Important royal tombs found in Gansu! What kind of existence is Tuguhun?

2019165438+122 October, National Cultural Heritage Administration held a working conference on the new progress of the major research project of "Archaeological China", at which four archaeological achievements recently discovered along the ancient Silk Road were announced: the tomb of Chashan Village in Tianzhu, Gansu, the No.1 tomb of Wei Xue in Dulan Hot Water Tomb Group in Qinghai, and the No.1 tomb of Wulanquangou in Xinjiang, Qinghai. Among them, this tomb located in Tashan Village, Tianzhu, Gansu Province was rescued by Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, and was confirmed as "the earliest and most well-preserved Tuguhun royal tomb discovered and excavated in Wuwei area". This is rare in China, so many great artists in the cultural and artistic circles spontaneously publicized a wave: the topic of # Discovery of Royal Tombs in Gansu # has also been moving forward in the hot discussion of netizens, but I found that everyone was confused about the following questions, so I specially made this "Four Answers about the Royal Tombs in Tuguhun, Gansu" to help you sort it out. 1 tugu gǔ muddy? Tugu fishing soul! Tuguhun, also known as Tuhun, is a nation located in the Qilian Mountains and the upper reaches of the Yellow River from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty and its founding name. It has the same origin as Daur (descendants of Khitan), Mongolian (descendants of Shiwei), Xibe, Tatar and Russian Tatar. Tuguhun was originally a person's name, the eldest son of Xianbei Murong Khan, a descendant of Donghu people. Due to disagreement with Murong Hui, he led his father's 1700 families to move westward to Gan Qing grassland. Netizen @ 嗭嗭嗭嗭嗭嗭嗭嗭: It turned out that it was not Mr. Murong of Gusu, but Mr. Murong of Qinghai! Tu Guhun led his people to rule Bianqiang and established their own political power. The Tibetans called it Aga, the Southern Dynasties called it Henan, and the late Tang Dynasty called it "Tutuihun". In 329 AD, Tuguhun's grandson inherited the status of Khan and took Tuguhun's name as his surname and country name. Speaking of the founding history of Murong aristocratic family, it is also a bitter tear. The former Yan, the later Yan, Southern Yan, Xiyan and Beiyan established by Murong failed to escape the tragic fate of founding → destroying the country → restoring. Therefore, Tuguhun is the regime ruled by the Murong family for the longest time. Tuguhun was often attacked by Western Qin at first. Although I want to pay tribute to him, he has also grown a lot in the struggle. With the demise of Western Qin and Xia Guo, Tuyuhun became more and more powerful. In order to seize territory, they kept invading neighboring countries. However, there were Turks in the north and Chen Dynasty in the south, and Tuguhun finally chose the Sui Dynasty with weak national strength. However, in the early years of Sui Dynasty, Tuguhun had already turned from prosperity to decline due to internal problems. So in the Yang Di period, considering what they had done before, the grumpy Yang Di decided to fight back, and the "history of being beaten" of Tuguhun was thus uncovered: in 609 AD, Tuguhun was defeated by Sui Jun, and most parts of Qinghai are now under the territory of the Sui Dynasty; In 635 AD, when he was at war with Tang Jun, Tuguhun was defeated again. Emperor Taizong formally accepted Tuguhun as a vassal state of Datang. In 663 AD, Tuguhun perished in the war with Tubo, and later most of them merged into other ethnic groups. Who is the owner of the tomb? In the middle of the pyramid-shaped mound, a stone epitaph was unearthed, on which nine characters were written in seal script: "Epitaph of Mu Rongfu of the Zhou Dynasty". According to historical records, the owner of the tomb was General Murong Zhi, who guarded Zuo Liangyu and defended the general. He was a foreign favorite king. He died of illness on March 2, 2002 at the age of 42. After Mr. Murong's death, he was buried in the Great Khan Mausoleum according to the ritual system on September 5, 2008, which was unprecedented. Murong Zhi is the third son of Murong Nuo, and Murong Nuo is also the diligent king Dou Khan when Emperor Wu was emperor, and Murong Nuo is the last ruler of Tuyuhun khanate. The Tang Dynasty gave Murong Nuo the title of "King of Heyuan County", so this tomb is a pure imperial tomb. There is not much information about Murong Zhi himself, but "like father, like son", we can listen to the story of his parents first. Murong Nuobo is a staunch pro-Tang activist. He not only carried out the legislation of the Tang Dynasty in China, but also pursued the title of the Tang Dynasty. He even went to Chang 'an personally to ask Tang Taizong for a wife of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Honghua. The picture comes from Shen Xiuzhai's blog, "princess royal, the late Duke Zhou Honghua, gave Wu's and princess royal's epitaph (Murong Nuo and Wan Hou)." This red flower princess is not an ordinary princess. She was the daughter of Li Daoming, the king of Huaiyang in the Tang Dynasty. In the era of Wu Zetian, she was given the surname Wu and was named Xiping big princess. After thirteen years of marriage, she returned to the capital of Chang 'an and met Emperor Gaozong, who was the only married princess in Datang who could enjoy this treatment. After returning to the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong betrothed the princess of Jincheng to their eldest son Murong Zhong as his wife. Ten years later, the lords of Jinming County also married their second son, general Liang Hanwang, who was rich. In this case, Murong Zhi's wife is also likely to be a monarch. After Murong Nuo's death, his eldest son Murong Zhong, the eldest brother of the tomb owner Murong Zhi, succeeded to the throne. Some people in Weibo also popularized the inheritance of their family's throne since Nuo Nuo Bo: Murong Nuobo → Murong Zhong (son) → Murong Xuanchang (son) → Murong Xiguang → Murong Zhao (nephew) → Murong Xilun (uncle) → Murong Zheng and Mu Rongfu. After learning this knowledge, even though Mu Rongfu is not Mu Rongfu, some fans of Jin Yong still can't restrain their inner excitement: @ My name is Wang Yuyan: No wonder my cousin is bent on rejuvenating the country @ Fat Fish loves to be in a daze: Mu Rongfu, come and see your ancestors! @ Xianglong Cai Yue: Nan Murong was originally buried in the north, and he really is a master of martial arts ... Then Qiao Feng's tomb in the north will have to be found in the south ... Haha, what's in the tomb? According to the official information released by National Cultural Heritage Administration, this one-room brick tomb has never been visited by grave robbers. It consists of earth seals, pyramid-shaped mound and niche, door seals, zhaobi, tunnel and tomb. Wooden components, ink bricks, brown stones, wooden poles and sacrifices (horses and sheep) are buried at the tomb entrance. There are two niches on the east and west sides near the tomb gate, in which there are painted pottery and wooden ritual figurines, totaling more than 70 groups. The door-sealing wall consists of four brick walls and a tomb door. There are two wooden doors on the inside of the brick wall and at the entrance of the voucher (Xà n). There are gold-plated copper locks on the door leaves, and there are five rows 10 rows of * * 50 gold-plated copper foam nails with the same size. In addition, because the bottom part of the wooden door has rotted, the whole wooden door collapsed from south to north. After opening the sealing wall, the whole wooden door collapsed and lay flat in the tunnel. Xuàn is an architectural term. The masonry method of building a load-bearing structure in the air by using the lateral pressure between blocks is called "issuing coupons", and the masonry building windows and doors in the wall by this method is called "coupons", which is simply an arc structure. The tunnel is a brick double-coupon structure, with two photo walls at the top of the coupon, which are made of staggered joints of bricks, and murals are painted on the photo walls, mainly the image of the double-decker gatehouse. Murals are painted in tunnels and tombs, but most of them have peeled off. The paintings on the lower wall can be seen in some well-preserved places, mainly figures, and the top part of the coupon is painted with a star map. The shape of the tomb is close to square, and the top of the tomb is the roof type of ancient Chinese traditional buildings, which is characterized by flat top, surrounded by four ridges and connected with the top of the palace. There is a coffin bed and a coffin on the west side of the tomb. There are more than 220 pieces of painted pottery, lacquer wood, stones, copper, iron, gold and silver wares, leather and silk and linen fabrics buried in tunnels and tombs. Among them, there are painted pottery pots, plain-faced ear pots and pottery pots, as well as many painted sculptures, horse-riding figurines and livestock figurines such as dogs, sheep and chickens. Wood products include painted figurines of heavenly kings, tomb animals, warriors, courtiers, bedsteads with curtains, doors, huts, saddles, suzaku, Xuanwu, feathered people and phoenix birds. Some of these statues are painted with lacquer, and some painted plates and bowls. Bronzes include bronze locks, bronze ornaments on various parts, copper spoons, chopsticks and "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" copper coins; The ironware is armored, and the gold and silver wares are mainly decorated with ribbons, thrifty ornaments and belts. Leather products are mainly arrows (fú) (also called "arrow room" for holding bows and arrows), belts, square boxes, etc. There are a large number of silk and linen products, mainly covered on the coffin lid, spread on the coffin bed and bed curtain. Among them, the yellow brocade on the coffin cover has a double dragon pattern with a ball and a bead, and it is also interspersed with the "Lingyang pattern" (one of the traditional decorative patterns in China, that is, the pattern with symmetrical structure). ) The precious flower patterns on the style show that the ancient soul of the earth is deeply influenced by China culture. Faced with such a variety of funerary objects, netizens not only opened their eyes, but also opened their brains: @ Silent Knight VIP: It's really rare to keep it so well and its colors are so bright ~ @ Z Branch: Wow, the ancients all like to play with their hands? @ Heritage Hospital: It seems to be a house that has not been repaired for over 300 years. Everything is still there, just a little messy. How important is this discovery? This tomb is located at the top of Chashan Village, Qilian Town, Tianzhu County, 35km east of Wuwei City. Nine Tuguhun royal tombs have been found in Qingzui Lama Bay, Nanying Township, south of Wuwei City15km. The shape of Murong's tomb is basically the same as that of Tang tombs around the same period, and the burial time is "God-given two years" in 69 1 year. Tuguhun, which was extinct at that time, was deeply influenced by Tang Wenhua, and its funeral system and customs also had strong Central Plains cultural characteristics. The epitaph's shape, ornamentation, carving patterns and four or six antithetical inscriptions also reflect the obvious characteristics of the Tang Dynasty, indicating that the Tang Dynasty had great influence in the frontier minority areas, and the Tuguhun royal family was also in the process of "sinicization"; In addition, the funerary objects are mainly wood, including pottery, lacquerware, porcelain, silk, etc., which also shows that Tuguhun was constantly influenced by Tang Wenhua in his political marriage and communication with the Tang Dynasty. As various press releases have said, this discovery has played an important supplementary role in perfecting the royal pedigree and related historical issues in Tuguhun's later period, and is also of great value in studying the development history of Tuguhun's regime and its ethnic relations with the Tang Dynasty, the traffic history of the Silk Road, the material and cultural history and other related issues. Let's wait for the official introduction of Murong Zhi's tomb, and hope that in the near future, we can have the opportunity to see the cultural relics unearthed in the tomb. References: Zhou Weizhou's Tuguhun Data Collection, Pu Zhongyuan's Review on Tombstones of Tuguhun Murong Royal Family in Tang Dynasty, Yu Zhigang's Sinicization of Tuguhun Nojibo Family in Tang Dynasty from the Epitaph, Fan's Study on Tuguhun Royal Tomb in Tang Dynasty in Qingzui Lamawan, Wuwei, Gansu, Lu Weishan's History. What kind of existence is Tuguhun? Image source: National Cultural Heritage Administration officially released the video Catalogue of Treasures of Past Dynasties (click on the title to read it). The most valuable 1 1 200 HD details The 2020 Wenbo Calendar shows you how the word "Yongle Palace Mural" was deciphered. Fan Jinshi: I did my best for Dunhuang. How particular were the Song people's "flowers" and "paintings"? Douban 9.5 points, this is the real Tang Priest! 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