The Hundred Schools of Thought Representative Characters, Writings, Ideas, Literary Characteristics, Allusions and Quotations

Confucius, Mozi, Taoism, Dharma, Yin-Yang, Ming, Zong-Heng, Miscellaneous, Military, Novels major "family"--Confucianism Confucianism Confucius, the founder of the Hundred Schools of Thought, is Kong Zi. Confucius, surnamed Kong Qiu (孔丘) and called Zhongni (仲尼), was a native of Zuoyi (陬邑) in the State of Lu (now Qufu in Shandong Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋期). He was honored by the later generations as the "Teacher of All Ages". The core of his theory is "benevolence", which means loving people and requiring them to love each other and get along with each other; to realize 'benevolence', one must be tolerant and "Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you. ". The system or code of conduct that embodies benevolence is to "restrain oneself and return to propriety". Confucius pioneered private teaching and advocated "education for all", believing that everyone has the right to education regardless of wealth. At the same time, he broke the monopoly of culture and education by the aristocracy. Confucius advocated that "governance should be based on virtue", "saving and loving people", so that the people would have "enough food", the state would have "enough soldiers", and "people's trust" would be gained. This kind of thought contains the people-oriented idea, and is also the moral and ethical concept that he advocated. He emphasized moral education, especially personal cultivation, caring for others, and restraining one's own behavior by social norms.　Writings: The Spring and Autumn Annals The five texts organized by Confucius, namely the Poetry, the Calligraphy, the Rites, the Book of Rites, the Book of Changes, and the Book of Music, together with the Spring and Autumn Annals, are known to later generations as the Six Classics.　The Poetry, the Book, the Rites, the Book of Changes, and the Spring and Autumn Annals are known as the "Five Classics".　The Confucian school of thought split after Confucius, with Mencius becoming a representative figure in the middle of the Warring States period. Mencius was a native of Zou during the Warring States period, and was a disciple of Confucius' grandson, Zi Si, who was known as Kong Kai (孔伋), and was known as the "Sage of Asia" (亚聖). Mengzi's ideas were retrogressive and were considered anachronistic by many kings at the time. He advocated a "benevolent government" and further stated that "the people are the most important thing, the gods of earth and grain come second, and the king is the least important thing". His ethical view was that "nature is inherently good".　Confucianism is also represented by Xunzi. Xunzi's name was Fong, and he was honored as Xunqing. In politics, he advocated "benevolence and righteousness" and "the way of the king", "convincing people by virtue", and put forward the idea that "the ruler is the boat and the people are the water. Water carries the boat, but also overturns the boat". Philosophically, Xunzi insisted that "Heaven has its own way of doing things" and that "we should make use of Heaven's order". Xunzi believes that life is born with sensory requirements, hungry to eat, cold to wear clothes, which formed the people "good profit" good sound and color "nature needs. However, through the study of etiquette and the rule of law, it is possible to turn a small person into a gentleman, and an ordinary person into a saint. Xunzi's claim is known as the "theory of sexual evil". Xunzi transformed Confucianism by synthesizing the positive and reasonable elements of Legalism and Taoism, so as to make Confucianism more adaptable to the needs of society.　Mencius and Xunzi summarized and transformed Confucianism, and absorbed the positive and reasonable elements of other schools of thought, so that the Confucian system became more complete and Confucianism was better adapted to the needs of society. In the latter part of the Warring States period, Confucianism developed into a major school of thought among the various schools of thought! The founder of the school of Mohism was Mozi. Mozi was a native of the state of Lu in the early Warring States period.　Mozi's ideas were in opposition to those of Confucianism. He was opposed to the system of "Shih Ching Shih Lu" (世卿世禄制度), advocated the promotion of virtue, emphasized the importance of talent in the appointment of officials, and broke down the old hierarchical concepts, so that "there is no permanent nobility in the government, and there is no permanent lowliness in the people".　Mo Zhai's ideas are represented by the book "Mozi", which was compiled by his disciples based on their notes from lectures.　He advocated the principle of "love for all", eliminating the distinction between relatives, nobility and inferiority, and loving all people equally, "non-attack", condemning the disasters brought by wars to the people, "Shang Tong", "Ming Gui", "Ming Wu", "Ming Wu", "Ming Wu" and "Ming Wu". "Ming Ghost", "Shang Xian", and so on.　Among the "Hundred Schools of Thought", the two schools of thought were the most powerful, and at that time, there was a saying that "either you are a Confucian or a Mohist". Mo Zhai, the founder of Mohism, was a native of Lu in the early Warring States period. His ideas represented the interests of the common people, especially the handicraftsmen. Mozi advocated the principle of "love for all" (love for all people, separating the class differences between "princes and kings" and "all people"), "non-attack" (opposition to war, which was a common practice in the early Warring States period), and "non-attack" (opposition to war, which was a common practice in the early Warring States period). "(opposing wars, mainly unjust wars at that time, reflecting the desire of small producers for a stable life) "Shangxian" (advocating meritocracy and opposing nepotism of the princes and nobles). Mozi created a strict organization, and the leader of the group of Mozi became the Juzi, whose actions had to comply with the Juzi's command. Mozi's ideas became the preeminent school of thought during the Warring States period, and his ideas were widely adopted by other schools of thought, but gradually fell out of favor after the war. The founder of the Laozi school of the Hundred Schools of Thought was Laozi. The founder of the school of Laozi was Laozi, surnamed Li Er (李耳) and Dan (聃), a native of the state of Chu (楚國), around the same time as Confucius. The book that reflects his thought is Laozi, also known as Tao Te Ching, which was compiled around the time of the Warring States period.　Lao Tzu abstracted the Tao and summarized it as the highest philosophical concept that is not universal and all-encompassing. In his view, Tao is the origin of all things in heaven and earth, which is above the sky. He also put forward the idea of "Heaven follows the Way, and the Way follows nature", which rejects the absolute authority of the "Mandate of Heaven".　Laozi's philosophy is rich in dialectical thinking. He pointed out that everything has two contradictory and opposing sides; the two sides of the contradiction can be transformed into each other, and the way of transformation is to "keep quiet". Politically, he advocated "ruling by doing nothing". To do nothing means not to do anything presumptuously, not to act arbitrarily, and not to do whatever one wants to do.　The representative figure of Taoism in the Warring States period was Zhuang Zhou. Zhuang Zhou, a native of Song, was born in a family of degenerate aristocrats, and once worked as a minor official in the Song State as a lacquer garden official. Later, he was disgusted with his official position and "stayed away for life". The book Zhuangzi was compiled by him and his disciples. It is also known as "Easy Travel" is a Taoist classic on a par with "Tao Te Ching".　Zhuangzi's thought was developed based on the doctrine of Laozi. The book Zhuangzi is more like an explanation of Taoist doctrine in the form of a story. The form of language in it had a significant influence on the textual expression of ancient Chinese novels and legends. Taoist thought emphasizes that everything is natural and cannot be forced, in contrast to Confucianism. Edit Major "families" - Legalism The Legalist school represented the interests of the emerging landlord class. Early representatives of the school included Li Yul, Wu Qi, Shang Yang, Shen Zhi, and Shen Buhai, etc. The late Legalist Han Fei was a master of the theory of centralized authoritarianism.　Han Fei was a great disciple of Xunzi, a classmate of Li Si, and came from an aristocratic family in Korea. The book Han Fei Zi (韩非子) was the result of his summarization of the ideas of the early Legalists. Han Fei drew on the strengths of different schools of legalism and proposed a theory of the rule of law that combined "law", "art" and "power".　Han Fei was a thinker in the late Warring States period and a master of the Legalist school. Han Fei Zi believed that history is moving forward, Han Fei Zi (12 photos) contemporary times are inevitably better than the ancient times, people should carry out political reforms according to the real needs, do not have to follow the ancient traditions. He put forward a systematic theory of the rule of law, advocating "the law as the basis", "the law is not a noble" (the object of the rule of law is the vast number of subjects, out of the state army, regardless of noble and lowly, are subject to law and virtue constraints). It is advocated that the monarch should utilize power to control the ministers and to deter the subjects with absolute authority (the power of law). Han Fei Zi advocated the establishment of a monarchical, centralized feudal state, in which the power of the state was concentrated in the hands of the monarch alone, which catered to the historical trend of establishing a monarchical and authoritarian state. Edit This Section Major "Families"--The Military Family Sun Wu's portrait (from the engraved copy of "Three Talents" of the Ming Wanli reign) The originator of the Military Family was Sun Wu, an outstanding military expert in the late Spring and Autumn period. The famous military books at that time are "The Art of War" and "Sun Bin's Art of War".　Sun Tzu's Art of War is a military masterpiece written by Sun Wu, from which military quotes such as "Know thyself and thy enemy, and you will not be in peril in a hundred battles" are taken. Today, this book is well known in the world, and many western military schools have included it as a textbook. During the Warring States period, Sun Bin, a descendant of Sun Wu, inherited and developed his military thoughts and wrote Sun Bin's Art of War. They were known as the Art of War at that time. Edit this section Major "Families" - Famous Families The school sprouted in the late Spring and Autumn Period, with Deng Qi, a great physician of the state of Zheng, as the forerunner. As a school of thought, the Famous School did not have **** the same claim, limited to the same object of study, and the differences between the various sayings are very large. The main "contract different" and "away from the firm white" two schools.　The so-called "contractual differences", that is, the "same" and "different" of all things are relative, can be "combined" with the "same" and "different". The "Contractual Difference" is the view that the "sameness" and "difference" of all things are relative and can be "combined" into a single view of their "sameness" and "difference". This school is represented by Huishi, a native of Song. Huishi put forward the famous "Ten Things", i.e. ten propositions, such as "Heaven and Earth are inferior, mountains and zephyrs are equal", and "Universal love for all things, heaven and earth are one".　The so-called "away from the firm white", that is, a stone, with the eyes can only feel its "white" but not feel its "firm", with the hands can only feel its "firm" but not feel its "firm", with the hands can only feel its "firm" but not feel its "firm", with the hands can only feel its "firm" but not feel its "firm". I think that a stone can only be felt as "white" but not "firm" with the eyes, and "firm" but not "white" with the hands. Therefore, "firmness" and "whiteness" are separate and isolated from each other. This school was represented by Gong Sun Long, a native of the State of Zhao, who put forward such propositions as "White horse is not a horse" and "Firm white stone is two".　Contractual dissimilarity emphasizes the unity of things, and departure from firm white emphasizes the difference of things. At the end of the Warring States period, the late Mohists corrected the one-sidedness of the two and put forward the viewpoint of "firm and white phase surplus", and Xunzi also emphasized the "system name to refer to the real". The concept of "yin and yang" was first mentioned in the I Ching, and the concept of "five elements" was first mentioned in the Shangshu, but the emergence of the two concepts can be traced back to a much longer period of time.　During the Warring States period, the concepts of yin and yang and the five elements gradually merged to form a new conceptual model, which is the cosmological concept based on the theory of "yin and yang news, five elements transfer". The Yin-Yang School was one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, named for its promotion of the Yin-Yang and the Five Elements and its use of them to explain social and human affairs. This school of thought originated from the ruling class that was in charge of astronomy and calendar in the ancient times, and was also called the "School of Yin-Yang and Five Elements" or "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School".　Sima Tan's "Essentials of the Six Schools" listed "Yin-Yang School" as the first of the six schools.　One of the "hundred schools of thought": Liu Xin's "Han book - art and literature - zhuzi strategy" recorded more than a hundred famous writings, will be listed as one of the "ten schools and nine streams". Subsequent "sui book - book of records", "siku quanquan general catalog" and other books make the "zhuzi hundred schools" (pre-qin to han dynasty academic schools) writings rose to a thousand. However, the most famous schools of thought that have been widely circulated and have a greater impact are just a few dozen, including Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yang, Legalism, Famous Schools, Mohism, Zong-Heng Schools, Agricultural Schools, Miscellaneous Schools, and Novelists, among others. Edit this section of the major "family" - Zonghengjia Zongheng is the combination of vertical and horizontal.　During the Warring States period, the main school of political and diplomatic activities, the main characters are: Gigu Zi. It was listed as one of the "Nine Streams" in the Book of Han - Art and Literature. Han Fei Zi said: "The vertical is to combine the weak to attack the strong; the horizontal is to attack the weak with the strong." They are always on the lookout for the Qin and Chu, and they are capricious and erratic, and they plan and strategize mostly from subjective political requirements. Su Qin was the main representative of the vertical integration faction, and Zhang Yi was the main representative of the horizontal integration faction. In the end, Su Qin failed and Zhang Yi won. After Zhang Yi and Su Qin, Qi produced a famous vertical and horizontal strategist Lu Zhonglian, who was known as the Prime Minister of Cloth and the Scholar of Cloth! In the later period, he manipulated and fought against Qin for the last time with the six states, but it still ended in failure! Edit this section Major "families" - Miscellaneous families Miscellaneous families (zájiā) Chinese philosophical school from the end of the Warring States period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. The school of philosophy was characterized by a wide range of philosophies. Characterized by "both Confucianism and Mohammedanism, and combining names and laws", the school was "not able to penetrate the way of a hundred schools of thought". The Book of Han - Art and Literature Zhi listed it as one of the "Nine Streams". The emergence of miscellaneous writings was the result of the fusion of ideas and cultures in the process of the establishment of a unified feudal state. The writings of the miscellaneous schools, represented by the Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals of the Qin Dynasty and the Huainanzi of the Western Han Dynasty, which were collected by the Qin prime minister Lü Buwei and the Han king of Huainan, Liu An, who recruited his disciples, were an eclectic mix of the various schools of thought, but were a bit too complicated. Because the writings of the Miscellaneous Family contain Taoist ideas, some people believe that the Miscellaneous Family is actually a new Taoist school.　The Miscellaneous School, which is listed in the Zu Zi, is a very distinctive school, because it is a comprehensive school of learning from various schools of thought from the end of the Warring States period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. It was listed as one of the nine streams in the Book of Han - Art and Literature - Strategy of the Sons. Later, Zhao Lei wrote <Anti Jing> a synthesis of various schools of thought.　At the end of the Warring States period, after intense social change, feudal states have appeared, the emerging landlord class will require political and ideological unity. In this call, the academic thought on the emergence of various schools of thought want to merge into one of the miscellaneous family, the emergence of the miscellaneous family, generally reflecting the trend of the end of the Warring States academic and cultural integration.　Miscellaneous is characterized by "the good of Confucianism and Mozambique, summarizing the essence of the name and law". Although the miscellaneous family is only a collection of many opinions, eclectic, however, through the collection of various schools of thought, to carry out their political intentions and academic ideas, so it can also be called a family. Edit this section of the major "family" - Nongjia Nongjia is a pre-Qin school of thought that focuses on agricultural production in economic life. Mr. Lu Simian, in his Introduction to Pre-Qin Scholarship, divided the Agriculturalists into two schools: the first was about tree planting; the second was about politics.　The Han Book - Arts and Letters - The Sons of the Gods" listed the agriculturalists as one of the nine streams and said: "The stream of the agriculturalists is out of the officials of the agricultural ministers. Sow grains, advise farming and mulberrying, in order to meet the food and clothing, so the eight political one said food, two said goods. Confucius said "the people of food", this is its long also. And despicable people for, think nothing to do with the holy king, want to make the ruler and ministers and plow, contrary to the order of the upper and lower. "This is also the characteristic of the School of Agriculture, which honors Shennong.　The Nongjia school advocated the implementation of the policy of plowing and war, rewarded the development of agricultural production, and studied the problems of agricultural production. The Nongjia's summary of their experience in agricultural production techniques and their simple dialectical thinking can be found in "Guanzi - Di Dian" (管子-地员), "Lu Shi Chun Qiu" (吕氏春秋), and "Xunzi" (荀子). Editorial section of the major "family"-novelists Novelists, is the pre-Qin and Western Han school of miscellanea of folklore and antiquity.　During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China, the term "novelists" referred to a category of people who recorded folklore, and novelists were categorized as one of the Hundred Schools of Thought of Ancient China. The Book of Han. Art and Literature Zhi" said: "the stream of novelists, cover out of the barnyard; street talk, the Tao listen to Tu said the person's creation." The meaning is that the novelists do to record the folk street talk, and reported to the superiors and so on mainly, however, although the novelists since the family, but is regarded as not into the stream, Liu Xin listed nine streams of ten, but the novelists are not in the nine streams of the list, the impact is very small. However, the novelist reflects the side of the ancient common people's thought, but the other nine streams of schools of thought can not be replaced. Therefore, there are nine streams of ten said