What are all the ancient Chinese porcelain kilns?

Pingding Kiln:

In present-day Pingding County, Shanxi Province, hence the name. Began to burn in the Tang and finally gold, to burn white porcelain, and burn black porcelain. Its product features and identification of the main points are: (1) tire color gray and white, white porcelain glaze white, black porcelain black. (2) white porcelain products by the Xing kiln and Ding kiln influence, modeling and decoration and the two kilns have **** the same place. The Tang and Five Dynasties ware shape mainly include yu bibi bottom bowl, lip and mouth bowl, flower mouth plate and so on. Song dynasty printed lotus petal pattern bowl, the outline of the lotus petals scratched with double double lines, with the style of the Ding kiln. (3) black porcelain wares are printed bowls, ticking scratching flower plate and the northern customary dew tire pentagonal, hexagonal pattern plate bowl and other ware. (4) bowls, plates and feet generally flat cut, no glaze inside the foot.

Jiexiu kiln:

In today's Shanxi Jiexiu County, so the name. Created in the early Song Dynasty, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, to burn white porcelain, and burn black porcelain, white glaze black flowers and yellow and brown glaze printed porcelain. Its product features and identification of the main points are: (1) the Song dynasty to burn white porcelain, burned black porcelain and white glaze black porcelain, tire was light brown, glazed generally near the bottom, no glaze in the foot, the foot is generally flat cut. (2) Early white porcelain objects heavy body, late by the influence of the top kiln, the product body tends to be thin, there are thin printed bowls and marigolds, dish with a flower mouth, flower mouth of the vessel decorated with straight lines under the convex pattern. Products are mainly plates, bowls, jars, marigolds, pots, bowls and other daily utensils. (3) white porcelain decorative techniques such as printing, scratching, etc., printing pattern layout is complete, clear lines, and Ding kiln **** the same point, but do not pay attention to balanced symmetry. The common pattern decorations are entwined flowers, baby play peony, and so on. (4) influenced by the magnetic state kiln, the production of white glaze scratching, picking flowers, under the glaze black color and brown color porcelain varieties. Ware generally covered with make-up clay, decorated with folding flowers and leaves pattern, decoration part of the material used for more raised, above the glaze. In addition, plates, bowls inside the exposed tire pentagonal, hexagonal pattern is also common, there is a white ground, red flowers of the scratch flower decoration, is also one of the characteristic varieties. (5) bowls, marigolds and other vessels installed firing method using pegs and pads, bowls are mostly entwined flowers. Plate, wash is decorated on all sides with children swinging boat decoration, is the unique pattern of jiexiu kiln, not seen in other kilns. Jin Dynasty products within the inner scrape off a circle of glaze, revealing the body.

Huo kiln:

In today's Shanxi Huo County, so the name. Also known as peng kiln. Created in gold and flourished in yuan, ended in the qing dynasty, to burn white porcelain. Its product characteristics and identification of the main points are: (1) the body white and delicate, but not dense. Glaze color white. (2) products have imitation Ding kiln folded waist plate, marigold tray, wash, high-footed cups, lid jar, etc., the mouth edge is very thin, the production of regular. (3) Decoration only see a small amount of printing, most of the light plain without lines. See a folded waist plate printed six straight lines. (4) the general flat cut on the foot end of the ware circle, no glaze inside the foot, the foot inside the spinning mark is obvious. Jin Dynasty dish bowl dug deeper, scraping the glaze inside a circle (i.e. &xqypic shibuya circle &xqypic). Yuan dynasty products dig foot shallower. (5) firing method using the support nails stacked firing, bowls and plates within the vessel and the vessel foot generally left five small support nail marks, different from the Ding kiln. (6) Ding kiln white glaze has the characteristics of tears, Huo kiln does not. (7) Yuan dynasty also burned white and black varieties of flowers, tire color gray and yellow, tire looser, products have lip bowl, high-footed cups and so on. (8) the Ming and Qing dynasties painted more flowers, there are also a small number of written text.

Datong kiln:

In today's Datong City, Shanxi Province, so the name. Began burning in the Yuan Dynasty. To burn black porcelain, and a small amount of tea glaze porcelain. Its product features and identification of the main points are: (1) tire color gray and yellow, thicker body. (2) black glaze black and shiny, tea glaze surface is not light. Ware inside and outside are glazed. (3) the shape of the small mouth bottle, chicken leg pot, pots, pots and so on, to string pattern bottle and ticking the most representative jar. Ticked lines are rough, because the ticking is deeper, can be seen in the uneven knife marks. Decorated with scrolling grass, water waves, ancient money embroidered ball pattern and fish pattern.

Hunyuan kiln:

Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province, so the name. Began burning in the Tang Dynasty, finally the Yuan Dynasty, the products are mainly white porcelain and black porcelain two kinds. Its characteristics and identification of the main points are: (1) the Tang dynasty, white porcelain and black porcelain two products, the tire was light gray-white, the tire is rough, there are black spots impurities and small air holes, commonly covered with make-up soil. The products are mainly bowls, bowls are shallow, the bottom has a flat bottom, Yubi bottom and three kinds of feet. Flat bottom and the foot of the glaze is not to the bottom, exposed tire; Jade Bik Bottom bowls are glazed at the bottom of the heart. There are inside the outside glaze, outside the black glaze bowl, this decoration in the Tang dynasty only Henan Gongxian kiln has a similar production, but Gongxian kiln glaze is not bright, black glaze; Hunyuan kiln is glossy glaze, outside the glaze between black, brown, with its unique style. In addition to the bowl, the characteristic shape of the lip small jar, the mouth raised a round lip, flat bottom, the jar outside the printed mat decoration. There is also a shallow bowl-shaped, open mouth, flat bottom grinder, the vessel carved horizontal, straight lines, raised lines, to facilitate grinding. (2) Jin, Yuan products are still mainly white porcelain and black porcelain, white porcelain features; 1. white glaze is mostly tooth yellow, tire, between the glaze is applied to the chemical soil. 2. 2. the shape of the bowl, plate, jar, urn, pillow and so on. 3. ware divided into two categories of light plain and with decoration, decorative techniques and scratching, picking flowers, printing, applique, painting, etc., the common pattern of sunflower, leaf pattern, S-shaped curved band pattern, etc., pattern picking, scratching after the exposed tire, was coffee-colored. 4. white glaze printing plate are using stacked firing method, the center of the plate left a different number of traces of support burning. White glaze flower plate with scraping glaze stacked firing, disk center a circle without glaze, with the Jin Dynasty production characteristics. Characteristics of black porcelain: 1 glaze color black moist, flow glaze is larger, universal dressing make-up clay. 2 shape of pots, pillows, boxes, etc., to the various types of pots for more. 3 decorative techniques have scratched flowers, pick flowers and printing, to pick the most representative, after glaze pick carving decorative patterns, picking off part of the white, set off the black pattern. Patterns and white porcelain with the same theme, the layout of the sparse Lang, simple lines. There is a pattern is picking out a small circle, leaving a small flower in the center, the empty space to scratch some pattern, this method is rare in other porcelain kilns. (3) Jin, Yuan period also imitated the top kiln, Jun kiln and the magnet kiln wares. Imitation of the top ware only imitation printing decorative techniques, but decorative themes and mounting methods are different from the top kiln. Imitation of Jun wares mainly imitated the large bowls with sky-blue glaze, with differences in shape and glaze color between them and those of Jun kilns. Imitation of the Magnetic State kiln has a white ground black flower plate, bowl and pillow and other objects, plate, bowl decoration for the simple flowers and plants, pillow surface is thinner tire, fragile. (4) white glaze pick flower decorative varieties, Henan Xiuwu Dangyangyu kiln also made, the main difference between the two kilns are as follows: Dangyangyu kiln Hunyuan kiln pick flower exposed tire is dark or light brown dark brown white flowers snow white gray or tooth yellow make-up clay white containing black dots of impurities decorations to the chevron auxiliary decorations for its characteristics to the S-shaped curved band decorations for its characteristics skills Mature a little worse.

Huairen Kiln:

The kiln is located in present-day Huairen County, Shanxi Province, hence its name. Began burning in the Jin Dynasty, through the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, to burn black porcelain. Its product features and identification of the main points are: (1) the tire color gray and yellow, more rough, heavy body. (2) Most of the products are bottles and jars and so on, with more jars. (3) Decorated with thick lines and picking two kinds of flowers, most of the pattern is very hasty curly grass pattern, only with a single line into, do not pick the empty space. In some cases, the empty space is scratched into the mat pattern. In addition, the string pattern to decorate bottles are common.

Yangcheng kiln:

In Yangcheng County, Shanxi Province, hence the name. There are few records in the literature, the kiln site was found in 1980 in Yangcheng east off the kiln between the banks. To firing white porcelain, mostly plates, bowls and other daily utensils, including folding waist plate, obviously imitation of Ding kiln works; Ding kiln production of large cover cylinder, etc., in the kiln site has also been found. Tire color is gray, in order to increase the whiteness, are applied white make-up clay.

Yuxian kiln: the place in Shanxi Yu County and the name. The earliest record in the literature is found in the Yuan Yitong Zhi: "Shigan has ten kilns in Yuzhou." "Yongle Dazhi": "Yu County magnetic kiln, in the county southeast of thirty miles." The kiln site was discovered in 1977 in Yu County, Shanxi Province, on the slope of the Magnetic Kiln. The products are mainly white porcelain. Some of them are decorated with prints and carvings, and some of them are decorated with hollowed-out feet.

Puzhou kiln:

In Yongji, Shanxi Province, because the old belonged to the Puzhou, so the name, the Department of the Yuan Dynasty, the famous porcelain kilns in the north. Known for its burnt flower ware, tire bone for the soil set, the burnt porcelain, glaze color is bright, color and color is good, blue such as gemstones, purple such as amethyst (grape violet) yellow like gold leaf, and peacock green a color, especially to Yanli. Patterns to flowers and plants as much, but also used to open the light method for the Eight Immortals or character stories.

Changzhi kiln:

In today's Shanxi Changzhi eight town, so the name. The varieties of porcelain firing white glaze, white glaze red and green color, white glaze black flowers and black glaze four, white glaze red and green color painted bowl is the most characteristic, the bowl heart of more flowers painted with branches, there are painted fish, the bowl heart and the foot of the bowl have five burn marks, the bowl Jinnan area gold tombs have been unearthed. White glaze has carved and painted black flower decoration, carved pattern is more concise, black flower painted in the bowl or outside the jar, the pattern is mostly folded flowers, there are also fish and ducks and other patterns, but the number is small.

Jiaocheng kiln:

Jiaocheng, Shanxi Province, so the name. Began burning in the Tang, to white glaze production is the largest, there are plates, bowls, pots and other objects, but also found in black glaze spots pat drum fragments more. Song Dynasty development, still mainly white porcelain, but also at that time the northern kilns used to see small sculptures of animals; also burned white glaze underglaze ochre painted decorations, features and jiexiu kiln is largely the same, ochre color is orange-red, rarely seen in other areas; pearl ground flower decorations kind of pillows, wash, etc., but the production is relatively small.

Yuji kiln:

In today's Shanxi Taiyuan Mengjiajing, Mengjiajing Ming dynasty number belongs to Yuji County, so the name. This kiln produces porcelain, early Ming Dynasty has been recorded, Mengjiajing Bailing Temple Ming Hongzhi three years (1490) to repair the monument said: "Yuji County, 60 miles north of the township said Mengjiajing, the inhabitants of the rate of three hundred, it is the ancient pottery of the past." Kiln site remains a large number of ceramic fragments, to white glaze printing bowl most, bowl center a circle scraping glaze, with typical Jin Dynasty style.

Shanxi Province:

Yaozhou kiln:

In today's Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, Song belongs to Yaozhou, so the name. Beginning to burn in the Tang Dynasty, after the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty reached its peak, and finally the Yuan Dynasty. Burning Tang Sancai, white porcelain, celadon, black porcelain and sauce glaze porcelain and other varieties, celadon is the most prestigious. Its celadon product features and identification of the main points are: (1) tire color gray and white, tire hard, exposed at the soy sauce yellow. (2) glaze greenish-yellow, deep, thick glaze layer, the object is often thick, the lower part of the thin, tire glaze junction was ginger-yellow. In addition, the green glaze glaze on the surface of some of the emergence of small open tire brown spots, for other celadon is not seen. (3) a wealth of types, plates, bowls, cups, saucers, bottles, pots, jars, stoves, boxes, incense burners, note pots, note bowls, marigolds, bowls, lamps, pillows, etc., the shape of the objects are varied, there are petal, melon prongs and folding type, beautiful appearance. Among them, the Rex furnace is quite distinctive, kneeling around the base of the furnace body with Rex. (4) the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties celadon using scratch decoration, decorative themes are mostly water waves and flowers and plants. (5) Song Dynasty decorative techniques are mainly engraved, printed, scratched and molded between engraved and scratched to engraved, printed mainly. Mid Northern Song dynasty carving development mature, sharp knife, strong lines, knife marks have slope, is the Song dynasty carving techniques in the most excellent. The late Northern Song dynasty printing is also very beautiful, rigorous layout, symmetry and balance. Decorated with entwined lotus, lotus, peony, entwined chrysanthemum, waves, flying crane, moth, rhinoceros crane, Bogu, seawater swimming fish, lotus pond playing ducks and baby play pattern, etc., the dragon and phoenix pattern is a special subject for the court porcelain. Water wave pattern outside the general incised hexagonal border, water waves in the three fish are often seen. Baby play pattern to swing mainly. Song Dynasty pattern decoration is characterized by the early in the surface of the engraved simple petal pattern; the middle of the pattern is covered with the surface; to the late pattern lines are mostly delicate. (6) The products of the Golden Age were grayish-white porcelain tires and yellowish green glazes. The use of a large number of pottery Fan printing, full of patterns gradually reduced, but in the plate, bowl interior, a large number of chrysanthemums, lotus, water waves, fish and ducks, and so on, the composition is simple, in a circle. (7) Yuan Dynasty products are generally half-glazed, shallowly dug feet, wider feet, like a jade ring foot, with milky bumps inside the foot. (8) Late Tang and Five Dynasties plates and bowls are generally supported by pegs, and the whole body is full of glaze, with three peg marks inside the foot. Song dynasty wares have no glaze on the foot end and glaze inside the foot. Jin, Yuan period generally use stacked firing, plate, bowl within the stacked firing marks, but also used a bowl of a vessel mounted burning, only the foot end of the unglazed.

Xunyi kiln:

Xunyi County in present-day Shaanxi, hence the name. Burning porcelain in Jin and Yuan, mainly celadon. Its products are characterized by: (1) tire color gray and white, glaze green and yellow. Because of the proximity of Yaozhou porcelain, porcelain firing with Yaozhou kiln characteristics. (2) Decorative techniques have carved and printed, decorated with flowers, seawater, cattle and other subjects. (3) Jin Dynasty products, plates, bowls, the inner more scraped glaze a circle, and Yaozhou kiln Jin Dynasty porcelain features similar.

Shandong Province:

Zibo kiln:

In the city of Zibo in present-day Shandong Province, hence the name. According to archaeological findings, the kiln site in Zhaili, firing porcelain, porcelain, the age of the Northern Qi, is currently the only celadon kiln site in the North and South Dynasties period has been found in the North. Another in the village of magnetism, began to burn in the Tang Dynasty and finally the Yuan Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty to burn black porcelain, mainly in the Song Dynasty, white porcelain, the Jin Dynasty, black flowers on white, white glaze red and green color, stranded tire and other varieties. Its characteristics and identification of the main points are: (1) the Northern Qi period products 1 body is generally thinner, thicker, grayish-white color. 2 glaze color is different, there are greenish brown, there are also greenish yellow; glaze thickness is not uniform, mixed with black spots. Later the second glaze method, the glaze layer is thicker, bright and shiny. 3 wares to bowls, plates, tanks, molding and southern celadon is slightly the same. However, the repair is not too detailed, and the foot is often dug into a concave shape. 4 decoration is mainly carved lotus petal pattern and concentric circle pattern. 5 using the three foot pegs stacked firing, leaving three foot peg marks inside the object. (2) products of the Tang dynasty 1 black porcelain glaze Ying clean moist, black as lacquer. 2 ware to the bowl, and pots, jars, stoves, bottles and so on. Gourd bottle unique shape, large bottom, no double tie between the neck and shoulder. 3 wares are flat bottom, some of the center slightly concave. The foot is thick, some as thick as 2 centimeters or more. (3) Products of the Golden Age 1 Decoration appears castor scratched. 2The bowls all have a circle of scraped glaze in the center.

Hebei Province:

Xing Kiln:

In present-day Neiqiu County, Hebei Province, which was part of Xingzhou in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore the name. To burn white porcelain, is the most prestigious white porcelain kiln in the Tang Dynasty, and the same time the famous Yue kiln produced celadon. White porcelain is divided into two categories of coarse and fine, its characteristics and identification of the main points are: (1) coarse white porcelain 1 tire color white, heavy body, tire glaze between a layer of make-up soil. 2 glaze silver gray, glaze accumulation of green or yellow. 3 products are bowls, cups, pots, jars, bowls and straight flat bottom plate more distinctive. 4 glaze method inside full glaze, glaze outside less than foot. 5 ware outside the rotary cut mark is more obvious, part of the ware foot bottom outer edge has a cutting oblique ribs. 6 light, no decoration. (2) fine white porcelain 1 tire white and fine clean, high degree of porcelain flowers, solid and dense, heavy body. 2 glaze color white like snow, slightly glitter yellow or glitter green, glaze thick place was light water green. 3No make-up clay. 4The products include bowls, marigolds, bottles, jars, sprays, boxes and candlesticks, etc., among which the phoenix-head pots, leather pouch pots and strap pots are unique. 5 bowls have a sunflower mouth, diamond mouth, etc., the bowl body is shorter, the bowl wall arc is not big, the foot of the outer wall is slightly higher than the inner wall or equivalent, digging the foot is shallower (Jade ring bottom) or for the Jade wall-shaped foot. 6 The glazing method is full of glaze inside and outside of the vessel and in the center of the foot, with the foot end exposed to the tire. 7 light plain, no decoration. 8 the bottom of the heart of some engraved "Ying", "Hanlin" or ink "Hanlin" paragraph, for the official porcelain.

Ding kiln:

In the present Quyang County, Hebei Province, Song belongs to Dingzhou, so the name. Began burning in the Tang and finally Yuan, to burn white porcelain, and burn black porcelain, sauce color glaze porcelain and green glaze porcelain and other varieties, the Song Dynasty has achieved a high level of success, is one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. Its white porcelain product features and identification of the main points are: (1) Tang, five generations of product tire color gray and white, coarser, tire glaze is often between a layer of make-up soil, glaze white with green. Artifacts to bowl-based, bowl body is shallow, lip is often seen. Bottom foot to see a flat bottom, jade wall-shaped foot and three kinds of foot, flat bowl is generally applied outside the yellow glaze inside the application of white glaze; jade wall-shaped foot bowl inside and outside the application of white glaze, unglazed feet exposed tires; foot bowl on the foot end of the foot unglazed, glazed inside the foot. In particular, the printed fish and bird pattern begonia-style bowl is unique. The outer bottom of some of the engraved "Yi Ding" and "official" mark. (2) products of the Northern Song dynasty: 1 thin and light tire, tire color white. 2 white glaze is milky yellow, the accumulation of the white glaze. 2 white glaze is milky yellow, the accumulation of glaze at the tear, hidden yellow-green. The outer wall of the thin glaze can be seen on the tire spinning billet marks (commonly known as "bamboo brush pattern"). 3 shape to the plate, bowl, dish, box and pillow for the most part, as well as vase, conch and other pre-Buddhist offerings. 4 main decorative techniques are printing, engraving, and ticking flowers, printing to the floral pattern, common lotus, chrysanthemum, daylilies, peonies, plums, etc., but also mandarin ducks, dragons and phoenixes, lions and other animal motifs, the picture is rigorous and neat, pay attention to the symmetry of the printing of the fixed ware is the best of the Song porcelain. Scribed flowers common lotus pattern, pond fish and lotus pool ducks, etc., scribed pattern more decorative on one side of the object, or inside or outside, inside and outside are scribed decoration is rare. 5 Northern Song Dynasty early and mid-Ding kiln over-firing method has not yet appeared, the use of sagger back firing, objects are glazed along the mouth, some of the bottom of the objects adhering to the pad burned grains of sand or support burn marks. The late Northern Song Dynasty widely used over-firing method, more than the mouth edge is not glazed, commonly known as the "Mangkou", the other parts of the full glaze. Mangkou often set with gold, silver, copper rim, Mangkou is a major feature of Ding kiln products. 6 Northern Song Ding kiln ware bottom with engraved "official", "new official" and "Shangshi Food Bureau" and other words, mostly in the plate, bowl, small pots, such as the bottom of the outside. (3) the Jin Dynasty products of fine white tire, glaze color is creamy white, tire glaze and the Northern Song Ding kiln is not much difference. But the decoration is much inferior, whether printed or carved flowers, are worse than the Northern Song products, few masterpieces. Decoration popular printed pomegranate pattern, printed rhinoceros looking at the moon pattern and incised flowers daylily pattern, as well as entwined pomegranate, entwined chrysanthemums, mandarin ducks pattern and so on. Disks, bowls inner printing double fish, the inner wall of mandarin ducks and lotus or peony and phoenix is also common. Firing method in addition to some of the products continue to use the late Northern Song Dynasty overlay firing method, firing "Mangkou" porcelain, part of the product is to take the sand ring overlay firing method, the inner bottom of the object (to dish bowl as much) scrape the glaze a circle of exposed tire. Jin Dynasty porcelain products with decoration, the better general use of over-firing method, and vice versa, often using sand ring over-firing method. (4) Song dynasty Jingdezhen imitation of Ding kiln porcelain, known as the "powder Ding", also using the over-fire method, no glaze along the mouth, with metal inlaid package mouth edge, the level of incised flowers are also higher, several can be messed with the real. The difference is that Jingdezhen imitation porcelain glaze bright, no tear features, foot visible radial jump knife marks.

Magnetism kiln:

In today's Hebei Magnetism County, Song belongs to Magnetism, so the name. Began burning in the Song Dynasty, finally the Ming Dynasty. Products to burn white porcelain, black porcelain, mainly, a variety of varieties, white glaze black flowers, white glaze sauce color, white glaze green spots, white glaze brown spots, pearl ground scratch flowers, green glaze black color, red and green color, etc., to white glaze black flowers as the main feature, is the representative of the northern folk kilns in the Song dynasty. Its product characteristics and identification of the main points are: (1) there are two kinds of tires, one kind of texture is firm and fine, grayish-white; another kind of texture is coarse and loose, reddish-brown. (2) The white glaze is milky white, not too transparent. (3) Make-up clay is commonly used, and the inside of the vessel is usually unglazed. (4) The production of bottles, jars, boxes, bowls, tanks, urns, pillows and other daily necessities, but also the production of toys. Pillow to rectangular and Ruyi head pillow face square seat two forms for the most, the bottom of the pillow, "Zhang Jiazuo", "Zhao Jiazuo" and so on. (5) rich in decorative themes, full of life, such as horseplay, bear play, children fishing, pond ducks, cuju ball, etc., smooth lines, bold style. Especially white glaze black flowers, black and white color contrast, the most characteristic. (6) white glaze flower dishes, bowls using stacked firing method, ware are five bar-shaped burn traces. Pearl ground scratching hue of orange-red, bright colors. (7) ware commonly inscribed with Tang and Song poems and popular poems and folk proverbs as decoration. (8) Yuan Dynasty products are characterized by heavy, large, rounded, large pots, jars and pillows. The main decorations are cloud dragon, cloud phoenix, cloud geese and fish algae pattern and so on.

Quyang kiln:

Because in Quyang County, Hebei Province, the realm of Jianjie Village, so the name. This is China's Song Dynasty famous white porcelain Ding kiln production area. In the kiln area of the village of Jianjie under the Northern Song dynasty accumulation layer, there are late Tang Dynasty 5 yellow glaze, yellow-green glaze, brown-green glaze and white glaze bowls, pots, fragments, so it is customary to call this part of the pre-Song remains "Quyang kiln". Quyang kiln white porcelain wares, including bowls, plates, trays, note pots, basins, three-footed stoves and toys. Ware shape is characterized by along the mouth are folded into a thick lip, rich shoulders, flat bottom, the bottom plus circle cake-shaped solid foot, there are also jade wall-shaped bottom. Tire bone thick, coarse section, tire color slightly gray, yellow. Adopting the method of glaze dipping, the outside of the vessel's abdomen to the bottom of the unglazed. The texture of the glaze varies with the different objects, the thicker the glaze of the thick body of the object, the glaze is thick; the glaze color is generally yellow in white, the glaze cohesion is more like a tear; the glaze is not open piece. Tire delicate white; is applied very fine white glaze, glaze glistening, white as jade, is the masterpiece of white porcelain Quyang kiln. Five Dynasties period of white porcelain, more bowls with lip. Lip mouth of the method is in the molding of the bowl mouth folded over and glued, so that the mouth outside the formation of a protruding lip.

Jiabi Village Kiln:

The kiln site is located in Jiabi Village, Magixian County, Hebei Province, hence the name. Is a representative of the Sui dynasty in the north of the celadon kiln. The burned celadon porcelain can be divided into two categories: a type of tire fine, porcelain good, gray color, the surface of transparent green glaze, glaze phenomenon is not very significant; the other type of tire color green-gray, coarse particles, black spots, porcelain is poor, the surface of transparent green-brown glaze, often with glaze phenomenon. Varieties of bowls, high-footed dish, bowl for more. Characterized by a heavy carcass, pieces of large and not deformed, ware applied full glaze, external glaze is not in the end. Due to the iterative burning, ware are three spike marks, decorative except for the bowl paddled with petal pattern and wave pattern, the other are to light plain without decoration. Ware molding mainly with the wheel system.

Liaoning Province:

Jiang Guantun Kiln:

Jiang Guantun Kiln in Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, because of its name. It is a folk kiln in the Liao and Jin Dynasties. Created in the late Liao, flourished in Jin. To burn white glaze coarse porcelain, and also burned white glaze black flowers, black glaze ware, three colors, etc.. The white glaze color is white and slightly yellow, and the black glaze color is pure black. The burnt wares, such as dishes, bowls, cups, plates, bottles and other household utensils. All spinning make-up clay, black glaze products are more rough large ware.

Liaoyang kiln:

in present-day liaoyang, liaoyang, liaoning or thirty kilometers JiangGuanTun, so the name. Burning porcelain to white glaze coarse porcelain, but also a small amount of white ground black flowers, black porcelain and three-color pottery; white porcelain and white ground black flower body is thicker, are hanging make-up soil. White porcelain firing cups, bowls, plates, bottles, jars and other utensils, black glaze is fired large, in addition, also burned black glaze, white glaze, small figurines, dogs, horses, camels and other small toys.

Inner Mongolia:

Liao Shangjing kiln:

In Inner Mongolia zhaowuda league balingzuo flag lindong town of liao shangjing lindongfu former city of the imperial city, so the name. For the late Liao dynasty official kilns. Kiln is not large, but the firing of porcelain is more refined. From the surviving porcelain tablets, the porcelain tire is very fine, paper white, not on the make-up clay, high degree of porcelain, no water absorption. Glaze color more pure white, occasionally light green or flash green, there are also black glaze and low temperature green glaze. Ware has a cup mouth long neck vase, long handle pots, begonias long plate and square plate and so on. The dishes, bowls, vases, jars, pots and boxes imitating Ding kiln products are extremely fine.

Lindong kiln:

Lindong Town, Bahrain Left Banner, Zhaoda League, Liaoning, so the name "Lindong kiln". For the liao dynasty folk kiln, kiln scale, specializing in burning tea powder green glaze and black glaze large coarse porcelain. Tire coarse yellow and heavy, high hardness and firm. Tea leaf end green glaze ware to chicken legs bottle for the most; Black glaze ware is more porcelain, cans, which to double ear small cans for more.

Chifeng kiln:

Also known as "cylinder kiln". In today's Inner Mongolia Zhaowu League Chifeng sixty kilometers southwest of the cylinder tile kiln Tun, so the name. Kiln site unearthed with "official" inscription of the kiln, proving that the Liao dynasty kilns. The burnt wares are white porcelain, white ground black flower, three colors and color pottery. White porcelain-based, vessels have cups, bowls, plates, dishes, pots and jars; three-color pottery to print plate is more, yellow glaze with cockles and phoenix head vase. Chifeng liao should calendar nine years (959) extra horse harnessed by the side of a team tomb unearthed white porcelain with "official" inscription plate bowl, on the geographic location and glaze characteristics, is the cylinder kiln products.

Gansu Province:

Ankou Kiln:

In Pingliang, Gansu Province, Huating's Ankou, because of the name. The old "Longshang kiln". Began burning in the Tang Dynasty, Song and Yuan period to burn black porcelain &xqypic ferruginous flowers &xqypic and celadon. To the Ming and Qing Dynasty firing black and white pottery, to coarse cylinder and other daily ware.

Lanzhou kiln:

In present-day Lanzhou, Gansu, hence the name. The earliest in the Yuan Yitongzhi Lanzhou specialties, briefly mentioned the production of porcelain, there is a kiln, forty-five miles from the state. Qing Kangxi "Lanzhou Zhi" mountains and rivers: "coal caves in the state forty miles south, dozens of holes, all producing coal, the state people rely on. Aganyu in the state forty miles south, the soil suitable for pottery, fire does not crack, so more kilns and metallurgy, water turnoff in the state sixty miles southeast, there are also kilns and metallurgy." After investigating the Agan Yu, found that the Yuan dynasty black porcelain kiln site, to black glazed bowls mainly, "Lanzhou Zhi" recorded preliminary confirmed.

Hunan Province:

Changsha Kiln:

Tongguan Town, Changsha City, Hunan Province, also known as the Tongguan kiln. To firing celadon mainly, and burn a small amount of white glaze, brown glaze, sauce glaze, green glaze and blue glaze, is an important celadon kiln in the south of the Tang Dynasty. Its product features and identification of the main points are: (1) the tire is gray or greenish gray, a small amount of yellowish brown and reddish, the latter is often then a layer of make-up soil. Foam is loose. (2) Glaze colors, mainly green glaze, green glaze green with yellow is more. The glaze surface has small grain pieces. (3) The products are mainly plates, bowls, dishes, cups, pots, bottles, lamps and other daily necessities, as well as toys such as pigs, goats, horses, lions and frogs. The shape of the objects is full and dignified in the early period, with rounded and soft lines; in the later period, it tends to be more beautiful. To the pot, for example, the pre-belly rounded, short neck, curled lip or lip folded, prismatic short flow, single curved handle, bar-shaped horizontal system vertical system. In the later part of the bottle, there are more melons, flared mouths, slender necks, long rounded tubes, double curved handles, and molded printed ear systems. (4) decorative techniques under the glaze, glaze painting and printing, appliqué, color spots and so on. Underglaze and underglaze painting in the early form of a single brown color, painted with a simple sketchy pattern, and later gradually evolved to brown and green two colors, one is a direct brush painting decorations, the other is in the tire first engraved decorative outlines, and then in the engraved lines filled with brown and green color. Colorful spots for decoration is more common, the beginning of the decoration with four groups of large round spots, gradually changing to small spots composed of decorations, large round spots have two kinds of brown, brown-green, and most of the small spots are brown-green or brown-blue interspersed with decorations. Applique more decorated in the pot, jar abdomen, the subject matter of figures, birds and animals, fish, grapes and round scenery, etc., in the decoration of the sauce glaze more round spots. Late Tang appeared printing decorative process, mainly in the plate, bowl, dish ware, decorated with flowers mostly, more concise. In addition, the poem and commodity publicity text as the theme of the decoration is also common. (5) bowls, plates, dishes, a class of objects using stacked firing, the heart and the bottom of the vessel are unglazed exposed tire, seldom use the support pad firing, so the general absence of traces of firing, only individual spray heart found three spike marks, one of the products in the exposed tire part of the color to cover the embellishment. In addition, the center of the plate has a square-shaped exposed tire. Boxes are convex with flat bottoms, and the mouth and bottom are unglazed and unglazed. Jars are flat bottom concave, generally the center of the outer bottom of the glazed, unglazed tire outside the center.

Yuezhou kiln:

In today's Hunan Xiangyin County, Tang belongs to Yuezhou, so the name, burned porcelain in the Sui and Tang dynasties, is one of the six major celadon production area in the Tang dynasty. Its product features and identification of the main points are: (1) the tire color gray and white, the tire is thinner, lighter, less dense body. (2) Glaze color grayish green or bean green, there are also greenish yellow or greenish sauce. The glaze is dial and bright, the glaze surface has small grain flakes and air bubbles, the tire glaze is not well combined, easy to flake off. Sui Dynasty products are half-glazed, the inner wall and outside the lower part of the abdomen is often exposed tire, there is a phenomenon of glaze flow. (3) The wares include bowls, plates, bowls, vases, high-footed plates, four-system jars, and eight-pronged short-flowing pots. Bowls enough to round cake-shaped and jade wall-shaped feet are common, high-footed plate, shallow plate mouth four series of jars, eight-pronged short-flowing pot with its own style. (4) Decoration to print-based, with scratching, the shoulders and abdomen to look decorated with a band composed of flowers and scrolling leaves, high-footed plate plate plate decorations up to 30 kinds of more than the center of the disk, especially the disk center part of the multi-layered floral decorations, for the other kilns do not see. In addition, there is also a relief lotus petal decoration. (5) The method of decoration is basically the same as that of the Changsha kilns, but it was improved in the Fifth Dynasty by the use of spikes, with 4-6 small, rounded spikes on the bottom of the burnt plates and bowls.

Xiangyin Kiln:

The kiln is located in Xiangyin, Hunan Province, hence its name. One of the six major celadon production areas in the Tang Dynasty. *** found three, to the county site for the earliest, unearthed relics are with the Sui style, the body of the seal decoration, only the high-footed dish that is up to more than thirty kinds of decoration for the same period of the other kilns rarely seen. At the Tieguanzui site, there are bowls with lip and yubi bases, which are typical of the Tang dynasty, and were part of the Yuezhou kilns of the Tang dynasty. Wulongzui site multi-printed fish bowls, bowls decorated with a group of chrysanthemums in the heart of the Song Dynasty features.

Anhui Province:

Shouzhou Kiln:

In present-day Huainan City, Anhui Province, Tang Shouzhou, hence the name. *** found six kiln sites in the Sui and Tang dynasties, is one of the famous yellow-glazed porcelain origin of the Tang dynasty. Its characteristics and identification of the main points are: (1) the Sui dynasty products 1 Sui dynasty burnt celadon, tire hard, thicker body, tire color greenish gray; section is thicker, with varying sizes of pores and iron spots. 2 The glaze color is yellowish or greenish in green, and the luster is very good. Ware generally only half glazed, glaze often have small open flakes. 3 decorative methods are printed, scratched, appliquéd three. Scratch pattern has lotus petal pattern, single string pattern, double string pattern, wave pattern, etc.; Applique only see scroll grass pattern. The composition of the pattern is often used in the form of a band or a group of flowers. 4 The main forms are four series of bottles, high-footed dishes, small mouth jars, etc. (2) Products of the Tang Dynasty 1 The body is relatively thick, and the color of the tire is yellowish in white. 2 glaze color is mainly yellow, glaze glossy, open small flake pattern, the surface has a transparent glassy texture. Most of them are applied with make-up clay, but the combination of glaze and make-up clay is not firm, and there are flaking phenomena. 3 using 3 feet pegs or beads stacked firing, bowls, plates and the bottom of the inner foot left 3 pegs or beads marks. 4 ware in the form of bowls, marigolds, cups, bowls, notes, pillows, toys and so on. Most of the ware flat bottom, some of the bottom of the heart slightly concave. Bowls, marigolds, such as the foot edge with a knife to cut off. Note with polygonal short flow, pillow for the small rectangular, are typical of the Tang Dynasty style.

Shaw Kiln:

Baitu Town, Xiao County, Anhui Province in the present day, hence the name. Created in the Tang Dynasty, and finally gold. The Tang Dynasty burned yellow, white and black glazed porcelain, into the Song Dynasty and later mainly burned white porcelain. Its characteristics and identification of the main points are: (1) Tang Dynasty products 1 heavy body, tire impure, burnt yellow, tire body mixed with a lot of white, black or reddish-brown particles. 2 yellow glaze porcelain products glaze color yellow flash green, flow glaze at the dark green, accumulation of glaze at the small open flakes. 3 Xiao kiln and Shouzhou kiln is relatively close, by the influence of Shouzhou kiln, product process characteristics and Shouzhou kiln is basically similar. (2) Song, Jin Dynasty products 1 tire color has gray and burnt yellow two kinds. Tire quality is fine and coarse, gray and white is fine, burnt yellow is coarse. 2 to white porcelain-based, white glaze, glaze thin gray and dull, glaze thicker teeth yellow, and through the milky white light. In addition, also burned yellow glaze, black glaze, white glaze black flowers and other varieties. 3 using 3 feet pegs or beads stacked firing, so bowls, plates and other ware inside and the bottom of the foot left pegs or beads marks, generally 3. 4 shape in addition to bowls and plates, there are pillows, amphorae, small pieces of porcelain animals and so on.

Fanchang kiln:

In today's Anhui Fanchang County, so the name. Burning porcelain in the Song dynasty, specializing in burning blue and white porcelain. Its product features and identification of the main points are: (1) thinner tire, tire color white flash green, glaze glossy. (2) bowls and plates of objects generally glazed near the bottom, the outer wall of the rotary cut marks are obvious, the foot can be divided into three categories; 1 flat bottom concave. 2 foot flat cut. Rings foot wall cut diagonally. (3) The products are most characteristic of the wine-warming vessels that are matched with the note and the note bowls. (4) Most of the wares are not decorated, and the inner decoration of the bowls is more common. (5) The use of cushion cake mat firing, the object foot inside the unglazed.

Huainan Kiln:

Named after the city of Huainan in Anhui Province. It is a blue porcelain kiln of the Sui Dynasty. The wares produced include four series of bottles, high-footed plates, and small-mouthed jars. Tire hard, delicate, hit the sound brittle. The walls are thick, the sections are coarse, and there are air holes of various sizes and iron spots. The green glaze is transparent and glassy, with good luster. The thickness of the glaze is uneven, with thicker glazes being thicker and thinner glazes being lighter, some glazes greenish, some greenish-yellowish.