15 ~/kloc-the characteristics of European architectural design in the 0/8th century and its influence on later generations.

European architectural styles: Colombian architecture, Baroque architecture, French classical architecture, Gothic architecture, functional architecture, classical Renaissance architecture, Roman architecture, Romantic architecture, Roman architecture, Locke style, Renaissance architecture, modernist architecture, post-modern architecture, organic architecture, eclectic architecture.

Features:

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that originated in France in the second half of the 1 1 century and was popular in Europe from 13 to15th century. Mainly seen in Catholic churches, it also affects secular buildings. Gothic architecture occupies an important position in the history of architecture with its superb technical and artistic achievements.

The typical characteristics of Gothic architecture are:

1. pointed arch

2. There is a ribbed dome.

3. Inclined arch wall

Another feature is large stained glass windows.

baroque architecture

Baroque architecture is an architectural and decorative style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in 17 ~ 18 century. It is characterized by free appearance, dynamic pursuit, rich decoration and sculpture, strong color, and commonly used curved surface and oval space.

The original meaning of the word baroque is grotesque, and classicists use it to refer to this architectural style that is considered to be deviant. This style played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained styles and expressing secular interests, and influenced city squares, garden art and even literary and art departments. It was once widely popular in Europe.

The Jesuit church in Rome, designed by the famous Italian architect and architectural theorist Vignola in the late Renaissance, is a masterpiece of the transition from technicalism to baroque style, and some people call it the first baroque building.

Handicraft is an artistic style in Europe in the late16th century. Its main feature is the pursuit of weird and unusual effects, such as expressing space in a deformed and uncoordinated way and expressing characters in an exaggerated slender proportion. In the history of architecture, it refers to the tendency of early baroque style in the works of some Italian architects from 1530 to 1600.

The Jesuit church in Rome has a rectangular plane with a shrine at the end, which evolved from the Latin cross used in Gothic churches. The central hall is wide, and the vault is covered with statues and decorations. Two rows of small prayer rooms were used on both sides to replace the original side porch.

A dome rises in the middle of the cross. The altar of the church is richly decorated and free, and the mountain flowers on it break through the classical French style, making icons and decorating the lights.

The facade of the church draws lessons from the treatment method of Santa Maria, a small Florence church designed by Alberti, an architect in the early Renaissance. The eaves and mountain flowers above the main entrance are made into overlapping arcs and triangles, and inclined columns and flat pilasters are used on both sides of the main entrance. There are two pairs of large scrolls on both sides of the upper part of the front. These therapies were unique and were widely imitated later.

Baroque style broke the blind worship of Vitruvius, an ancient Roman architectural theorist, and also broke through all kinds of rules and regulations formulated by classicists in the late Renaissance, reflecting the secular thought of yearning for freedom.

On the other hand, the baroque church is magnificent, which can create a very strong mysterious atmosphere and meet the requirements of the Catholic church to show off its wealth and pursue mystery.

Therefore, Baroque architecture originated in Rome and soon spread all over Europe, even as far away as America. Some baroque buildings pursue luxury and verve too much, even to the point of being bulky and piled up.

Since 1930s, the wealth of Italian churches has been increasing day by day, and all parishes have built their own baroque churches. Because of its small scale, it is not suitable to use Latin cross plane, so it is mostly changed to single-space halls such as round, oval, plum blossom and round petal cross, and curved surfaces are widely used in modeling.

A typical example is the church of San Carlo in Rome, which was designed by Borromini. Its temple plane is approximately olive-shaped, and there are some irregular small prayer rooms around it; There is also a living courtyard. The hall plane and ceiling decoration emphasize dynamic curve, the vertical mountain flowers are disconnected, the cornice is horizontally bent, the wall is concave and convex, and the decoration is rich, which has a strong light and shadow effect. Although the design technique is skillful, it is inevitable that there is a feeling of affectation.

/kloc-after the middle of the 0/7th century, baroque churches became popular in Italy. There are many novel and original works, but there are also buildings with poor technology and excessive stacking.

In order to show off the wealth of papal countries to pilgrims, the papal authorities built wide avenues and magnificent squares in Rome, which opened up a new road for the free and unrestrained style of Baroque.

Roman Polo Square, built by Roman architect fontana in the17th century, is the intersection of three radial main roads, with an obelisk in the center and statues and green belts around it. There are two symmetrical churches with the same style between the radial main roads.

This square is open and unrestrained, and many European countries are scrambling to follow suit. France built a radial square in front of Versailles Palace, and Russia built a radial square in front of the Admiralty Building in Petersburg. The square in front of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome was designed by bernini, an outstanding baroque architect and sculptor, and is surrounded by the Tuscan colonnade in Rome. The whole layout is bold and dynamic, and the light and shadow effect is strong.

Baroque architectural style is also very popular in some countries in Central Europe, especially Germany and Austria. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, many German architects combined Italian Baroque architectural style with German national architectural style after returning from studying in Italy.

By the first half of18th century, German Baroque architecture had become a wonderful work in the history of European architecture.

Baroque church in Germany is simple and elegant in appearance, soft in shape, less in decoration, dry and flat in exterior wall, and in harmony with the natural environment. The interior decoration of the church is very gorgeous, which creates a strong contrast between the inside and the outside. Famous examples are the Fourteen Saints Pilgrimage Church in the suburbs of Bamberg and Abbey Church in Roche.

The layout of the pilgrimage church of the Fourteenth Saints is very novel. The main hall and shrine are made into three continuous ellipses, and the arched ceiling echoes this. The interior of the church is covered with all kinds of plant-like decorative patterns made of lime mud, which is magnificent. The appearance of the church is relatively dull, with a pair of towers on the front, dotted with soft curves and full of intimacy.

The appearance of Roche Abbey Church is also very simple, and the interior decoration is also very exquisite, especially the ceiling above the shrine is covered with flying angels carved with white marble, and in the middle of the shrine is a group sculpture composed of the Virgin and two angels; Below the shrine is a group of statues of saints with different expressions.

Austrian baroque architectural style was mainly imported from Germany. /kloc-In the first half of the 8th century, many famous buildings in Austria were designed by German architects. For example, the Shubelen Palace in Vienna is a serious classical architectural form, while the interior hall is Italian Baroque style. All the pillars in the hall are carved into human shapes, and the pillars and vaults are covered with relief decoration, which is the product of the combination of baroque style and classical style.

It rose in the middle of17th century, with free and unrestrained style and complex and changeable modeling, but some architectural decorations were piled up too much. Santiago Cathedral in Spain is a typical example of architecture in this period.

Rococo style

Rococo style is a kind of architectural style, which is mainly manifested in interior decoration. 18 was born in France in the 1920s and developed on the basis of baroque architecture.

Rococo style is characterized by bright colors, exquisite decoration and exquisite furniture, unlike Baroque style with strong colors and rich decoration. The interior space of Rococo architecture in southern Germany and Austria is very complicated.

The characteristics of rococo decoration are: delicate and gentle, often using asymmetric techniques, like to use arcs and S-shaped lines, especially like to use shells, eddies and rocks as decorative themes, winding grass and flowers, lingering and winding into one. The ceiling and the wall are sometimes connected by curved surfaces, and murals are arranged at the corners.

In order to imitate the natural form, indoor buildings are often made into asymmetric shapes, which vary greatly, but sometimes they are artificial. Indoor wall painting, love to use bright light colors such as light green, pink, rose red and so on. And most of the feet are gold. Indoor dado boards are sometimes made of wooden boards and sometimes made into exquisite frames. There is a circle of lace around the frame, and the middle is often lined with light-colored oriental brocade.

Rococo style reflects the life interest of the court nobles in Louis XV period of France, which was once popular in Europe. The representative works of this style are the Princess Salon in Paris Supes Palace and the back room of Versailles Palace.

1 There are many kinds of ancient Roman architecture. There are Roman Pantheon, Venus and Roman temples, as well as religious buildings such as Baalbek Sun Temple, as well as public buildings such as palaces, theaters, arenas, baths, squares and rectangular halls (rectangular halls).

2 Gothic architecture:

It is generally believed that the first truly Gothic church was Saint Denis's church in the suburbs of Paris.

Notre Dame de Paris is a masterpiece of early Gothic churches in France. Amiens Cathedral is a masterpiece of French Gothic architecture in its heyday. There are also Reims Cathedral and chartres Cathedral, which are called the four French Gothic cathedrals together with Amiens Cathedral and Beauvais Cathedral. Strasbourg Cathedral is also famous.

Salisbury Cathedral and Canterbury Cathedral in England.

Cologne Cathedral, one of the earliest Gothic churches in Germany. There is also a Gothic church in Germany, except that there is a very high bell tower in front of it. A famous example is Ulm Cathedral.

The most famous Gothic church in Italy is Milan Cathedral, which is one of the largest churches in medieval Europe. The Governor's Mansion in St. Kyle Square is recognized as one of the most beautiful works in medieval secular architecture.

3 Baroque architecture:

A typical example is the church of San Carlo in Rome.

Roman polo plaza built by Roman architect fontana in the17th century,

France is in front of Versailles,

Russia built a radial square in front of the Admiralty Building in Petersburg.

Russian Winter Palace.

St Peter's Cathedral in Rome was designed by bernini, an outstanding Baroque architect and sculptor.

The famous examples of German Baroque churches are the Fourteen Saints Pilgrimage Church in the suburbs of Bamberg and the Abbey Church in Roche.

Baroque architecture in Austria, such as Schubelen Palace in Vienna.

Famous examples of Roman architecture are: Pisa Cathedral Complex in Italy, and Worms Cathedral in Germany.

The representative works of French classical architecture include the east facade of the Louvre in Paris, the Palace of Versailles and the new church of the Paris Hospital for the Disabled.

6 Renaissance:

Santa Maria Cathedral in Florence

7 romanticism:

St. Jill's Cathedral in Edinburgh, the British Parliament Building

8 eclecticism:

Sacred Heart Cathedral in Paris, Paris Opera House

9 classical revivalism

The classical revival architectural style is mainly used in public buildings such as parliament, courts, banks, exchanges, museums, theaters and some memorial buildings. The Arc de Triomphe of the Lion and Madeleine Church are replicas of ancient Roman architectural styles.

10 rococo style reflects the life interest of the nobles of Louis XV, France, and was once popular in Europe. The representative works of this style include the Princess Salon in Soubise Mansion and the Queen's Room in Versailles.

The same is true of Benras Palace in Dü sseldorf and Ningfenburg in Munich.