Ancient thought questionnaire

An Investigation Report on China's Ancient Philosophical Thought

What is philosophy? Different philosophical traditions have different answers. Western philosophy, Indian philosophy and China philosophy are called the three major philosophical traditions in the world. Western philosophy originated in ancient Greece, which contains all knowledge and is the pursuit and love of knowledge and wisdom. With the changes of the times, westerners have different understandings of philosophy, and philosophy once became a subsidiary of theology. Great changes have taken place in the field of philosophy since modern times, and the scientific revolution has promoted the separation of natural science and philosophy. Other disciplines, such as sociology, logic, ethics, psychology and so on, are also independent and out of the embrace of philosophy. Finally, philosophy has become the most fundamental and universal discipline for people to explore the world.

China's philosophy sprouted in the Western Zhou Dynasty (about 1 1 century ~ 77 1 year BC). The first ruler of the Western Zhou Dynasty was Zhou Wuwang, but he died after a short reign, and the sovereignty of the country was transferred to his younger brother, Duke Zhou. Duke Zhou was a great man. Before him, "respecting ghosts and gods" was China's main thought. Duke Zhou saluted and enjoyed maintaining social balance and unity, which turned the focus of the world's attention from ghosts and gods to personnel. This "people-oriented" thought profoundly influenced the culture of China and became the bud of China's ancient philosophy.

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius advocated private lectures, with as many as 3,000 students. Confucius praised the rites and music of the Duke of Zhou and put forward the idea of governing the country with benevolence and righteousness, which created the most important philosophical school in China-Confucianism.

After Confucianism became the official school, its classic works were widely promoted. Most other philosophical schools were hidden in all levels of China culture, and some of them were also integrated into Confucianism.

Then, in the eyes of ancient philosophers in China, "What is philosophy?" ?

China Ancient Philosophers and Their Main Thoughts

Stefanie (? -Top 500), a famous baby, with a flat word, was born in the State of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period. On the relationship between monarch and minister, he put forward the viewpoint of harmony but difference, that is, the monarch and minister complement each other and learn from each other's strengths, rather than blindly echoing. He is an atheist, believes in the power of the people, and thinks that rulers should love the people and govern the country with the idea of "people-oriented".

Laozi (580- 500), surnamed Li Minger, was a native of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period. The founder of the Taoist school. In his later years, with the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, Lao Tzu abandoned his official position and retired, and wrote the classic Tao Te Ching, stating the moral meaning. It is believed that Tao is innate and cyclical; Virtue is produced by Tao, which is the concrete expression of Tao, and its ideological discussion is mysterious. He also used the dialectical relationship of morality to dialectical the existence of all things. Based on this understanding, he put forward the ideas of "doing nothing and being natural" and "governing by doing nothing".

Confucius (55 BC1-479) was born in the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. The founder of the Confucian school. He put forward the political proposition of "ruling the country by virtue", which was not accepted by the warring countries at that time. So, he recruited disciples all over the world and formed the Confucian school. Confucius' academic thoughts are centered on "benevolence", "courtesy" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you". His thoughts were adopted by the later feudal ruling class and became an important part of China's ancient ideology and culture.

Mozi (468- 376 BC), named Zhai, was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. The founder of Mohism. Mozi's most important ethical and political proposition is "universal love", but this idea was not supported by the ruling class and became a unique school after Qin and Han Dynasties.

Mencius (372- 289 BC) was born in Lu during the Warring States Period. The story of "Three Major Movements in Meng Mu" has been an educational story since ancient times. In academic thought, he expounded the "theory of mind and nature" and put forward the famous "theory of good nature", which attached importance to nourishing the heart and nature. . Politically, he put forward the theory of "Wang Dao benevolent government" and "people are more important than monarch", and advocated governing the country with the idea of "benevolence and righteousness". Later generations believed that Mencius carried forward Confucian thoughts and viewpoints and was honored as "the Asian sage".

Zhuangzi (369- 286 BC), Zhou Zixiu, was born in the Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period. Zhuangzi's thoughts are embodied in the book Zhuangzi. His academic thoughts inherited and carried forward Laozi's absolutism and mysticism about Tao. Later generations are more Lao zi and Zhuang zi, and their academic thoughts are mainly relativism.

Xunzi (pre-3 13- pre-238) was born in Zhao in the Warring States Period. Xunzi was a famous materialist in ancient China. In terms of ethics, his thoughts and views are different from Mencius' "benevolence", and Xunzi pays more attention to the role of "ceremony". In political thought, it advocates the theory of evil nature, which advocates the combination of "rule by courtesy" and "rule by law", respecting gentlemen with courtesy and ruling the country by law.

Han Feizi (280- 233 BC) was a Warring States period. Han Feizi is a master of legalism. His academic thought inherited Laozi's "Tao", but understood Tao as the law of the development of things, which developed Xunzi's "theory of evil nature". Politically, it advocates the combination of "magic potential" based on law.

Dong Zhongshu (former 176- former 104) was born in the Western Han Dynasty. Dong Zhongshu put forward the idea of "respecting Confucianism alone, deposing hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone" to Emperor Wu, and put forward the ideological viewpoint of "three cardinal guides and five permanents", which is the Confucian "kingly politics" and "benevolent government thought".

Wang Chong (27-97) was born in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Wang Chong's academic thought is critical. Philosophically, he put forward the system of "the theory of heaven", opposed the theory of "the interaction between man and nature" and emphasized the natural inaction of heaven.

Zhu (1 130- 1200) was born in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhu's academic thought inherited and developed the thoughts of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, and was later called Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism. On the issue of knowing and doing, he put forward the idea of "a prophet should act before he does", thinking that only by understanding justice can he make a difference. The Influence of China's Ancient Philosophy on Modern Culture

China's philosophy is perfect in the description of interpersonal relationship, so that it still becomes the norm in people's communication after thousands of years. For example, Confucius said, don't do to others what you don't want, and the principle of empathy doesn't apply; If you are handsome and tall, who dares to set an example informally?

Confucius talks about ceremony. What is a ceremony? I thought it was social order. Confucius summed up social relations with five relationships: monarch, minister, father, son, husband, wife, brother and friend, and formulated certain norms for them. Today, with the development of society, we still follow the etiquette to a great extent. Let's just say that the essence of monarch and subjects is the relationship between superiors and subordinates. Although the superior will not have the supreme power like the current monarch, the subordinate should respect and even obey the superior.

Another essence of China's ancient philosophy is Lao Zi's inaction. Although it is somewhat negative, it is an effective way to adjust psychology. For example, heaven and earth regard everything as grass dogs, and saints regard people as grass dogs (forget below), which means long live heaven and earth. The reason why saints are holy is that they never take things to heart. If you take it as a thing, it is a thing. If you don't take it as a thing, it's not a thing at all.

Culture is the ideological moment of human civilization and the spiritual source of social progress. Culture is inherited, so ancient culture has many manifestations in modern life.

To achieve social harmony, we need a solid material foundation, reliable political guarantee, strong spiritual support and good cultural conditions. The Decision of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee used the new concept of "harmonious culture" for the first time in the Party's literature, and clearly put forward the important task of building a harmonious culture. This reflects our party's new cultural consciousness of the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Building a harmonious culture is not only the inheritance of fine traditions, but also the call of modern civilization.

As a cultural concept, harmony is an important proposition and core spirit of China traditional culture. The main schools of thought such as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism have profoundly expounded the harmonious thought. Confucianism advocates "harmony is precious" and "harmony is different" and pays attention to the harmony between people. Taoism advocates conforming to nature, "tolerance and tolerance" and pursuing the harmonious unity between man and nature. Legalists advocate correctly positioning the relationship between individuals, society and the state, and realizing social harmony under the leadership of the state. Mohism practiced the thought of "universal love" and "non-aggression". Mohism once simulated a confrontation with the public transport class, and "nine attacks and nine refusals" all won, which prevented Chu and Han from attacking the Song Dynasty. It can be said that the Chinese culture can be endless, and the Chinese nation can stand on its own feet among the nations of the world, which is closely related to the traditional spirit of harmony.