Basic knowledge of jewelry 1. What are jewels and precious stones?

First, jewelry and jade are called gems, which are the essence of nature. At present, there are two concepts: narrow sense and broad sense.

(1) Jewelry and jade in a narrow sense refers to the minerals or rocks in nature that are magnificent in color, crystal clear, hard and durable, rare and can be polished and carved into jewelry or handicrafts, and some are organic gems. (Some people further limit the narrow sense of gem to natural single crystal minerals, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires and emeralds. )

(2) Gems in a broad sense refer to all materials that can become jewelry or handicrafts after pondering and carving, that is, natural jewelry, jade and artificial products.

Second, the classification of gems:

Natural gemstone

Natural jewellery jade natural jade

Natural organic gemstone

Jewelry and jade (precious stones)

synthetic gem

Artificial gem, man-made products.

complex stone veneer

Reconstructed stone

Imitation gem

First, natural jewelry and jade.

1. Natural gems: beautiful, durable and rare minerals produced in nature, which can be processed into ornaments (including twins). According to the value and rarity, it is divided into:

A. High-grade gems such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires and emeralds (variable stones and cat's eyes).

B, low-grade gems such as tourmaline, beryl, garnet, spinel, crystal, etc.

C, rare gems such as taffeta, blue cone, etc. The output is scarce, only for laboratory collection and display.

2。 Natural jade: a beautiful, durable and rare mineral aggregate with scientific and technological value produced in nature, and a few are amorphous. According to hardness and technological characteristics, it is divided into:

A. The Mohs hardness of high-grade jade is 6.5-7. Internationally recognized high-grade jade is jadeite and nephrite. (commonly known as jade and hetian jade)

B, the Mohs hardness of middle and low grade jadeite is 5-6. Such as agate, lapis lazuli, serpentine (jade) and so on.

C. The Mohs hardness of stone carvings is less than 4, such as Yin Zhangshi, inkstone and ornamental stones. Some can be of high value, such as Tian Huangshi and bloodstone.

3。 Natural organic gemstones: materials generated in nature, partially or completely composed of organic substances, which can be used to make jewelry and decorations, such as pearls, corals, ivory, tortoise shells, etc. Among them, cultured pearls belong to natural organic gemstones. Although some processes are artificially involved, their cultivation techniques are similar to those of natural pearls and their products are similar.

Second, artificial products. All or part of the materials produced or manufactured by people and used as jewelry and decorations are collectively referred to as artificial products. Including synthetic gemstones, artificial gem, divided gemstones and reconstructed gemstones.

1, synthetic gem. Completely or partially artificially made crystals or amorphous bodies with known counterparts in nature, their physical properties, chemical composition and crystal structure are basically the same as those of the corresponding natural gemstones. Such as synthetic crystals.

2. artificial gem. Man-made crystals and amorphous bodies have no known counterparts in nature and are called artificial gem. Such as artificial yttrium aluminum garnet and artificial strontium titanate.

3. Assemble gems. Jewelry and jade, which is composed of two or more pieces of materials and gives people an overall impression, is called split stone, or split stone for short. Like assembling opals.

4. Recreate gems. By artificial means, the fragments or chips of natural jewelry and jade are melted and pressed into jewelry and jade with overall appearance. Such as recycling amber and turquoise.

Third, the principle of naming gems.

1, naming principles of natural jewelry and jade

A. Natural gemstones can directly use the basic name of the gemstone and the corresponding mineral name in the jewelry and jade name standard, without adding the word "natural" before the name. The place of origin does not participate in naming, and some vague commercial names, such as semi-precious stones and the combination names of two natural gems (except cat's eye), cannot participate in naming.

B, natural jade can directly use the basic name of natural jade and the corresponding mineral (rock) name in the Standard for Names of Jewelry and Jade. The word "jade" can be added to the name, but the word "natural" is not necessary, except "natural glass". But you can't name it directly with the word "jade" or "jade" alone. Except for some traditional names, the place of origin does not participate in naming or sculpture.

C. Natural organic gemstones can directly use the basic names of natural organic gemstones in the jewelry and jade name standard.

2. Naming principles of artificial products.

A when naming synthetic gemstones, the word "synthetic" must be added before the corresponding natural gemstone names, such as synthetic rubies and synthetic emeralds. The naming does not involve the manufacturer and the name of the manufacturer, and it is forbidden to use some confusing names. For example, "Rubin stone" is a ruby synthesized by flame melting.

B when naming artificial gem, the word "artificial" should be added before the name of the material, such as "artificial yttrium aluminum garnet" and "artificial strontium titanate", except "glass" and "plastic". Similarly, manufacturers, manufacturers and places of production in artificial gem do not participate in naming, and some ambiguous names are also prohibited. If cubic zirconia cannot be named after "Soviet diamond".

C. chopping stones. When naming split stones made of different materials, the words "split stones" should be added after the names of constituent materials, such as "sapphire and synthetic sapphire split stones", or the words "split stones" should be added after the names of top materials, such as "sapphire split stones".

The word "mosaic stone" can be directly added to the mosaic made of the same material, such as "zircon mosaic stone".

The name "split opal" or "split synthetic opal" can be directly used for split stones composed of opal or synthetic opal.

D, the name of the regenerated gem must be preceded by the word "regeneration" in the name of the natural gem. Such as "recreating amber" and "recreating turquoise".

E. Imitation gems: artificial products used to imitate the color, appearance and special optical effects of natural jewelry and jade. The word "imitation gem" cannot be used as the name of jewelry and jade alone. When naming imitation gems, the word "imitation" must be added before the name of the natural jewelry and jade to be imitated, such as emerald imitation and pearl imitation. Try to give specific names of jewelry and jade, such as "Emerald Imitation (Artificial Yttrium Aluminum Garnet)".

4. Requirements for the use of gemstone names.

First, when selling, we should correctly use the name terms specified in the national standard "Jewelry and Jade Names" to avoid wrong or irregular gem names.

B. Ensure that the physical names of the jewelry products sold are consistent with the names of the corresponding certificates and certificates.

Actively publicize and introduce the correct names of jewelry and jade to customers.

Five, consumers should pay attention to when shopping:

1. Jewelry commodity labels and appraisal certificates;

B. Cash register bills, warranty certificates and invoices of jewelry products;

C purchase orders, delivery orders, receiving orders, transfer orders, etc. Jewelry commodities;

D light box, advertising language, billboard, introduction of popular science knowledge, etc. In jewelry stores or counters all over the island;

E. orally introduce the goods to customers.