May I ask the influence of Shang Yang's political reform, Emperor Xiaowen's political reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty and Wang Anshi's political reform on later generations respectively?

First, the main content of Shang Yang's political reform

Shang Yang's political reform experienced two major movements, involving many aspects, mainly including:

(a) Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of commerce

Shang Yang's emphasis on agriculture is the combination of individual agriculture and cottage industry, which can also be called "agro-weaving" agriculture. This kind of agriculture is the premise of human survival and the development of human society. The idea of attaching importance to and developing agriculture has sprouted as early as the late primitive society and the early slave society, but the idea of developing small family economy combining agriculture with cottage industry has not yet formed. As history enters the class society, the importance of "agriculture is the decisive production sector in the ancient world" has been recognized by people. Shang Yang attached great importance to the development of natural economy combining agriculture with cottage industry. He clearly stipulated in the law: "People with more than two men, regardless of their differences, should give twice as much." "A little effort in farming and weaving will restore a lot of millet and silk." [1] Obviously, he used economic means to promote the separation of families and establish monogamous families, so as to mobilize the production enthusiasm of every farmer and develop the individual small-scale peasant economy combining agriculture with cottage industry.

Shang Yang called the small-scale peasant economy combining farming and weaving as his own industry, and pointed out that "everything must build a country", "everything must fight" and "everything must fight, so people like agriculture and enjoy fighting" [2]. This has raised the small-scale peasant economy combining agriculture and weaving to the fundamental height of "founding the country". Why is agriculture so important? First of all, he believes that agriculture is the source of fiscal revenue. Only by developing agriculture can the country "advance much" and "advance much" and become rich. Secondly, he believes that agriculture can provide the necessary material conditions for the war and ensure the victory of the war. Otherwise, "you can't compete with the princes on your own." The former is based on the fact that agriculture can create necessary material means of subsistence, while the latter is based on the relationship between economy and politics. Its fundamental purpose is to enrich the people and strengthen the country.

Shang Yang believes that emphasizing agriculture must be "forbidden". His law of change stipulates: "if you work hard in your own industry, you will get back your farming and weaving, and if you are lazy, you will think about change if you are poor" [3]. Although what he refers to is limited to high-end luxury goods such as "carving" and "splendid assembly", in fact, his thought of "banning the end" also includes the content of restraining business. His thoughts [4] such as "emphasizing the market", "not getting for business" and "benefiting agriculture and working for business" all contain factors that inhibit business and businessmen. It should be noted that the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business" has a positive effect on stabilizing and ensuring sufficient labor force in agricultural production, maintaining an appropriate proportion between agricultural population and non-agricultural population, preventing businessmen and usurers from annexing land and promoting agricultural development. However, due to over-emphasis on farming and textile, a self-sufficient agricultural form, other handicrafts other than cottage industries are unfairly discriminated against, and commerce has not received due attention, which is not conducive to the development of the whole economy. Because this policy not only promoted agricultural production, but also deepened the closure of the self-sufficient feudal small-scale peasant economy and inhibited the development of the budding small commodity economy. On the other hand, attaching importance to the development of farmers' handicrafts makes up for the losses caused by the suppression of commerce. Even so, it inevitably hinders the all-round development of society. In fact, the role of the "suppress to the end" policy is very limited. With the development of agriculture and cottage industry, commodity exchange and its commerce have also developed greatly.

(B) the implementation of land system reform

Every major reform will involve land issues. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the land was owned by the royal family. At that time, the supreme ruler of the country was the landowner, who was the master of the vast number of serfs and freemen attached to the land. According to the principle of feudal hierarchy, the Emperor of Zhou enfeoffed his own land to his children, relatives and heroes and became a vassal. Similarly, the princes sealed the land in the fief to their ministers, doctors and scholars. The son of heaven owns the land ownership, and the princes, doctors and scholars all have different degrees of land possession. With the development of economy and society and people's resistance, the land enfeoffment system gradually evolved into "well field system". Although the well-field system is divided into public land and private land, it still fetters the development of productive forces.

Shang Yang's political reform promulgated the law of "Abandoning Minefields and Building Buildings", which broke the fief boundaries that Qin Xiaogong had previously enfeoffed to imperial clan nobles and hereditary ministers, confiscated their fiefs, deprived them of their land ownership, opened up farmland roads as fertile fields, recognized farmers' newly-opened land as their own, set taxes according to land area, and allowed land sales. Therefore, Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty believed that "the system of emperors was changed by the method of Shang Yang, except for the mining fields, the people had to buy and sell, and the rich people had to build houses in the fields, but the poor had no place to stand". Although the relationship between the sale and purchase of cultivated land will lead to polarization, it will disintegrate the imperial clan public land system, establish private ownership of land and change the owner into a landlord. Since then, the imperial clan who refused to perform military service has cancelled their titles, redefined the grades and ranks according to military service, and occupied the male and female servants in the farm house according to the grades. Many nobles who did not perform military service lost their privileges, even those who had meritorious service lost their original privileges.

After the establishment of private ownership of land, not only the lords became landlords, but more importantly, small farmers changed from state tenants to yeomen. Therefore, yeoman farmers have become an important class in the social and economic development of Qin State. They have their own small plots of land and basic means of production, and they have more freedom, more products and greatly improved exchange level in identity and management than farmers who used to love farmland. At that time and later, Qin's highly developed economy was built on this basis. The private ownership of land determines the unique class, economic and political structure of Qin society and its social development process. It can be said that without the reform of the land system, the state of Qin would not develop rapidly.

(3) Strengthening the rule of law

Social practice produces social theory, which in turn guides social practice. The political reform movement is the practice of social change since the Spring and Autumn Period. This kind of social practice needs and inevitably produces a kind of social theory to guide it, which is the theory of pre-Qin legalists. Advocates and followers of this school, adapting to the needs of the emerging landlord class, strongly advocate the formulation and public promulgation of written laws and the rule of law. In the practice of political reform, Shang Yang developed the theory of rule of law into a mature theory, and put it into practice in Qin State, which won the victory of the unification war in Qiang Bing, a rich country, and made A Qin State move towards the rule of law.

The publicly promulgated laws in Shang Yang's political reform include the Law of Ruling the Country, the Law of Enriching the Country and the Art of Strengthening the War, which are completely consistent with the goals of ruling the country, enriching the country and Qiang Bing. Laws governing the rule of law include the Criminal Law and the Law on Joining the Army. As early as the social reform in Qin Xiangong, the decree of "unified household registration" was promulgated. While establishing the household registration system, residents are also forcibly organized according to the principle of five households. On this basis, Shang Yang entrusted joint criminal responsibility to people of the same class, and thus formulated the United Wu Law. With regard to the laws of rich countries, Shang Yang legalized the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce, and restricting aristocrats and ignorant people, all in accordance with the order of reclaiming grasslands. At the same time, Shang Yang issued a separation order, which divided a large number of large families into small families with the force of law to meet the requirements of the development of productive forces. The laws of Qiang Bing, mainly the Law on Officers, stipulate the number of farmhouses occupied by titles at all levels, the order of male and female servants and clothing. In order to stimulate the enthusiasm of the people, a system of titles has been formulated to reward those who have made meritorious deeds, especially those who have made meritorious deeds. Therefore, this title system is also called "military title".

The reform made Qin people generally establish a strong legal consciousness. Legalists such as Shang Yang regard law as "the order of the people" and "the foundation of governing the country" [6]. In order to "know the law", judges and officials were set up in Qin from the central government to the local governments, who were responsible for inspecting and interpreting laws and decrees, educating the people on laws and decrees, and making the legal concept deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. After the reform of Shi Zai, "Qin women and children all talked about the law of Shang Wang". In the history of China, people with strong legal awareness like Qin people are rare. Coupled with Shang Yang's selfless and fearless law enforcement, "the torturers are outspoken and powerful, and the rewards are not personal" ⑦, which effectively guarantees the fairness of the law and makes "the law is enforced" and "the Qin people rule" [8].

Shang Yang's reform established a relatively strict legal system in Qin. Later, through the efforts of several generations of monarchs, especially King Huiwen, Qin not only had a relatively perfect criminal law, but also gradually formulated and promulgated a series of administrative regulations and economic regulations, so that officials and people at all levels had laws to follow and rules to follow. Qin Shihuang inherited the tradition of the rule of law in the Qin Dynasty, and put forward the principle of fully implementing the rule of law on the basis of the increasingly perfect legal system. Not only in maintaining social order, punishing criminals and solving civil disputes, but also in managing military affairs, diplomacy, social security, justice, transportation, labor services, culture and education, handicrafts, commerce, foreign trade, monetary materials, etc., the so-called "everything has laws to follow."

Legal system construction and system reform are complementary and inseparable, and they are like a duck to water and cannot be separated. If only the system reform can't match the system reform, it will soon be exhausted. The influence of Shang Jun's political reform on later generations and the formation and development of feudal system are all due to the legal construction in Shang Jun. Qin's thought of rule of law is of historical significance for us to build a socialist legal system with China characteristics today.

Second, the achievements and significance of Shang Yang's political reform

Shang Yang has been in power in Qin State for more than 20 years, and his new law has been thoroughly implemented with the support of Qin. After Hui Wang ascended the throne, Shang Yang suffered a car crack, but the new law remained unchanged, and finally Qin achieved a great leap from backwardness to prosperity.

(1) The economy is prosperous and powerful.

Shang Yang's two political reforms destroyed and restricted the landlord's clan system, making Qin an advanced and prosperous country at that time. Because the new law encourages farming, Qin's economy has developed rapidly, the production level has improved significantly, and there has been a situation of "giving enough to others". Fan Wenlan said in "A Brief History of China": "Ten years after the promulgation of the new law of the State of Qin, the people of Qin rejoiced, the roads were not connected, there were no thieves in the mountains, the family provided for the people, and the people dared to fight in public, not privately. The township (township) city (city) was ruled, and Qin became the biggest force. " At the same time, due to the praise of the meritorious military service, Qin Jun's combat effectiveness has been greatly enhanced. Unified measurement provides a standard measurement standard for the whole country and promotes commodity exchange. Although the implementation of the county system, the title system and the equal system suppressed the people, it brought some stability to the people and was conducive to the development of production and the prosperity of Qiang Bing.

(2) The world's talents gather in Qin.

Due to Shang Yang's political reform, Qin was strong and economically prosperous, and talents from all over the world gathered in Qin. From King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty to Zhao Haoqi of Qin Dynasty, there was a climax of absorbing and using foreign talents, especially the climax of taking guests as officials, that is, absorbing and using foreign talents and making them officials. Specifically: 1? Most senior officials are held by foreign talents. There were 13 people in King Biru and two generations, including non-Qin people 12 people. 2? A system of absorbing and using foreign talents has been formed, that is, the guest secret system. It is divided into two steps: the first step is to pay homage, and the second step is to pay homage, so that the reserve, inspection and use of talents tend to be perfect.

Keqing system not only brought talents from all over the world together in Qin, but also brought up the management of honest officials. Xun Kuang, a famous thinker, described this: "A hundred officials are disrespectful, frugal, sincere and trustworthy, but invincible"; Scholar-officials "have no cronies, friends and friends than Zhou"; The imperial court "listened to what he said and waited for it, and it was like no cure." [9] It can be clearly seen that due to the implementation of the Keqing system, Qin officials are honest and full of vitality.

(3) Military victory, territorial expansion and national strength enhancement.

In addition to the achievements in economy, politics and rule of law, Shang Yang's political reform also achieved great victory in foreign wars, greatly expanding its territory and further strengthening its national strength, thus reversing its long-term backwardness and passivity.

In 355 BC, Qin Xiaogong and Wei Huiwang joined forces in Du Ping, ending Qin's long-term "no alliance with China vassal states" and improving Qin's position among the vassal states. At the same time, due to Shang Yang's political reform, he rewarded farming, developed economy and increased military strength, and won many battles in foreign wars. From 330 BC to 329 BC, the State of Qin won a winning streak in Wei Jun, and all the areas west of the Yellow River belonged to the State of Qin. In 3 18, the allied forces of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Yan and Chu were defeated by Hanguguan, and in 3 16, Ba, Shu, Hanzhong, Wan, Ying, Hedong (southwest of Shanxi) were destroyed. Outside Hangu Pass, there are the former sites of Xingyang and Zhouguo. The terrain is dangerous and firm, so it is advisable to keep it and not attack it. It's called Tianfu Xiongguo. Guanzhong where Qin is located has fertile land. After the canal was built, more than 40 thousand mu of farmland was irrigated, and agricultural products were more abundant. During the Qin Dynasty, Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County, built Dujiangyan, reclaimed rice fields and built water conservancy projects. Shu has fertile land, drought and little rain. Qin owns these two agricultural areas, and Bashu produces copper, iron and wood, and Rongdi in the northwest produces cattle and horses, which is rich in resources. As Hanshu Shihuozhi said, "Guanzhong occupies about one-third of the world's land, but its population is only three-tenths, while its wealth accounts for six-tenths".

In a word, Shang Yang's political reform is an important milestone in the development history of Qin State, which made a new Qin State appear in the west of China [10] and had a far-reaching impact on the future development of China's history.

Reform of Emperor Xiaowen in Northern Wei Dynasty

(1) Formulate the salary system for officials and rectify the management of officials.

In the old society, officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty had no salary, and the central officials obtained the property and labor obtained in the war according to their grades. As long as local officials pay a certain amount of taxes and silks, they can search the people at will. As a result, the bureaucracy was dark and corruption was prevalent, which caused very serious consequences and directly threatened the stability of the Northern Wei regime. In order to clarify the official management and consolidate the rule, in 484, the salary system was implemented. The imperial edict said, "Therefore, the Old Testament chapter is the beginning of the key link. Families add three horses, and Gu Yingjiu fights, thinking that the lawsuit will be rewarded. They are all pre-adjusted, that is, they are also commercial. " ("Shu Wei Gao Zuji") The salary system is a unified rent adjustment levied by the state, which raises Lu Yin and distributes it to officials according to their levels. Officials are not allowed to raise money by themselves. At the same time, the class salary is closely linked to the heavy penalty of bribery, which stipulates the heavy penalty measure of "the horse thief dies after the trip". The salary system implemented by Emperor Xiaowen, as well as the closely related rectification of bureaucracy and punishment of corruption, made the bureaucratic situation of the Northern Wei Dynasty start to improve obviously, provided a favorable political situation for the Northern Wei regime to carry out various reforms, and became an important factor to promote the prosperity of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The history books once praised the era of Emperor Xiaowen, which was in line with the actual situation at that time, that is, "the Ming Dynasty should be preserved, rewards and punishments must be done, the old track must be changed, and the law should be served at that time" (preface to the biography of Shu Wei's good officials).

(2) Implement the land equalization system.

Since the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, people have been exiled, resulting in "smoke-free thousands of miles", a large number of land abandoned, and the government controlled a large number of uninhabited wasteland, making it possible to implement the equal land system. In order to ease social contradictions, develop agricultural production and increase national tax revenue, in 485, Feng Taihou and Emperor Xiaowen adopted the suggestion of Wang Anshi, the minister, and issued an order of land equalization to implement the land equalization system. That is to say, according to certain standards, the land controlled by the state will be allocated to farmers for farming on average, and land may not be bought or sold. If not, it will be taken back by the government. At the same time, encourage the reclamation of wasteland and develop production. The implementation of the land equalization system has a far-reaching impact: first, the landless peasants have obtained the ownerless wasteland to a certain extent, and farmers have the possibility to live and work in peace and contentment, and their enthusiasm for production has increased. At the same time, a large area of wasteland has been reclaimed, and the grain output has been increasing, which has actively promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy; Secondly, the land equalization system is the land ownership system of feudal countries, which does not touch the interests of feudal landlords. On the one hand, it is beneficial for the state to collect taxes and corvee, on the other hand, it promotes the feudalization of the Northern Wei regime and fundamentally consolidates the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Thirdly, the implementation of the equal land system greatly promoted the transformation of backward nomadic life of all ethnic groups in the north to feudal farmers, and promoted the emergence of the climax of great ethnic integration in the north during this period; In addition, the farmland equalization system had a great influence on the farmland system of later generations, which was adopted in the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty for more than 300 years. The choice and implementation of this system laid a solid material foundation for the emergence of China's feudal heyday.

(3) Establish a three-long system

In 486, in order to cooperate with the implementation of the equal land system and strengthen local control, the imperial court adopted the suggestion of Minister Li Chong and implemented the three-long system. Regulations: five households and one neighbor; Five neighbors and one mile long; Set up a party leader in Wuli and choose a person who is "strong and sincere" in his hometown as the party leader. The "three-long system" was the grass-roots administrative organization in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Its duties are to check the household registration, collect taxes, call up for military service and corvee, and implement the system of land equalization. The implementation of the "three-long system" has improved the administrative system from the central government to the local government, ensured the effective control of the people by the state, and is conducive to the implementation of the land equalization system.

(4) Implementing new rent modulation

At the same time of implementing the three-long system, a new land rent modulation adapted to the land equalization system was promulgated. It is stipulated that a couple should pay a piece of millet stone, silk or cloth to the government every year. This system has greatly reduced the burden on farmers, and many farmers sheltered by powerful people have taken refuge in the government, becoming citizens of the country and increasing the government's income.

These reform measures are aimed at developing production, easing contradictions and consolidating political power, forming a whole set of political and economic systems with the equal land system as the core. These systems influenced and interacted with each other, which effectively promoted the economic recovery and development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, consolidated the political power of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and laid the foundation for the deeper reform of Emperor Xiaowen in his later period.

In 490, Feng Taihou died of illness, Emperor Xiaowen came to power, and the reform of the Northern Wei Dynasty entered a new stage. In order to continue the reform, Emperor Xiaowen first decided to move the capital to Luoyang.

The capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty is a city of peace, which is not conducive to the needs of social development. First of all, politically, Pingcheng is a place where Xianbei nobles are concentrated, with strong conservative forces and deep ethnic barriers. In order to strengthen the rule of the Central Plains, the cooperation of Han landlords is urgently needed. Therefore, in the old capital Pingcheng, the further development of reform will inevitably encounter many obstacles; Secondly, economically, the northern part of Pingcheng is cold, and snowstorms and sandstorms often occur in June. At that time, someone wrote a poem "Sad City of Peace", saying: "Sad City of Peace, Drive the horse into the clouds, it often snows in the cloudy mountains, and there is no wind to stop." The popular ballad goes like this: "If you freeze the birds to death at the top of the mountain (now east of Datong City, Shanxi Province), why not fly and play!" The harsh climate and environment make it difficult to adapt to economic development and there is no land and water transportation. With the increase of population, food supply is often difficult. Thirdly, militarily, compared with Rouran in the north, it is often harassed and unsafe; Moreover, geographically, the position north of Pingcheng is even more unfavorable to the Northern Wei Dynasty's rule over the whole Central Plains. Based on the above understanding, Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In order to ensure the smooth progress of moving the capital, Emperor Xiaowen carefully arranged to move the capital in the name of "Southern Expedition". In 495, the Northern Wei Dynasty officially moved its capital to Luoyang.

With the move of the capital, a large number of Xianbei people poured into the mainland, and the Northern Wei government faced many new problems: the custom of Xianbei people was to knit left-handed trousers, men wore trousers and women led small sleeve, and most of them could not speak Chinese, which was not in line with the custom of the Central Plains; Moreover, when the newcomers first came to Luoyang, they lived in a house without rafters, had no food, were not good at agriculture, and were nostalgic for the past. If these problems are not solved in time, it will seriously hinder the exchanges between ethnic groups and the development of economy and culture, which is not conducive to the consolidation of the Northern Wei regime. With the support of Wang Su, Li Chong, Li Biao, Gao Lv and other Han scholars, Emperor Xiaowen immediately set out to reform Xianbei old customs, and made every effort to promote Sinicization. The main measures are:

Simple clothes. 4951February 2, a decree forbade the gentry to wear Hu clothes, and stipulated that Xianbei people and other northern ethnic minorities should all wear Han clothes. Emperor Xiaowen himself took the lead in wearing Hanfu, and when he met the minister, "the class gave him a crown suit." It is suggested that teachers use two pictures in the textbook "Warrior Zhang Heng of the Northern Wei Dynasty" and "Civil Servant Figurines of the Northern Wei Dynasty", so that students can compare and point out the change of Xianbei people's clothing style and what is the significance of this change? Let students start with the perceptual knowledge of Xianbei people's clothing changes, and then form a rational understanding of Emperor Xiaowen's reform measures of "changing clothes". These reform measures have a powerful role in promoting the transformation and development of Xianbei people to the farming civilization in the Central Plains.

Speak Chinese. Emperor Xiaowen declared Chinese as "orthography". Calling Xianbei language "Northern Language" requires courtiers to "break the Northern Language and follow the correct pronunciation". In June, the imperial edict was officially issued: "No dialogue with the imperial court in Beiguan language is allowed. If you break the law, you will be exempted from official residence. " Ordered officials to speak Chinese in court, but officials over the age of 30 were hard to change for a while, but they still spoke Xianbei dialect and were not punished for the time being; Officials under the age of 30 must strictly enforce laws and regulations, otherwise they will be demoted.

Change Chinese surname. In the first month of the 20th year of Taihe (496), Emperor Xiaowen ordered the compound surname of Xianbei to be changed into monosyllabic Chinese surname. In the imperial edict, he said: "The name or copy of the old family of heroes who moved from Dai Jun to Luoyang should be changed." So, at that time, he took the lead in changing Tuoba's family name to Yuanshi County, because the northerners called Tutuo, which was later called postscript, and Wei Zhu thought that their ancestors were the Yellow Emperor and the soil was king, so he took Tuoba's family name. And the earth is yellow, which is the yuan of all things, so it was renamed yuan. Other Xianbei surnames were also changed to Han surnames. After the change of surname, the surname of Xianbei nationality is exactly the same as that of Han nationality. He also referred to the practice of determining the rank of Xianbei nationality by the Han people's gate valve system, and selected talents and appointed officials according to the rank.

Get married. In order to further integrate the Xianbei and Han nationalities, Emperor Xiaowen also strongly advocated the intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people. He took the lead in using the daughters of Cui Zongbo in Qinghe, Zheng in Xingyang, Taiyuan and Shaanxi as harem, and personally sublet rooms for his six younger brothers. Among the six princesses, except for the second brother's wife, who was born in Xianbei, the rest were famous Han gentry in the Central Plains. Through this kind of marriage, the interests and destiny of the rulers of the two nationalities are closely linked to consolidate their rule. It is suggested that teachers guide students to compare the "pro-marriage" policy in Han Dynasty, and further deepen their understanding of the far-reaching influence of this reform measure on strengthening ethnic ties, easing ethnic contradictions and promoting ethnic integration. Then understand that "political marriage" is an important strategy to deal with ethnic relations and political contradictions.

Change your native place. Emperor Xiaowen issued an imperial edict stipulating that Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang were buried in Henan after their death, not in Pingcheng. As a result, Xianbei people who moved from Dai Jun to Luoyang began to manage small plots of land and build several houses, and gradually became individual farmers in the Central Plains. Since Emperor Xiaowen established Luoyang as the capital, four Northern Wei emperors have been buried in Mangshan area in the northern suburb of Luoyang, namely, Emperor Xiaowen's Changling, Xuan Wudi Jingling, Ming Di Dingling and Xiao Zhuang Jingling.

Emperor Xiaowen advocated Chinese culture, practiced sinicization, banned Hu Fu and Hu Yu, changed weights and measures, promoted education, changed his surname and banned burial, which improved the cultural level of Xianbei people. It is a national fusion after the northwest nationalities entered the Central Plains one after another, which played an important role in the formation and development of the Chinese nation.

Wang Anshi's reform

Reform carried out by Wang Anshi in the Northern Song Dynasty during the Xining period in Song Shenzong. In the first month of the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Song Shenzong ascended the throne. Zongshen is determined to innovate. In April of the first year of Xining (1068), Wang Anshi was called to Beijing to carry out reforms and establish a system to enrich Qiang Bing and change the current situation of poverty and weakness.

Wang Anshi established a new organization to guide the reform-the third department of laws and regulations. After the cancellation of the Planning Department, Sinong Temple presided over most of the political reform affairs. Lv Huiqing, Ceng Bu and other countries participated in the drafting of the new law. These new laws can be roughly divided into the following aspects according to their contents and functions.

The policies to restrict businessmen from supplying national needs and restricting businessmen mainly include equal loss method, market exchange method and exemption method.

In July of the second year of Xining, the lose-lose law of Huai, Zhejiang, Jiang and Hu was promulgated. By sea, we can grasp the financial situation of the Sixth Road, consider the annual supply situation and the materials needed by the capital, and then "change convenience into easy purchase" according to the principle of "moving expensive is cheap, and using near is easy to go far" and store it for later use, so as to save the price and the labor cost of transshipment. Equal-loss method captures some interests of wealthy businessmen, and at the same time slightly reduces many extra burdens of taxpayers.

In March of five years, the Municipal Easy Law was promulgated. Establish urban services in Kaifeng. According to the market situation, the municipal easy service determines the price, purchases unsalable goods and sells them when the market needs it. Vendors can borrow money or buy goods on credit from the municipal simple service office. Later, Kaifeng e-commerce, as the general organization of e-commerce, was promoted to the capital of e-commerce. The market change law has played a role in limiting the monopoly of the market by big businessmen, and also increased the financial income of the court.

In July of the sixth year of Xining, the exemption law was officially promulgated. According to the exemption law, shops in all walks of life pay the exemption amount to e-commerce every month according to their profits, and no longer supply physical objects or manpower to the government in turn.

Policies to develop agricultural production and adjust the relationship between feudal countries, landlords and farmers, as well as measures to develop agricultural production, including young crops law, conscription law, land tax law and farmland water conservancy law.

Young crop law In September of the second year of Xining, the young crop law was promulgated. It is stipulated that every road will always be flat. ? The money accumulated by Guanghui Warehouse is the foundation, and its grain reserves are expensive when the grain price is high, that is, they are sold at a price lower than the market price, and purchased at a price higher than the market price when the price is low. The accumulated cash is divided into two periods every year, that is, the first month and May, when sowing is needed and summer and autumn are immature, and farmers borrow money and goods from the government on a voluntary basis. After harvest, summer and autumn taxes are added, and the interest rate is increased by 2/ 10 or 3/ 10 to return the grain or cash. The Young Crop Law keeps farmers from being exploited by the usurers of the "merger house" at inappropriate times, so that farmers can "keep pace with the times".

The fundraising law was promulgated and implemented in Xining in four years. The conscription law (exemption law) stipulates that state and county governments should pay for military service. States and counties expect that the annual employment expenses will be shared by families according to their level. The law of supporting service makes rural residents who used to serve in turn return to their hometowns to farm, and farmers who used to enjoy the privilege of exemption from service have to pay service money, which increases the government's income.

Tian Fang unified tax law was promulgated in Xining for five years. Tian Fang's tax equalization law stipulates that every September, county officials should measure the land and test the fertility of the land, which is divided into five grades and the tax amount is stipulated. After the measurement is completed, the land hukou post will be issued in March of the following year as a "land sign". The division of property, the sale and division of land are all based on the field now measured, registered by the government and issued with title deeds. Restrict bureaucratic landlords from annexing land and concealing land property and population.

"Farmland Water Conservancy Law" was promulgated in the second year of Xining. The treaty encourages all localities to reclaim wasteland, build water conservancy and build dikes, and the beneficiary households will invest in the project according to their grades. Under Wang Anshi's advocacy, an upsurge of "four parties vying for farmland water conservancy" was formed for a while. While harnessing the Yellow River, Zhanghe River and other rivers in the north, a large number of "silt fields" have been deposited along several rivers and canals, turning barren land into fertile fields.

Measures to stabilize the feudal order, consolidate the feudal ruling order, and rectify and strengthen the army include the art of war, the armor protection law, the horse protection law and the establishment of military equipment supervision.

Wang Anshi took Sun Tzu's Art of War as the "Qiang Bing" measure. On the one hand, he streamlined the army, eliminated the old and the weak, and merged the barracks. On the other hand, he implemented Sun Tzu's Art of War. From the seventh year of Xining, he selected military attaché s with higher martial arts and more combat experience in the north for special training. The implementation of Sun Tzu's art of war will enable soldiers to know their generals and practice their soldiers, thus improving the combat effectiveness of the army.

Garbo fax is issued in three years. Rural households everywhere, regardless of the main household or the customer, have one guarantee for every ten (later changed to five), five guarantees and one guarantee, and ten guarantees and one guarantee. Where there are more than two people at home, one person will protect Ding. During the slack season, gather for military training in Baoding; Patrol in turn at night to maintain law and order. Garbo law can not only enable the able-bodied men all over the country to receive military training and join the regular army, thus saving a lot of national military expenditure, but also establish a strict security network according to Garbo, organize the people of the whole country and stabilize the feudal order.

Reforming the education system Wang Anshi and other reformers also reformed the imperial examination system, reorganized schools at all levels, and trained needed talents for the society.

The influence of reform Wang Anshi's reform aimed at "enriching Qiang Bing", and it took nearly 15 years from the implementation of the new law to the abolition of the old one. During this period, after the implementation of each new law, it basically achieved the expected results, limiting the activities of powerful mergers and usury, reducing some privileges of middle and upper-class officials and the royal family, reducing some tariffs and tax burdens of rural landlords and farmers, and feudal countries also strengthened their rule over direct producers and increased their fiscal revenue. The new law more or less violated the interests of middle and upper-level officials, royalty, tycoons and usurers, and was eventually abolished.