional ancient buildings, but in order to maintain the integrity of indoor' exposed buildings', a transfer beam system is made to support columns and roof beam frame system.

4.3 Design of roof slab

The wooden base of the wooden structure roof is composed of the surface plate and the rafters, which makes the cross section of the antique building roof plate T-shaped, with one-way stress, close rib spacing, small rib height and complex shape. Considering that it is difficult to control the laying of roof lifting formwork, we control the elevation by controlling the bottom elevation. Rafters are prefabricated, and cast-in-place concrete slabs are made on the rafters. In the design, the strength calculation, crack resistance checking calculation and deflection checking calculation of T-shaped plate are carried out in stages before and after superposition. Meet the stress requirements of the construction stage and the use stage respectively. At the same time, the inner corridor adopts the facilities of counterweight plate, which greatly reduces the torque of purlin. Other roofing parts use 120 thick waterproof concrete slab, and double-layer steel bars are used in both directions to reduce the influence of temperature shrinkage.

4.4 Bucket arch design

In an antique building with reinforced concrete as the main structure, is the bucket arch a mechanical component or a purely decorative component? Wood structure or reinforced concrete structure? This is worth discussing. In this project, the cast-in-place bucket arch is used as the bucket arch system, and the bucket arch is the stress component in the structure. In this way, it is easy to deal with the cornice of 4.3 meters, and at the same time, the cross-sectional height of cornice purlin is greatly reduced. In the treatment of the old corner beam of the bucket arch, we hid a beam with the same width as the bucket arch, so that the 7.8-meter-long beam can be picked out. Among them, the practice of cast-in-place bucket arch has been written into the national construction law and approved.

I will give you the details of structural calculation on my blog. It mainly solves the problems of layering and displacement control. At the same time, a new understanding of the stressed bucket arch. Of course, the stressed bucket arch is more suitable for buildings before the Tang Dynasty. After all, his barrel mouth is big and it is easy to achieve this.