Supplement after successfully answering the topic of introduction to journalism.

1. News: The definition of news is the report of recent facts (Lu). The basic characteristics of news are authenticity, freshness, timeliness and openness. News also has non-basic characteristics such as extensiveness and fragility. 1. According to the specific content of the report, news can be divided into: industrial news, agricultural news, military news, science and technology news, education news, cultural news, sports news, social news and so on. Second, news can be divided into international news, domestic news and local news. Third, news can be divided into key news and delayed news according to timeliness. Fourthly, news can be divided into hard news and soft news according to specific reporting requirements and reporting forms, and considering the relationship between news and readers. 2. Source of news: The source of news is objective facts. The origin of news is the fundamental basis and source of news, that is, where news comes from. This is a basic problem of news theory. Objective facts are the only source of news. There are facts first, then news; Facts are primary, news is secondary. This requires people to fully respect objective facts in news practice and resolutely oppose news fraud or news inaccuracy. 3. News sources: News sources refer to the sources of news materials and the media that provide news materials. The main news sources of mass media in modern society are: 1, interviews with reporters; 2. News agency draft; 3. Letters and contributions from the public; 4, the government, political parties, social organizations and departments of the manuscript and promotional materials. There are two sources of news: direct sources and indirect sources. Reprinting from other newspapers and periodicals is also an important source of news materials. "News origin and news source are two concepts that are both related and different. The connection between the two: news sources must meet the requirements of news sources, and the authenticity of news sources also applies to news sources. The difference between the two is that news source is a philosophical reflection on news itself, while news source is a description of news material source in a professional sense. Western news media generally stipulate that all news should indicate the source of the news. 4. Authenticity of news: News can only make objective statements according to the true colors of things. The image, speech and behavior of the people involved, the cause, process and result of the incident, including all specific details, must be truthfully explained in accurate words, and it is not allowed to fabricate, exaggerate or whitewash it, let alone make it out of nothing. Authenticity has two meanings: one is concrete truth; The second is the overall truth. 5. Freshness of news: Only new situations, new problems, new ideas and new experiences, that is, all new and innovative facts that can bring people new news and new ideas, are qualified to become news. Freshness has two meanings: first, the facts should be new; Secondly, the reporting method should be new. 6. Timeliness of news: If true and fresh news facts cannot be disseminated in time, news will become old news and lose its value. Therefore, news reports should always spread the facts that happened recently, just happened and are happening to the public as quickly as possible. Correctly handle the relationship between "timeliness" and "timeliness" and the relationship between "grabbing" and "pressing". 7. Openness of news: True and fresh news facts can only be finally realized if they are publicly reported, known to the public and recognized by the society. The purpose of news production by media is to spread news to the public. Authenticity distinguishes news from literature, freshness from history, timeliness from general information, and openness from news and intelligence. 8. Five-factor theory or six-factor theory: WHO); Is the main figure related to news events; News events (what, what); Time (when, when) when the event occurred; The place where the incident happened (where, where); The cause (why) of the event. The above are commonly known as the five W's, and the six elements refer to adding an H, which is the process of the event (how, how). Universal lead is a high concentration of five w's and one H. The practical significance of news elements: first, it helps reporters to quickly understand the main points of each fact when interviewing news, so as to keep the news concrete and true. Second, it helps reporters to quickly grasp the key points of news, especially in the writing of news leads, which can be comprehensive and concise. Third, it is helpful for editors to further check the news facts and find possible problems in the manuscript in time. 9. Highlighted news: (none on ppt) 10, delayed news: 1 1, hard news: The so-called hard news refers to unexpected events related to politics, economy, diplomacy and military affairs.

Important information report of substantive content. This kind of news is related to the national economy and people's livelihood and the vital interests of the people, and can provide a basis for people's political, economic, work and daily life decisions. Therefore, it has two strict requirements: first, the report must be rapid, and the sooner the better; Second, the report should be as accurate as possible and the information should be as quantitative as possible. 12. Soft news: The so-called soft news refers to reports about society, market, customs, people's feelings and other aspects or anecdotes, including close-ups with human feelings. Soft news is often not directly related to people's immediate interests. Its main function is to provide entertainment for the audience, broaden their horizons, increase their knowledge, cultivate their sentiments, or serve as a conversation material for people after dinner. Soft news is mostly delayed news, which is not timely, but pays special attention to writing skills. 13, news choice: The so-called news choice is the behavior of journalists to identify and choose the facts that happen in real life to determine the facts worth spreading. If literature is the art of language, then news is the art of choosing facts. Interview, writing and editing are three main links in news production, which are closely related to news selection. There are many criteria for news selection, but there are mainly two: one is the value standard, and the other is the legal and regulatory standard. Value standards include: news value and publicity value. 14. Publicity value: The so-called publicity value refers to the qualities contained in the fact itself that are beneficial to the communicators and can prove and explain what the communicators advocate. The quality of propaganda value includes five aspects, which are collectively called the "five characteristics" of propaganda value: consistency, pertinence, universality, typicality and timeliness. 15, news sensitivity: The so-called news sensitivity refers to the reporter's ability to discover and judge newsworthy facts beyond ordinary people. News sense of smell, news nose, news eye and sixth sense officer are its image statements. It is the professional quality that journalists should have. The strength of news sensitivity is closely related to the success or failure of news interview. News sensitivity is generally manifested in the following aspects: first, quickly judging those seemingly insignificant news clues may lead to the discovery of important news; The second is to quickly judge the news value among many facts of the same news event; The third is to quickly judge whether this fact is of concern to readers and whether it can arouse their interest; The fourth is to quickly judge which of the published news is related to the news facts interviewed by reporters, so as to mine more important news. The cultivation of news sensitivity depends on the accumulation of theory and the exercise of practice. 16, news value: The so-called news value is the sum of all kinds of qualities that news facts meet the needs of society. The core of this definition has two parts: first, it emphasizes the need to grasp the news value from the social needs (mainly the needs of the audience). In other words, no matter what news it is, it can only be said to be valuable if it is spread and meets people's needs, otherwise there is no support for any value. Secondly, it is emphasized that the degree to which news facts adapt to the needs of society ultimately depends on the qualities that news facts contain to meet the needs of society, and these qualities exist objectively. Elements of news value: unchangeable elements: authenticity and freshness. Variable elements: importance, proximity, uniqueness and interest. Generally speaking, as long as a news has two constant elements, it has news value. If there are more and more variable elements at the same time, the news value will be greater. 17, Journalism: the so-called journalism, that is, the general name of professional news organizations and their various business activities. From the social attribute of news, we can also summarize news as: news dissemination agencies and their various business activities that use news means to serve the economic foundation of a certain society. Journalism is different from interpersonal news communication activities in the usual sense, and it has the following remarkable characteristics: first, there are legal news communication organizations; Second, organized and purposeful news dissemination activities; Third, adopt various news communication technologies and means in the process of news communication; Fourth, there should be full-time employees with clear specialization and division of labor; Fifth, it faces the public and has a wide social influence. 18, media industry: 19, supervision by public opinion: supervision by public opinion refers to the behavior that the public and its organizers use public opinion to criticize, supervise and warn all harmful phenomena in social operation. Public opinion criticism (superficial position); Public opinion censor (dominant); Public opinion warning (deep position) 20. News public opinion supervision: news public opinion supervision, that is, supervision with news media as the main body. The significance of news media supervision: 1. The supervision of news public opinion is an important symbol of political democratization; 2. The supervision of news and public opinion is the health of society.

An important guarantee for the exhibition; 3. Supervision by public opinion is an important way for people to participate in and discuss state affairs; 4. For the news media itself, it is also an important means to fulfill social responsibilities and seek their own development. 2 1, the principle of party spirit in journalism: refers to the code of conduct of proletarian political parties that embodies ideological will, political requirements and organizational principles in journalism. The principle of party spirit in journalism is the embodiment of the party spirit of the * * production party in journalism, and it is the overall view of the * * production party on the status, nature and role of journalism. It requires the use of Marxist standpoints, viewpoints and methods to understand and reflect the objective world and deal with various problems in journalism. Lenin was the first to clearly put forward the principle of party spirit in journalism. 1942, China put forward the principle of party spirit in Yan 'an rectification movement. Its concrete content mainly includes the following three aspects: First, it adheres to Marxism and Mao Zedong Thought ideologically, adheres to the world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and adheres to all scientific attitudes of proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts. Adhere to the principle that news reports must be based on positive publicity. Second, politically, correctly publicize the program, line, principles and policies of the Producers' Party of China, and publicize the people's constitution of China and the major decisions of the people's government. Be politically consistent with the CPC Central Committee and correctly guide public opinion. Third, organizationally, we must uphold the party's leadership over journalism, and party newspapers at all levels and various news organizations must work under the leadership of the party. In addition to strictly abiding by the Constitution and laws, news organizations must also abide by propaganda discipline. All news organizations under the leadership of the Party, all party organizations on the news front and all party member on the news front are not allowed to use the news media to publicly publish reports and remarks that run counter to the Party's line, principles, policies, decisions and instructions. Have different opinions, should be reflected to the party organization in accordance with the principles and procedures stipulated by party constitution. 22. Public opinion guidance: Public opinion guidance has two meanings: correct public opinion guidance; Guide public opinion with correct public opinion, especially the public as the main body of public opinion. 23. News public opinion guidance: News public opinion guidance is based on news media. The guidance of news public opinion must follow the news law: first, we must speak with the facts that the audience is convinced, and give full play to the role of facts; Second, on the basis of reporting the facts, make concise explanations and comments; Third, we should adhere to the unity of news value and propaganda value in news reports; The fourth is to achieve guidance in equal communication with the audience. 24. Postal and postal integration: From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the mid-1980s, the system of "postal and postal integration" was mainly implemented. Its main advantages are: saving resources; The layout is comprehensive and rapid. Its main shortcomings are: first, an intermediary link is added, which not only increases the cost of newspaper distribution, but also leads to the disconnection between newspaper production and sales; Second, the subscription fee for readers cannot be returned in time, which makes the newspaper lack the necessary liquidity. 25. Self-issued: 1985, Henan Luoyang Daily failed to negotiate with the local post office because of the quality and cost of issuance, and took the lead in breaking the "postal and distribution integration" system that has been implemented for more than 30 years and implementing self-issued distribution. Since then, self-run distribution has developed rapidly and become one of the two main channels of newspaper distribution in China. 26. Radio listening rate: a concept to calculate the proportion of radio listeners to listeners, which can generally be calculated as a percentage. 27. TV ratings: a concept to calculate the proportion of TV viewers to viewers, which can generally be calculated by percentage. There are four basic factors that determine the listening rate and audience rating: first, the quality of the program, which is the most important determinant; The second is the time period of program arrangement; The third is the quality (clarity) of sound or picture; Fourth, programming skills (such as considering regional and cultural factors, etc. ) .28. Channel specialization: This is an obvious trend in the development of international television communication industry. TV channel specialization means that the TV media business unit divides the content positioning according to the internal scale of the TV market and the specific needs of TV viewers, so that its program content and channel style can meet the needs of viewers in some specific fields more intensively. The development from all comprehensive channels to a large number of professional channels will be a big step for China TV industry to further face the market. The pace of channel specialization is developing very rapidly in China. For example, CCTV, except CCTV- 1 and CCTV-4 are comprehensive news channels, all other channels are professional channels. The channel specialization of city TV stations in China Province is also very fast. Many TV stations have set up urban channels, life channels, entertainment channels, music channels and foreign language channels close to people's lives. (from Baidu)

29. Separation network: 30. Separation of production and broadcasting: 3 1. Capital management (capital operation): The so-called capital management means that all kinds of social resources and production factors owned by economic entities are regarded as operating capital, and they are optimized and allocated through merger, merger, acquisition, reorganization, shareholding and investment, so as to maximize the value of capital. The two functions of capital management are: first, to obtain the required funds at the lowest possible cost through various legal financing channels to ensure the normal development of media production and operation activities; Second, through the rational use of various financial instruments, according to the optimal risk-return ratio, revitalize the capital stock or put idle funds into the market to increase income. The significance of capital management in China media lies in: First, it helps the media to revitalize the working capital, activate the intangible capital of the media, expand the brand value of the media, make the media capital increase rapidly and realize the extraordinary development of the media; The second is to help the media overcome the disadvantages of single industrial structure, narrow business space and too concentrated profit sources, and improve their ability to resist risks and compete; Third, help the media reform and improve the dynamic mechanism, operational mechanism and restraint mechanism of operation, promote the separation of editing and management, and improve production efficiency and management efficiency; Fourth, help mainstream media with strong strength and good efficiency to merge small media with weak strength and poor efficiency, promote market-oriented measures to control communication and abuse, and realize the cross-regional, cross-media and cross-industry development of the media industry with capital as the link. 32. Media collectivization: Media groups were established to meet the needs of the market system. A big step has been taken on the basis of "enterprise nature and enterprise management", which indicates the deepening of media marketization. It can be understood as a substantial progress of great significance in news reform in recent years. The significance of media collectivization development: first, it can integrate media resources, realize optimal combination, and make the media better achieve the goal of becoming bigger and stronger; Second, some media groups are expected to obtain sufficient financial support through listing; Thirdly, it has accelerated the integration of China media market and improved the concentration of China media market. 33. Freedom of the press: from 16 to 17 century, the British bourgeoisie put forward this concept in the struggle with the feudal ruling class. Freedom of the press refers to citizens' democratic right to spread and receive news through news media, to know about major events at home and abroad, to express their opinions and to participate in social life and national life. It is the concrete embodiment of freedom of speech and publication in the field of news. Freedom of the press should be a democratic right of citizens in essence, and citizens should freely spread and receive news without restrictions, not just the freedom of news media. However, as an individual citizen, it is difficult to guarantee this right in real life, and this right can often be realized by means of the right of publication, interview and publication of news media (undertakings). Therefore, freedom of the press involves both individual citizens and news media. 34. Press liberalism theory: This theory was developed on the basis of Milton's thought on freedom of press and publication. It is a traditional and typical western press theory, which had a great market in the hundreds of years before World War II. It believes that newspaper activities should not be controlled by the government, and journalists can freely interview and publish their own articles without considering the authenticity of their contents, because the public has reasons to identify them; As a product of rationality, newspapers and periodicals have the right to supervise the government and can become the "fourth power" alongside legislation, justice and administration. This theory emphasizes the "free market of ideas and opinions", but does not pay attention to providing a reliable boundary between freedom and abuse of freedom. Therefore, people accuse this theory of being just a beautiful slogan, which has no real foundation in reality. In fact, the development of press freedom has led to the disappearance of the free speech market. This is because the result of free competition will inevitably lead to monopoly, and newspapers with weak capital cannot compete with major newspapers, and finally they can only be eliminated and merged. If you lose the ownership of the newspaper, you lose the freedom to express your opinions. 35. The theory of social responsibility of newspapers and periodicals: The theory of social responsibility does not completely abandon the liberalism theory, but integrates many viewpoints on the basis of liberalism theory, which is a revision or restriction of liberalism theory. It was put forward by the Committee on Freedom of the Press in the United States in its research report "Free and Responsible Journalism" 1947. From 65438 to 0956, Shi Lamu, siebert and others, American journalists and communicators, elaborated on it in detail in the book Four Theories of Newspapers, making it complete and systematic. The theory of social responsibility emphasizes that freedom is accompanied by obligations, and privileged newspapers and periodicals bear the main function of publicizing communication tools to the society, which is the basis of their business policies. Its duties are as follows: when spreading news, it should describe the facts truthfully and comprehensively; When exchanging opinions, we should express and clarify social goals.

And value. In order to ensure that newspapers and periodicals really shoulder social responsibilities, the government should intervene in their activities. "If newspapers and periodicals do not automatically take responsibility, the power of the government will be the last resort to force them to implement this change"; Nothing can stop the government from interfering in public communication. 36. News control: News control is the abbreviation of "social control of journalism", which usually refers to the process that people rely on social forces to restrain the communication behavior of news media in a certain way, establish and maintain social order and make it meet the needs of social stability and development. The task of social control includes not only punishing illegal acts, but also guiding media personnel to identify with and consciously abide by social norms. The subject of news control is not only the state, but also social groups, organizations and individuals. News control must make social norms "internalized" by media personnel, thus achieving the purpose of active control. Forms of news control: According to the control methods, it can be divided into internal control and external control. The former is a way of news self-discipline and the latter is news heteronomy. According to the means of control, it can be divided into economic control, political control and ideological control. According to the strength of control, it can be divided into hard control and soft control. According to the level of control, it can be divided into the control of media institutions and the control of media personnel. 37. Information refers to a set of interrelated symbols that can express complete meaning. Information is the medium of social interaction between communicators and receivers, and the purpose of interaction can only be achieved through the exchange of meaning between them. Information is also a kind of information, which is characterized by expressing complete meaning. In the study of communication process, scholars usually use the concept of "information" to emphasize that the interaction of social communication is an interaction with complete significance. 38. Feedback refers to the receiver's reaction to the information received, and also the receiver's reaction to the sender. Obtaining feedback information is the intention and purpose of the communicator, and sending feedback information is the embodiment of the initiative of the receiver. Feedback is an important mechanism to reflect the two-way interactive nature of social interaction. Its speed and quality vary with the nature of media channels, but it is always an indispensable element in the communication process. These five elements are the basic conditions for establishing the communication process and are indispensable in any kind of human communication activities. 39. Right to know: also known as right to know, right to know, right to know and right to interview. In a democratic society, citizens' right to know depends largely on the public reports of news communicators. The professional behavior of news communicators-the activities of collecting, verifying and transmitting information are unimpeded, and the government, civil servants and relevant parties do not refuse to provide information that citizens should know according to law, which is the main content of the right to know. Any government, civil servants and relevant personnel who deliberately conceal public news information or deliberately spread false news shall be regarded as a violation of this right. Right of confidentiality: Also known as "source secret", "source secret", "source protection" and "professional secret", it refers to the right of news communicators not to disclose the identity and name of news providers. In some countries, in order to ensure the truthfulness of reports and the normal progress of justice, it is stipulated that news communicators should not exercise their right of confidentiality in the process of obtaining evidence by judicial organs if necessary. 4 1, new media: "New media" is always a relative concept. Today's new media mainly refers to the new media emerging with the development of satellite communication, digitalization, multimedia and computer network, including: transnational satellite broadcasting and television, multi-channel cable television, electronic publishing of words, audio and video, and information expressway with the Internet as the core. 42. Audience: The audience of news communication is the terminal of the news communication process. They are recipients of news information, consumers of media products, and ultimate testers of information, messages, media and even communicators. Audience is another active factor in news communication activities, an active participant in news information transmission and reception activities, and a source of feedback that cannot be ignored. 43. Core audience: According to the importance of the target audience, it can be divided into core audience and marginal audience. Although news media are generally open to the whole society, each media and various columns (sections) set up on the media have different communication contents and personality styles, which are aimed at and satisfy some relatively fixed and clear audiences. 44. Audience positioning: The so-called audience positioning is the process of determining the core audience of all media and setting columns (sections). In the process of determining the core audience, there are four important factors to consider: first, the regional positioning of the audience; The second is the occupation and identity orientation of the audience; Third, the age orientation of the audience; The fourth is the cultural and educational orientation of the audience.