What should the orchard do, can improve yield and quality?

In the process of apple cultivation, soil, fertilizer, water is the decisive factor affecting the yield and quality of apple, agricultural proverb? There is no harvest in the water, harvest more or less in the fertilizer? , highlighting the importance of water and fertilizer management for the apple, and the soil is the root growth of the apple root system is fundamental, there is no good root system, everything can not be talked about. But in the actual management of apple cultivation , the management of soil, fertilizer and water, our farmers still have some common problems, which also leads to the yield and quality of the main reason for not up, therefore, grasp the apple soil, fertilizer, water management points, is that we have to have the skills of the farmers, but also necessary measures to improve the yield and quality of apples.

One, recognize the problems of orchard management, is to improve the soil, fertilizer and water management prerequisite

In the recognition of the problem on the basis of the effective solution to the problem, for the management of the apple orchard is also so. Most of the current orchard farmers in the orchard soil and fertilizer water management there are still some common problems.

1, soil management system backward

In the soil ground management or the traditional clear-cut system, accounting for a large part, in fact, now more advocated by the clear-cut system to the no-tillage system, the grass system transition, that is to say, advocating in the rows of fruit trees, in the tree plate under the grass, mulch, mulching, mulching film, mulching horticultural ground cloth, etc..

2, unscientific fertilizer management

From the time of fertilization, fertilization methods, the number of different periods of fertilizer are still widespread certain problems, such as heavy massive elements, chemical fertilizers, light microelements, organic fertilizers, resulting in the emergence of the soil sloughing, acidification and other problems.

3, water supply and apple water demand law conflict

Northern fruit areas before June precipitation is relatively small, and more rain in the summer, but the fruit tree's water demand in June to account for 60% of the year's water demand, and 7/8/September three months of the water demand is roughly accounted for the year's 40% of the northern region. Basically, the rainfall before June only accounted for about 20% of the year, but after June accounted for 80% of the year, which is exactly the opposite of the apple's water demand law.

4, soil pollution year after year

Orchard garbage such as reflective film, plastic sheeting, years of fertilizer, pesticide use, plowing the land of the timing of the irrational and so on, so that the soil pollution increased year after year.

Second, do a good job of apple orchard soil, fertilizer and water management, improve apple yield and quality

1, soil management is the basis

No matter which soil management measures, the ultimate goal is to make the apple root system can have a loose, breathable growth environment.

(1) Deep turning to improve the soil

Most of us fruit growers dig small pits when we set up plants. Therefore, in order to improve the soil, from the second year after planting, it is necessary to deep tilling and soil reformation. Every year, 80㎝ wide and 60㎝ deep strip trench is dug along the outer edge of the tree crown. When digging the trench, the top soil of 30cm is put aside, and the deep soil of less than 30cm is put aside. Then, the bottom of the ditch is filled with straw, weeds, etc., and 50 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer is applied per mu, and then the topsoil is backfilled, and 3~5 squares of organic fertilizer are applied per mu, and then the deep soil is backfilled. It will take 3~4 years to improve the soil between the rows and create a good growing environment for the root system of the fruit trees.

Inter-row strip ditch soil improvement

(2) Increase organic fertilizer

Organic fertilizer application, most of our fruit growers are more or less in the application, but the amount of fertilizer is not enough, especially in the Loess Plateau of the apple production areas, such as Shanxi, Gansu, etc., the rate of mineralization of organic matter is particularly fast, which results in the ability to play the role of improved soil is very small. The role of the soil is very small, it is recommended to apply 3000 to 5000 kg of farmyard manure per mu, 500 to 1000 kg of commercial organic fertilizer or more.

(3) green manure planting

Green manure is mainly used as rows of grass, because the green manure after rotting back to the soil not only can increase the source of fertilizer, but also has a very good soil improvement, therefore, in recent years more and more attention. Planting green manure between rows can not only increase the soil cover, but also help to inhibit weeds and soil erosion.

For our fruit farmer friends, the more difficult is the choice of green manure varieties, from the field performance in recent years, suitable for apple orchard planting of green manure varieties are mainly white clover, peperomia, hairy camelina, sagebrush, oilseed rape, soybeans and so on.

Orchards increase the application of organic fertilizer is conducive to soil improvement

(4) the use of biogas fertilizer

Biogas is a kind of fast-acting and late-acting both organic fertilizer. Biogas fertilizer contains not only the large amount of elements, medium and trace elements needed for the growth of apples, but also amino acids, hydrolytic enzymes, growth factors and so on. Not only can it provide nutrients, but also improve the soil, and it can also improve the resilience of apple trees and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, thus improving the yield and quality of apples.

Biogas fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, follow-up fertilizer, and foliar fertilizer. Do base fertilizer, in the fall of each year can be mu Shi 2000 ~ 3000 kg; to do fertilizer, in the fruit to 30 days before fruit picking, 30 kg per plant, 3 ~ 5 times; can also be used as a foliar fertilizer, in the growing season every 15 ~ 20 days spraying, each time per mu spraying the filtration solution of the methane fertilizer 20 kg can be.

Fruit farmers self-built methane pool and methane fertilizer

(5) other ways

In fact, in our actual soil management, there are many other ways of soil improvement. Such as straw utilization, fruit tree branches crushed utilization, soil conditioners and the use of biological fungicides, etc., fruit farmers friends in the actual management, to combine their own resource advantages, choose the appropriate management to carry out.

Soil improvement methods (A: weed mulching B: straw crushing mulching)

2, good fertilizer management is to improve the apple yield and quality of one of the important measures

Fertilizer management is actually frankly the time of fertilizer, fertilizer methods and precautions of these aspects.

(1) fertilization period

Apple's root system has three growth peaks in a year, respectively, before budding, spring stops growing before and after picking fruit. The absorption of fertilizer by the fruit tree is an uninterrupted dynamic process, but there will be several peak fertilizer demand, fertilizer fertilizer utilization is the highest at this time, in general, the peak of fertilizer demand for apple trees and the apple's phenological period is basically parallel, therefore, in the actual management of fertilizer to the phenological period as a reference for fertilizer application. The demand for the three elements is highest for nitrogen during the new growth period; for phosphorus during flowering, bud formation and the first and second growth peaks of the root system; and for potassium during the fruit ripening period.

According to the climatic period of apple trees, the fertilization of fruit trees throughout the year is basically divided into the following phases: applying basal fertilizers in the autumn after the stopping of growth; applying high-nitrogen fertilizers 7~10 days before flowering; applying high-phosphorus fertilizers after bagging; applying high-potassium fertilizers once or twice during the period of fruit expansion.

Apple's climatic period and fertilizer schedule: the specific fertilizer should be considered when the tree, the size of the year and local conditions

(2) fertilizer methods

From the fertilizer method, according to the absorption site can be divided into the soil fertilizer and extra-root fertilizer. Common fertilization methods and suitable types of fruit trees are as follows:

Ring ditch fertilization: fertilization of young trees is mostly used ring ditch fertilization. When applying fertilizer, open a ditch at the outer edge of the crown projection, if the amount of fertilizer is small (only chemical fertilizer), the fertilizer ditch can be dug 20~30㎝ wide; if the amount of fertilizer is large (containing organic fertilizer), the ditch can be appropriately enlarged a little bit, dug about 40~50㎝ wide, and the depth of fertilizer is 40~60㎝, and when applying fertilizer, the fertilizer is stirred with the soil evenly, and then mulched in a timely manner. Fertilizing in hole-shaped pit: Fertilizing fruit trees in hanging orchard generally adopts fertilizing in hole-shaped pit. When applying fertilizer, under the projection of the outer edge of the tree crown, each plant digs 4~6 pits, generally about 50cm in diameter and 40~60cm in depth; when applying fertilizer, the fertilizer is stirred evenly with the soil, and then the soil is covered in time. Fertilizer application in strip ditch: This method is mostly used to fertilize the orchard in the fruiting period. When applying fertilizer, according to the row direction of planting, strip ditch is dug under the projection of outer edge of tree crown, generally the width of ditch is 40~50㎝, and the depth of ditch is 40~60㎝. When applying fertilizer, mix the fertilizer and soil evenly, and then cover the soil in time. Radiation ditch fertilization: This method of fertilization is less harmful to the root system of fruit trees and is especially suitable for fertilization of orchards in the fruiting period. When applying fertilizer, open a ditch 80㎝ from the trunk, 4~6 ditches per plant, ditch width 30~50㎝, ditch depth 30~40㎝. When applying fertilizer, mix the fertilizer with the soil evenly, and then cover the soil in time. Fertilization in the form of spreading: It is mainly applied to improve the organic fertilizer content of the whole garden, spreading the organic fertilizer in the whole garden when applying the fertilizer, and then tilling the soil with rotary tiller, mixing the organic fertilizer and the soil evenly, and it is more applicable to the production areas with high organic matter content in the orchard and more rainfall. Water-fertilizer integration fertilization: water-fertilizer integration technology can do the precise supply of water and fertilizer, is an important direction of future water and fertilizer management.

When choosing the fertilization method, it should be applied flexibly according to the age of the tree, supporting facilities, and climate environment.

Several common fertilization methods (A: hole fertilization B: radial furrow fertilization C: strip furrow fertilization D: water-fertilizer integration)

(3) Fertilizer application ratio and quantity

Fertilizer application ratio and quantity should be fine-tuned according to the different age of the tree, the different growth periods, and the soil properties of different regions.

Fertilizer ratio:

Young trees: to young trees to increase the appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer application, can significantly promote the growth of fruit trees, in order to make the growth of apple trees, the root system must be raised, the general more appropriate nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ratio of 2:2:1 or 1:2:1. fruiting period: after entering the fruiting period, we should appropriately increase the nitrogen fertilizer application, general The more appropriate nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ratio of 2:1:3 or 1:0.5:1. Under the premise, but also according to the local soil environment for fine-tuning, such as the Loess Plateau producing areas of the effective phosphorus content is low, therefore, should be moderate increase in the amount of phosphorus fertilizers, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ratio can be selected for the 1:1:1; other areas of the neutral to acidic soils, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilization of adult fruit trees can be 1: 0.5:1. 0.5:1.

Determination of the number of fertilizer:

Young trees: per age per plant pure nitrogen (N), pure phosphorus (P2O5) 1 two, 15-20 kg of farmyard fertilizer, such as 1 year old young trees, the amount of fertilizer converted to urea is about 2 two, phosphorus fertilizer 8 two. First fruit trees: 20~50 kg of farmyard manure or 20~25 kg of rotted human feces or 0.6 kg of urea per plant, 0.5 kg of diammonium phosphate, 0.7 kg of potassium sulfate. Fruiting season: according to the mu yield of apples to calculate the amount of fertilizer, each production of 100 kg of apples to be applied to the rotted organic fertilizer 100 ~ 200 kg (and apple orchards have a close relationship with the level of yield, in general the mu yield of 2,500 kg below the apple orchard, catty fruit catty fertilizer; mu yield of 2,500 ~ 4,000 kg apple orchards, catty fruit catty and a half of organic fertilizer; mu yield of more than 4,000 kg of orchards, catty fruit 2 catty (Organic fertilizer.) , and combined with the autumn application of base fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed in. Microbial fungicide application dosage of 300 to 500 grams per plant.

Fertilizer to apple tree farmers

(4) different periods of fertilizer technical points

Spring fertilizer (pre-budding): young trees per plant to increase pure nitrogen (N), pure phosphorus (P2O5) each 20 ~ 30 grams; blooming fruit trees into the annual nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of about 20%; summer fertilizer (bud differentiation): young trees per plant to increase pure nitrogen (N), pure phosphorus (P2O5) each 20 ~ 30 grams; full fruit trees into the year of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of about 20%; summer fertilizer (bud differentiation before): young trees per plant to increase pure nitrogen (N ), pure phosphorus (P2O5) 20~30 grams each; full fruit trees into the annual nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of about 15%; autumn fertilizer (after the fruit picking): into the annual need for all organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of about 65%.

(5) apple tree foliar fertilization fertilizer and concentration

Foliar fertilization is to give the apple tree quickly replenish the nutrients of an important fertilization method. In the foliar application of fertilizer, the main thing is to do a good job of concentration. Easy to produce foliar damage to the concentration should be low, generally in 0.1% ~ 0.2%, other water-soluble fertilizer is generally 0.3% ~ 0.5%, copper preparation concentration is high and easy to form drug damage, the use of the concentration is generally 0.01% ~ 0.02. The following is a common foliar fertilizer recommended use of the concentration:

Fruit trees foliar fertilizer fertilizers and concentration

3, water Management

We often say that water and fertilizer, fertilizer without water is equal to no fertilizer, visible moisture on the importance of apple production. This requires us to retain natural water, retain soil water, supplemental external water in the actual management.

The main measures taken are: construction of water conservation projects, fruit trees covered with mulch to retain water, covered with horticultural ground cloth, grass cover, straw cover, weed cover, branch straw crushed cover, hole fertilizer water, water and fertilizer integration and other measures. Conditional areas are recommended to try to use water-fertilizer integration of drip irrigation, micro-sprinkler irrigation, seepage irrigation and other water-saving irrigation techniques, especially in the arid areas of Northwest China, but also to focus on water-fertilizer integration management.

Summary: For the management of apple soil and water management, from soil management, there should be a gradual transition from clear tillage to no-tillage awareness; from the fertilizer management, we should do according to the apple's climatic period to fertilization, fertilizer to do a large number of combinations of micro- and micro-organic and organic and inorganic combination of solid fertilizer with the combination of liquid fertilizers, fertilizers and fertilizer on the ground and underground fertilizer combination of four combinations; from the water management, to do according to the apple's climatic period to apply, fertilizers and underground fertilizer Combination of four combinations; from the water management, to use the latest water and fertilizer integration technology, to achieve synchronization of water and fertilizer. In short, the orchard management from traditional management gradually to the transition to modern management, which is also to improve the apple yield and quality of the road.