Analysis of architectural space form in Han Dynasty

The construction technology of Han Dynasty tends to be mature, and the extensive use of wood structure provides technical support for creating spacious and open indoor space, which promotes the enrichment and development of architectural space forms. In addition to the traditional rectangles and squares, many different types of space have evolved, including "high-rise buildings" symbolizing power and majesty, courtyard buildings formed by the separation and combination of single buildings, and open buildings in which single buildings are interconnected. There are great differences between different buildings in terms of spatial scale, plane form and combination relationship.

First, high-rise buildings

Influenced by the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty was keen on immortality and prayed for immortality with the immortals. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, high-rise buildings were built on a large scale, following the example of Tianyu Palace. These buildings are tall and gorgeous, or built in palaces, as high as 100 feet; Or living on the streets, magnificent; Or on the cliff, or on the river bank. Pursue a kind of smart, jumping and sublimation space effect, so as to achieve the realm of intersection between man and god pursued by the royal nobility.

In Han dynasty, high-rise building was a very important architectural form at that time. Large and important buildings are in the form of high-rise buildings. Because of its huge scale and political symbolic significance, most of the palaces in the Han Dynasty took the form of high-rise buildings. From the documentary records and unearthed cultural relics, we can get a glimpse of the scale and scale of high-rise buildings in the Han Dynasty: as Ban Gu said in Xijing Fu, "The world is decorated with splendor, which lasts for twelve years, so it is extravagant." Another example is recorded in Three Auxiliary Huang Tu: "Weiyang Palace has Xuan Shi, Kirin, Jinhua, Cheng Ming and other halls. There are 32 halls. There are Shoucheng, Long Live, Guangming, Jiao Fang, Liangqing ... Tongguang, Qutai and Baihu. There are also Yutang Zengpan Pavilion and Xuanshi Pavilion. " Judging from the unearthed architectural sites, high-rise buildings not only prevailed in the capitals Chang 'an and Luoyang, but also took the form of high-rise buildings in remote areas of Han Dynasty. For example, the site of Seoul Building 2 in Chong 'an was made by leveling the top of the mountain with native hills and digging the surrounding parts low. Guangdong Wuhuashan Han Dynasty architecture site is a group of large-scale high-rise buildings with cloisters around and platforms in the middle. Corridor uses topography, high in the north and low in the south. The edge is close to the steep slope, and there are turrets at the corners of both ends.

During the Western Han Dynasty, the well-preserved architectural site in Gao Tai was the first site in Biyong, Tang Ming, in Chang 'an, Han Dynasty. The plane is square and the walls on all sides are 235 meters long. There is a door in the middle of the wall, and there is a circular ditch around the wall. There is a circular earth platform with a diameter of 62 meters and a height of 30 centimeters in the yard. On the earth platform, there is an Asian-shaped rammed earth platform base with four sides. The spatial organization of the hall follows the ancient system and the layout form of "front hall and back room" The floor in the front hall is paved with square bricks, and the floor in the back room is painted with golden bamboo. Because of its huge scale, it belongs to an important ritual building in the Han Dynasty. Ancient architects in China have studied it many times and tried to restore it, among which Wang He and Yang Hongxun's restoration scheme is the most authoritative. Although there are different views and opinions on the structure and appearance of the central building and the arrangement of the halls and rooms, they reflect the same phenomenon, that is, the building of "Tang Ming Bi Yong" is not a real multi-storey pavilion, its top floor is built on a rammed earth platform, and the protruding parts around it are connected into a whole through the rammed earth platform. Some wooden frames are integrated with earth walls, and the trend of column network is very obvious.

Second, the courtyard building

Courtyard building is the basic form of residential building in Han dynasty, which belongs to combined building form. The reason for its formation is the spatial layout formed by the continuous subdivision of building space, the gradual expansion of the internal area of space and the gradual increase of houses. There is such a description of courtyard architecture in the Biography of Han Dynasty: "Set up a city to build a city, and cut down the house to make it ... first build a room, with one hall and two rooms at home, and the door is closed." Guangya explained: "The courtyard is also a garden", and the etymology said: "The courtyard is also a garden". The most basic feature of quadrangle building is the separation of hall and room, and the hall has the nature of public living space. Reception, banquet and song and dance performances will be held in the hall. At the same time, the etiquette system of the Han Dynasty clearly stipulated the hierarchy and seniority of clan members. The evolution of social customs made great changes in the structure of family members, and people's demand for more spacious space became stronger, so a new spatial layout came into being. From single building to courtyard building settlement group; The plane form is no longer limited to regular rectangles or squares. The hall and the room are separated, the positions of the hall and the door move forward respectively, the inner room extends backward, and the room extends backward along the axis, forming a closed courtyard layout. This combination has no fixed formula, different forms and is free and flexible. Different regions and cultures have different layout characteristics. There are relatively large "cities" with walls, "temples" offering sacrifices to clans, and "houses" inhabited by all walks of life, and "houses" are the most numerous and frequently encountered architectural forms.

Courtyard buildings in Han Dynasty can be studied and analyzed from brick and stone portraits and pottery portraits. The portrait bricks unearthed from the Han Tomb in Yangzi, Chengdu are often painted with images of the courtyard. One of the paintings depicts a square courtyard with a door on the west side of the south wall and an inner courtyard on the north side of the second entrance, surrounded by cloisters. There are three north halls hanging from the top of the mountain, which are supported on the front and have square cornerstones at the door. The hall base is quite high and the corners are very clear. The north courtyard has a large span. There is a watchtower in the yard, which can be used to observe the enemy's whistle. The courtyard here is considered to be the epitome of the general official residence of the Han Dynasty.

A settlement site of Han Dynasty was excavated in Sanyangzhuang, Neihuang, Henan Province. After textual research, it was found that it was lived by ordinary residents. The four courtyards in the village are all closed two-way courtyards, each of which is relatively independent, north-south and asymmetrical in layout. The gate of the courtyard is open on the wall of the south courtyard, and the well is located in the open space in front of the gate. There are fewer houses in the first yard. Compared with the first courtyard, the second courtyard is longer and narrower, and the main house is located in the second courtyard. Trees are planted inside or outside the courtyard, and farmland is around the courtyard. In addition, the building architecture is slightly different from the "one hall and two rooms" in the literature, and the main rooms and courtyards of the four sites are not exactly the same. It can be seen that the village and its house were not built according to a strict rule.

In the courtyard buildings of the Han Dynasty, there were not only single courtyards, but also residential courtyards composed of multiple courtyards. Take Huaiyang Yuzhuang Courtyard as an example, which is a painted pottery courtyard in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The courtyard is a third-order quadrangle, which consists of a living courtyard and an idyllic courtyard. The living courtyard is vertically arranged and divided into three courtyards: front yard, atrium and backyard. The front yard opens in the middle, with a hanging hill on it and stables on both sides. The atrium consists of the main hall, left and right wing rooms, guard room and bathroom. The backyard is composed of kitchen, toilet, pigsty and other low-rise buildings, which is the place where servants work and rest. The other part is the pastoral part, which is connected with the courtyard on one side and surrounded by walls on the other three sides. The well is located in the middle of the countryside, and irrigation canals and ridges are clearly visible. This ceramic courtyard is a group building with the largest shape and the most complete structure found at present. It is a true portrayal of the economic development of the landlord manor at that time, and provides vivid physical data for the study of architectural art and social life in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Third, pavilion architecture.

If high-rise buildings and courtyard buildings in Han Dynasty pursue the scale of horizontal space and enjoy luxury and beauty, then pavilion buildings pursue the combination form of vertical space. There are certain ideological reasons for building pavilions in the Han Dynasty: Han people advocate "the unity of heaven and man" and "the connection between heaven and man" and pursue the connection between man and god. The design follows the principle of "looking up to heaven and overlooking the earth" and the idea of "immortals live in good buildings". In the Han Dynasty, Chang 'an was famous for its incorruptibility and elegance, and the sweet spring was beneficial to prolong life, which made the Qing Dynasty keep the festival and wait for the gods. So it's the Temple of Heaven, and the shrine is placed below, which will attract the gods. So Ganquan put it in the front hall and began to preach to the palace. "Therefore, tall pavilions came into being. There are various forms of pavilions in the Han Dynasty, such as multi-storey tower, dry column, combined type, etc., which together construct the modeling paradigm of pavilions in the Han Dynasty.

Among them, the architectural form of multi-storey tower pavilions can be realistically observed from the tomb pottery buildings unearthed in Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong and other regions. These ceramic buildings have various shapes in structure, ranging from two or three floors to as many as nine floors. One of them is placed on the eaves and the other is hooked on the seat. Because of the different collocation of waist eaves and sitting styles, or picking or closing, the light and shade are full of reality and ups and downs, forming a bright festival. The pavilion in the portraits unearthed by He Linger Xindianzi and Fei County Pan Jiatong is the most typical. The pavilions in Huolinjie's tomb are three-story pavilions, with sloping roofs on the upper part of each floor, and the upper external walls are built at the upper eaves line of the lower eaves. The pavilion structure on the stone relief of Panjiatong in Feixian County is relatively more complicated. There are three houses in the image. It is speculated that the whole pavilion has at least six sides, and the upper layer is smaller than the lower layer. There is no eaves between the first and second floors, the second floor is surrounded by railings, the upper end of each floor above the third floor has eaves, the house is surrounded by railings, and there are two people on the top floor of the pavilion. Presumably the roof is not depicted.

Gantry-style pavilions are mostly found in the south. In shape, most of these buildings are corral on the lower floor and bedrooms on the upper floor. For example, in Chia, people live above and cattle, sheep and dogs live below. Some unearthed pottery buildings in the Han Dynasty have empty lower floors, which are connected with the corral and have no partition walls, and suck holes in the nearby walls, but there are also some unearthed pottery buildings with compact room styles. Take the pottery building unearthed in Dongshan, Guangzhou and Hong Kong as an example. This group of buildings is H-shaped. The main building is towering into the sky and divided into two floors. There is a main entrance in the middle of the lower floor and a toilet door on the side to separate the two buildings on the side of the building. In addition, a ceramic building was unearthed in Yunlidun, Yunmeng, Hubei Province. The main building is divided into two floors. There are three upstairs and four downstairs, all of which are living spaces. There are auxiliary spaces such as cooking room, toilet and watchtower behind the main building. The pavilion has a rigorous structure and reasonable layout, and the floors are high and low, forming a patchwork aesthetic feeling.

To sum up, the architecture of the Han dynasty inherited the etiquette and layout of the ancient "front hall and back room" in form. At the same time, with the prosperity of economy and material culture in the Han Dynasty, the building technology is improving day by day and the space design is more reasonable. Under the influence of the thought of "courtesy, happiness and immortality", the architecture of Han Dynasty pursues horizontal volume and vertical extension in space, and is richer in shape and category than the previous generation. On the basis of satisfying practical functions, its implied value has also been displayed, and the expression space and symbolic meaning of architecture have gradually unified, gradually forming a systematic architectural system, which provides reference value for studying social customs and space creation in Han Dynasty.