What are the main types of dwellings in China and their main factors affecting the geography of residential folklore?

Folk dwellings are the living environments that encompass homes as well as those that extend from them.　　Because of China's vast territory and many nationalities, the geographical and climatic conditions and lifestyles of different places are different, and therefore the styles and manners of the houses in which people live vary from place to place.　　Among China's dwellings, the most characteristic ones are the Beijing courtyard houses, the kilns on the Loess Plateau in the northwest, the ancient dwellings in Anhui, the Hakka Tulou in Fujian and Guangdong, and the yurts in Mongolia. Beijing Courtyard In the large and small hutongs of Beijing, there are many courtyard houses surrounded by houses in the east, south, west and north, which are called siheyuan.　　The gate of the courtyard is generally open in the southeast or northwest corner, the north room in the courtyard is the main room, the main room is built on a brick and stone pedestal, larger than the other houses, is the owner's room. On both sides of the courtyard were built the east and west compartments, where the younger generations lived. A corridor was built between the main house and the chambers for people to walk and rest. The walls of the courtyard and the houses facing the street generally do not open windows to the outside, so the environment in the courtyard is closed and quiet.　　There are various sizes of siheyuan in Beijing, but no matter how big or small they are, they are all made up of courtyards surrounded by houses on all sides. The simplest siheyuan has only one courtyard, the more complex ones have two or three courtyards, and the deep houses where rich and noble people live are usually composed of several siheyuan side by side. There is also a partition wall in the center.　　A siheyuan, a combined architectural form of civil housing in North China, is a four-square or rectangular courtyard. A family, living in a closed courtyard, living a peaceful, leisurely, quiet days, enjoying the joy of family, family fun, naturally has a relaxing atmosphere.　　This kind of courtyard is left before the founding of new China, and is still in use. This kind of courtyard, generally use a courtyard door. Normally, the courtyard door is closed, in a completely closed state. Courtyard door, most of the use of wooden board gate. Thick boards made of wood at one end of the gate, up and down are placed in the center of the shaft, rotating left and right, can be turned off and closed, safe and reliable. In the courtyard, there is the main room, that is, the north room. This is the main room in the courtyard, and, in general, the direction of the courtyard is also north to south. On the east and west sides, there are the east and west rooms. East and west rooms, generally more symmetrical, architectural format is largely the same or similar. On the south side, there is the south room, which corresponds to the north room. The whole courtyard, mostly in accordance with traditional Chinese "custom, using symmetrical approach to building into. Of course, in the corners formed by the north, south, east and west rooms, there are also ear rooms. This kind of ear room, some used to store grain, become grain depot and other warehouses, some do kitchen, there is a corner, usually the southwest corner of the toilet, and the southeast corner, is mostly the gate of the courtyard, this courtyard program, in Shanxi's counties and nearby rural areas is more common. There are also some places where the courtyard, the gate is open in the center of the south.　　Some families, in order to decorate the courtyard decoration, but also in the courtyard at the door directly opposite, build a shadow wall, that is, a brick wall. On the side facing the front door, there are usually flowers, pine and bamboo patterns or large calligraphy characters prominently placed on the front of the shadow wall. On the book "Fu", "Luk", "life" and other symbols of good luck. There is also a part of the shadow wall, painted with auspicious patterns, such as "pine and crane to prolong life", "magpies to the plum", "unicorn to send children," and so on, to the courtyard to create a kind of atmosphere of calligraphy and ink. There are also farmers, using the words or pictures of "abundant harvest", "good luck", "blessed as the East China Sea". This shadow wall, located in the gate to meet the door, some are separate buildings, some are set in the compartment on the wall. Shadow wall, also known as the wall, the wall are square, surrounded by brick carving decoration, the center of the square for calligraphy or painting. The wall is divided into two parts, the base and the wall, in addition to the courtyard to increase the atmosphere, praying for good luck, the wall also plays a kind of isolation so that the outside world is difficult to peep at the activities in the courtyard.　　Inside the courtyard, there are slate paved floor, there are brick paved floor, there are cobblestone paved floor, varying. There is the courtyard ground all paved, there are also the main channel paved, no matter how to pave, the courtyard should always leave a few places to plant trees, flowers, as the courtyard embellishment.　　With the development of the times, there have been many changes in architecture. In the countryside, most of them have evolved greatly from the original courtyard. This is, expanding the number of rooms in the main house, as the main house - the north room - has good light. As a result, when building the house, the space and ground on the north side were fully utilized as much as possible, which made the courtyard irregularly shaped, with a square or rectangular courtyard formed in front of the main house, which was dominated by the north room.　　Four Courtyard House living in the allocation is very strict, the location of the house in the superiority of the main room, are to the old generation of lords and wives live. Kilns on the Loess Plateau in Northwest China The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in China are the world-famous Loess Plateau. People living on the Loess Plateau have no houses, so they take advantage of the deep, thick, three-dimensional layers of loess there to build a unique kind of residence - kilns. Kilns are divided into earth kiln, stone kiln, brick kiln and so on. Earthen kilns are loess kilns dug against the hillside, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, and have the best heat and sound insulation. Stone kilns and brick kilns are built with stones or bricks to form an arched hole, and then covered with a thick layer of loess, which is sturdy and beautiful. Since the construction of kilns does not require steel and cement, the cost is relatively low. With the development of society, people continue to improve the construction of kilns, the Loess Plateau, warm in winter and cool in summer, the kiln is more and more comfortable and beautiful. Ancient Houses of Anhui Ancient Houses of Anhui In the southern part of Anhui Province, many ancient houses are preserved. Most of these ancient houses are made of brick and wood, and are surrounded by tall walls. The houses within the walls are generally small two-story buildings with three or five rooms. The larger houses have two, three or more courtyards; there are pools in the courtyards, flowers and plants are planted in front of and behind the houses, and the beams and balustrades are carved with exquisite patterns. The small buildings and deep courtyards are like a world of art. Architects have praised it as "a treasure house of ancient residential architecture". Most of the ordinary residential buildings in Pingyao were built in the Qing Dynasty, and they are large in size and made of exquisite materials. Because of the dry climate in Shanxi and the lack of war damage, most of the buildings have been preserved quite intact.　　The layout of the residences is mostly in the form of strict courtyards with obvious axes, left-right symmetry, and clear division of labor, consisting of several sets of courtyards along the central axis, and generally three courtyards in the form of the "eye" type basic form. Between the courtyards with low walls and ornate decorative hanging flower door as a separation, some in the courtyard side or behind the garden is also built. The main house is usually a three- or five-room arched brick structure of the kiln, in the front of the kiln house are generally added wooden structure of the eaves, colonnade, covered with tile roof. The roof of the main house is flat, generally on both sides of the brick ladder can be mounted, on the roof of some also have a wall type Fengshui building. In some cases, a wooden structure with a double-slope roof is built on top of the kiln. The outer walls of Pingyao houses are made of bricks, and the walls are made of bricks with clear water, up to seven or eight meters high, with no windows open to the outside, with a solid and majestic appearance, and some of them are made into battlements at the top of the walls, like a small castle, and there are very few trees planted in the courtyards, and the superstitious notion is that the trees will attract ghosts and monsters and that there will be no tranquility in the houses. The floor of the courtyard is paved with bricks, and flower beds are often built without soil for easy cleaning. The interior and exterior of Pingyao houses are magnificently decorated with wood carvings and fine hanging doors, and the beams of the main rooms are hung with flower decorations, some of which are engraved with lions rolling embroidered balls, and some with the three stars of fortune, luck and longevity, or zither, chess, calligraphy and painting, etc. All of them are of a certain style. Doors and windows are wooden lattices, most of them have complicated patterns and are different, and some of them are sculpted with the story of Tang Yao, Yu and Shun's Zen throne. At that time, the use of glass was widespread, some rich merchants used carved glass. In order to keep warm and cold, most of the doors and windows are made of double, eaves rafters and beams under the square and so on are applied with colorful paintings. Along the streets and lanes of the house door are particularly elaborate, the door roof in a variety of forms, there are overhanging the mountain, the roof of the mountain has two slopes of the ridge, two slopes of unequal lengths and half-slopes and Phi Eaves, etc., under the eaves of the beams and squares interspersed with arches out of the eaves and so on, the practice varies. Some use columns, some do pilasters and piers. Door plaque on the door, the book has "Xiude", "Xiuqi", "Fanao", "Xiawei", "Le Tianlun", etc., some of the residential door also has a horse stone, horse pillars, stone carvings are exquisite, reflecting the affluence of these households at that time. Well-preserved residential houses in the city has more than four hundred, the number of its well-preserved degree in the country is rare. Hakka Residence Hakka Tulou in Fujian and Guangdong Hakka Tulou in Fujian and Guangdong Tulou is the residence of the Hakka people in the northeast of Guangdong and southwest of Fujian. The ancestors of the Hakka people were Han Chinese who migrated from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to the south more than 1900 years ago. Because most of the Hakka people lived in remote and remote mountainous areas, the Hakka ancestors created these huge dwellings, the Tulou, in order to guard against the harassment of bandits and to protect the family's safety. Dozens of families and hundreds of people can live in an earthen building. There are round and square earthen buildings, among which, the most characteristic one is the round earthen building. The round buildings consist of two or three circles, with the outer circle more than ten meters high and one or two hundred rooms. They do not distinguish between the rich and the poor, the noble and the lowly, each family is equally divided into the bottom to the upper floors of each room, its use is very uniform, the first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is a warehouse, the third and fourth floors are bedrooms. The second circle of two floors, there are 30 to 50 rooms, usually guest rooms; in the center is the ancestral hall, which can accommodate several hundred people for public **** activities. There are also wells, bathrooms and toilets in the Tulou, just like a small city. The tall and peculiar Hakka Tulou have been praised by architectural masters all over the world.　　Hakka dwellings are architectural wonders in the mountainous regions of southern China, and its unique style has attracted many Chinese and foreign scholars, tourists and even American military experts.　　In the mountains of southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, there are thousands of round houses or earthen buildings, which are known as the "wonders of the world's dwellings" of the Hakka folk dwellings.　　Most of them are three to six-story building, one hundred to two hundred houses such as orange petal-shaped arrangement, uniform layout, magnificent. Gossip layout map of the earth building round houses are arranged in accordance with the gossip layout, trigrams and trigrams between the firewall, neat and tidy.　　Due to the fear of thieves and locals ostracized, only built a barracks-style homes. Yurt Mongolia and other nomadic traditional housing. Anciently known as the dome, also known as felt tents, tents, felt bags and so on. Mongolian language called Ger, Manchu for yurt or Mongolia Bo. Nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life and the creation of this residence, easy to dismantle, easy to nomadic. Since the Xiongnu era has appeared, has been used until now. Yurt is round, around the side walls into several pieces, each piece of 130 to 160 cm high, 230 cm long or so, with strips of wood woven into a net, a few pieces of connection, surrounded by a round, long cover umbrella bone-shaped dome, and the side walls are connected. The roof of the tent and the four walls are covered or surrounded by felt, fixed with ropes. A wooden frame is left on the southwestern wall for installing the door panel, and a round skylight is left on the roof of the tent for lighting, ventilation, and emission of cooking smoke, and it is covered with felt at night or in rainy or snowy days. The smallest yurt is more than 300 centimeters in diameter, and the largest can accommodate hundreds of people. The tent of Khan and kings in the era of Mongol Khanate could accommodate 2000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and traveling. Semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas are mostly built in a fixed way, surrounded by earth walls and covered with reeds and grasses; nomadic areas are mostly traveled. Traveling type is divided into detachable and non-detachable two kinds, the former to livestock transportation, the latter to oxcart or horse-drawn carriage. People's Republic of China **** and the establishment of the State, the Mongolian settlers increased, only in the nomadic areas still retain the yurt. In addition to the Mongols, Kazakhs, Tajiks and other nomadic herders also live in yurts. The yurts are easy to dismantle and install, which is good for relocation and mobility during grazing. Dai Bamboo House The Dai living area is located in the subtropical, high temperature, so the Dai Bamboo House are in the flat dam near the water, the banks of the creek on both sides of the river, lakes and swamps around. Where bamboo surrounded by green trees, there must be Dai villages. The big cottage set living two or three hundred family members, the small village only more than ten people. Houses are single, surrounded by open space, each family into its own courtyard. Tenglong along the edge of the residence, more earth wall cottage, each house is also spaced out for three, divided into bedrooms and halls, which is obviously influenced by the Han Chinese, has been the inherent form of the Dai; Sipu along the edge of the bamboo building is completely wooden frame, on the people to live, under the perch of the livestock, the style is similar to a large tent, which is with the "Huainanzi" recorded in the "South Vietnam Nest Dwelling" of the situation Fully consistent with the "Huainanzi" recorded "South Vietnam nesting" situation, is also recorded in the history of the ancient bureaucrats "according to the tree wood to live" of the "dry appendage" housing, which is considered the typical architecture inherent in the Dai. This kind of bamboo building is about seven or eight feet high, four without a fence, cattle and horses tethered to the column. Upper near the stairs at a terrace, turn into a long room, separated by a bamboo fence in a corner to do the master's bedroom and important money storage; the rest is a large open room, the roof is not very high, both sides of the sloping, the eaves and in the floorboards, so there is no window. If the eaves are a little high, there are also small windows on both sides, and a door opens at the back, and in the center of the building is a fire pit, which burns day and night regardless of winter and summer, and cooks rice and tea on this fire, and the hosts and guests gather to talk and squat or sit around the stove. The roof is covered with thatch, and the beams, doors, windows and floors are all made of bamboo. This kind of residential construction, extremely easy, only to cut to the big bamboo, about the set of neighbors to help each other, a few days can be created; but also very easy to rot and destroy, every year after the rainy season, they will have to be repaired. Tusi head of the residence, more than bamboo and wood to build, the style is still like a bamboo building, only slightly taller, do not pave thatch and changed to tile roof. Xishuangbanna territory, the Dai themselves can burn tiles, tiles such as fish scales, three inches square, thin only two or three points, each tile on one side of a hook, first in the roof rafters nailed across the bamboo strips, two inches between each strip, will be hanging on the bamboo strips, such as fish scales, and no longer add the gray solid, so the Dai roof can not be climbed, if the tile is broken need to be replaced, only have to reach down in the rafters will be broken tiles removed, and then will be hooked on the new tiles on the can. Where to live in such houses, it is considered the village of the big family, is the car Xuanwu Yamen, the building style is just so, but the area is much larger than the general Dai folk wooden building, the whole building with one hundred and twenty large wooden columns into a long more than ten Wen, broad seven or eight zhang, upstairs partitioned into a number of large and small houses, surrounded by walking rails, but do not open the window, so the darkness is not light, downstairs, empty without a fence, only to see neatly one hundred and twenty large wooden columns are arranged This is the official office and residence of the ruler of the Dai most bureau. This kind of building above the people below the cattle and horses, in the southwestern border areas in general can be seen, such as Hani, Jingpo, Lisu to Miao, Yao, Li ethnic groups, housing construction is also so style, but the lower level of more boulders or mud for the walls. Dai bamboo buildings, is the lower four sides of the open, every morning when the cattle and horses out of the pen, they will be cleared of feces, so that the sunshine throughout the day, living in the upper floor of the people, will not be obscene fumes.　　Tujia footstools The Tujia people love to live in groups, and they love to live in footstools. Build houses are a village, a cottage, rarely a single family. Built houses are mostly wooden structure, small green tiles, lattice windows, the Division of the eaves overhanging, wooden railing handrails, walking horse corner, ancient color. General home have a small courtyard, fences in front of the yard, the yard behind the bamboo forest, green stone paving, planing boards installed walls, pine bright illumination, a family living in the sunrise and sunset of the idyllic and quiet life. The Tujia, with a national population of 5,704,223, mainly live in Xiangxi, Hunan and Enshi, Hubei. In addition, they are also found in Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Qianjiang and other counties in Sichuan Province.　　The Tujia area is characterized by tangled mountains and bountiful products. With majestic natural scenery and rich ethnic flavor, it attracts Chinese and foreign tourists. Among them, Zhangjiajie is the first national forest park in China, which has become an emerging tourist destination.　　The Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", meaning "people born and raised in the soil". 2000 years ago, they settled in the area of today's western Hunan and western Hubei, and together with other ethnic minorities, they were called "Wuling barbarians" or "Wu Ling barbarians". "After the Song Dynasty, the Tujia became a separate ethnic group. After the Song Dynasty, the Tujia were separately called "Tuding" and "Tumin". After the founding of New China, they were officially named Tujia according to the wishes of the Tujia people.　　The Tujia people have their own language, which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Most of them started to use Chinese language and Chinese script at a very early stage because they have been intermingled with Han Chinese for a long time. Only a few areas in Longshan, Yongshun and Guzhang counties in western Hunan still use the Tujia language. The Tujia people are mainly engaged in agricultural production, and are more influenced by the Han in the development of economy and culture, but they also retain their own characteristics. The "golden tung oil" in western Hunan and "dam lacquer" in western Hubei are famous products in China and abroad. Folk Houses in South Anhui Province Xidi and Hongcun in Yixian County are the most representative folk houses in South Anhui Province, which were listed in the World Heritage List in 2000.　　There are more than 140 well-preserved ancient houses of the Ming and Qing dynasties in Hongcun. Inside the village, there are many buildings and courtyards with charming lakes and mountains, which make the village a pleasant place to live and move in, and everywhere is a scene, and every step is a picture. Hongcun, with its wonderful idyllic scenery, is known as "China's Painted Countryside". Xidi has 124 ancient houses of the Ming and Qing dynasties and 3 ancestral halls. The "three masterpieces" (houses, ancestral halls and pagodas) and "three carvings" (wood, stone and brick carvings) that represent the architectural style of Huizhou-style houses are well preserved here.　　Green tiles and white walls are the prominent impression of Huizhou architecture. The staggered horse head wall not only has the beauty of modeling, but more importantly, it has the practical function of fire prevention and blocking the spread of fire.　　One of the characteristics of Huizhou-style houses is the high wall and deep courtyard, which is a defense against thieves on the one hand, and a need for psychological security for the migrant families who suffered from the pain of displacement on the other hand.　　Another characteristic of Huizhou style houses is the inward courtyard formed with a deep patio as the center, surrounded by a high wall, with almost no tile visible from the outside, and the only way to communicate with the outside world is to use the long and narrow patio for light and ventilation. This basic form, centered on the patio and enclosed by high walls, is the focus of people's attention. Rainwater falling from the four sides of the roof into the patio, commonly known as "four water to the hall", but also a graphic reflection of the Huizhou merchants "fat water does not flow outside the field" mentality, which is the same as the Shanxi residence has a different flavor.　　Southern Anhui Province is famous for preserving a large number of ancient buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin'an for the cultural township, the history of many officials and businessmen, only the Shexian Jurchen above the sergeant that is up to hundreds of people. Hui merchants are all over the southern Anhui Province. "The rich room of the claimant, Jiangnan first push Xin'an", their enormous wealth, creating the South Anhui this exquisite museum of ancient houses. Existing Huizhou Ming and Qing dynasties of ancient architectural complexes are mainly concentrated in Yixian County, Shexian County, Jixi, Xiuning. Yixian County today, more than ten ancient villages, such as Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan, Pingshan and so on. Yixian City has more ancient buildings. The county retains hundreds of valuable ancient buildings. Xidi alone has 122 buildings. Shexian County *** there are 365 ancient buildings, valuable more than a hundred, 27 ancient ancestral halls, concentrated in the village of Xiongcun, Chengkan, submerged in the mouth, Tangyue, deep ferry. Jixi surviving ancient buildings more than a hundred, concentrated in the head of Hung Hom, pit mouth, Feng village, on the Zhuang and other places. Ancient villages are generally composed of pagodas, houses, ancestral halls, water mouths, road pavilions, workshops, etc. Some villages are very large, such as the submission of 99 streets and alleys, strangers often get lost when they go in. Many villages have a well-organized layout, and the water system of Hongcun is an example. Hongcun in the village at the head of the mountain dam, the village canal from both sides of the street into each household, converging on the village in the middle of the moon pond. And then diverted to the household, into the South Lake. Each household has large and small canals for washing and drinking water. The layout of the residential houses is generally a triple or quadruple courtyard centered on a patio, with a two-story height. Medium-sized and large mansions use a combination of multiple courtyards, and the buildings are all whitewashed. In the old days, many architectural complexes of large families were huge in scale, decorated with Huizhou three carvings, with exquisite and staggered layouts. A piece of ancient architecture in southern Anhui set in the Huangshan Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain, Xin'an River in the vast expanse of famous mountains and beautiful water, heaven and earth, just like a world-class park without makeup.　　Residential houses in southern Anhui are more than two-story buildings, the center of a very small patio, the hall is located in the north side of the patio. There are no walls, doors or windows between the hall and the patio, which is an open space. On the north side of the hall, that is, at the back, there is a wooden wall, and on both sides of the wall, there are doors without doors. In front of the wall, furniture such as a long table and an eight-imperial table are placed. Hall east and west sides, respectively, placed several groups of back chairs and coffee table, people often put some utensils on it as a decoration.　　The site selection, layout and architectural form of the ancient residential villages in Southern Anhui are guided by the Feng Shui theory of Zhouyi, reflecting the traditional Chinese philosophical thinking of the unity of man and heaven and the yearning for and respect of nature. Those elegant Ming and Qing residential complexes are closely integrated with nature, creating a scientific and interesting living and dwelling environment, which is the essence of traditional Chinese residential buildings. The unique water system of the village is a model of water conservancy project combining utility and aesthetics, which profoundly reflects the outstanding wisdom of human beings in utilizing and transforming nature. The layout of the work, the structure of the clever, the beauty of the decoration, the creation of the fine, the depth of cultural connotation", for the domestic ancient residential complexes rare. Tujia Folk Dwellings In addition to the Tujia ethnic group, there are also Miao, Han, Dong and other ethnic groups living in western Hunan, whose architectural forms and styles have their own unique characteristics. Tujia folk architecture of the form and style and space arrangement of their own rules and regulations, its architectural form in the southwest of the most unique residential architecture in the dry bar. After the researchers' fieldwork and relevant data records, the Tujia architecture belongs to the "well-yard type dry bar". Well yard from the loess area of the well yard kiln, dry bar is the southern peoples of the *** with the form of residence. The formation of the "well yard type dry bar", and the development of the Tujia culture, we will not go into depth here. The main house of the Tujia residence is generally a bright two dark three rooms, with niches (compartments) as the horizontal house, forming a combination of the dry bar and the well-yard architectural form. From the simplest three-room hanging one end of the "one-word house", "one positive and one horizontal" of the "key head", to the more complex "three-hex water to the more complex "Sanheshui" and "Siheshui". The center of the main house is the hall, and the back of the ancestral altar is set up in a position not different from that of the Hmong dwellings. The two sides of the hall are fire halls (two fire pits are formed after the eldest son marries and divides the family), which are equivalent to the fire pits of the primitive people, with the functions of cooking and roasting food, warming and defending against the cold and lighting. Due to the increase in the number of family members, the Tujia people generally build a compartment on one or both sides of the main house, thus forming a "key-head" or "triple-water" residence, while the "quadruple-water" courtyard is The courtyard of "four-hex water" is surrounded by rooms or corridors on all sides. The gate of the village "four-hex water" is generally offset to one side, facing the gate for the compartment, into the patio after the turn to reach the open hall or open corridor, the town's "four-hex water" is just the opposite.　　Tujia architecture has always been famous, especially with the footstools leading the way. It is wing angle fly, go fence turns, rise up in the air, light and slender, pavilion. Usually leaning against the hillside, facing the stream or pingba to form a cluster, and then layer after layer of high, now deep. Bamboo trees before and after the layer, reflecting the outline of the building, looks very beautiful. Most of the Tujia foot-hanging buildings are placed on the cliffs, because the base is narrow, often outwardly overhanging to expand the space, the following wooden pillars to support, do not live, while in order to walk conveniently, in the overhanging place to set up the railing cornice (Tujia called the silk eave). Most of the foot-hanging houses are interconnected with the main house to form the "foot-hanging house" building. With the development and change of the times, Xiangxi Tujia foot-hanging buildings have been gradually improved, and different artistic styles with different forms and aesthetics have appeared. Here, the author will make an in-depth analysis according to the combination of its shape, appearance and scale.　　1. Pick corridor type footstool Pick corridor type footstool because in the second floor to pick out a corridor and named, is the earliest form of Tujia footstools and the main construction method. General building set up two or three floors, respectively, in one, two, three sides of the corridor pick, corridor step width in 2.8 feet or so, pick corridor columns by pick square support, the depth of the eave is generally two picks or three picks of the most common two steps. This kind of foot-hanging building is airy and light, quiet and elegant, the high corner, fine decoration, light modeling is its main feature. From the topography, the footstools often occupy unfavorable terrain, such as slopes, steep cans, streams and ditches, etc., while the main part is located on a flat base. If we look at the way of combining the footstools with the main body, there are three kinds of footstools: side footstools, left-right asymmetrical footstools, and left-right symmetrical footstools, among which side footstools are the most common. In addition, the Tujia people also have a kind of footstools without corridor, the main part of the main house is connected with the footstools of the compartment at right angles, which seems to have formed an agreed "rule". Instead, the permeable pillars and light corners become the focus of vision, such as Yongshun Laoshicheng, Zejia and Shidi, where some of the footstools have similar characteristics.　　2. The so-called "dry-rail type" footstools, i.e., a form of building in which the bottom floor is elevated and the upper floor is inhabited, are usually found in streams and rivers. This kind of building form is usually found on both sides of streams and rivers, with mountains as the background and riverbanks as the backdrop, in groups and pieces, spreading out along the riverbanks, often separated from each other by a horse-head wall. However, the Tujia commercial settlement town, there is also this form of residence, such as Wangcun is the Tujia settlement commercial town. It is characterized by a strong contrast between the horizontal lines formed by the gables, waist eaves and waist corridors and the vertical supports crisscrossing the lower side. Such slender and unequal-sized pillars, irregularly arranged and tilted to the east and west, embody the primitive beauty of the wreckage-like walls, and produce a powerful impact on people's visual aesthetics.　　The architectural art of Tujia houses in western Hunan is undoubtedly a treasure of Chinese architecture. We hope that more aspiring architects and environmental art designers can conduct in-depth research and study to combine traditional residential architecture and modern residential housing scientifically and skillfully, and make due contribution to the sustainable development of traditional residential architecture in the western part of Hunan.