What are the general characteristics of the historical and cultural heritage

According to the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, cultural heritage may be classified as such if it belongs to one of the following categories:

1. Cultural objects: buildings, sculptures and paintings of outstanding, universal value from the point of view of history, art or science, compositions or structures of archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements, and complexes of various kinds of cultural objects;

2, Complexes: separate or interconnected groups of buildings of outstanding, universal value from the historical, artistic or scientific point of view, because of their architectural form, homogeneity and their position in the landscape;

3. Sites: man-made works or masterpieces of man and nature **** with each other and zones of archaeological sites of outstanding, universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnographic or anthropological point of view.

The main problems in the protection of historical and cultural heritage

1, insufficient understanding, protection awareness is weak. In urban construction, often hear the argument that "these things are ragged protection up to do what! Demolition demolition forget it." They (including some leading cadres) that the protection of ancient neighborhoods, ancient buildings is to protect the "backward". "This is also protected, that is also protected, but also how to develop?" This is to say that the protection and development in opposition. In fact, we have a historical and cultural heritage is not too much, but too little too little. 1994 statistics of the country's 1,500 museums, with a total collection of only more than 8 million pieces. People say that the United States has no history (only more than 200 years of history), is the history of this short history of the country's history museums but has 17 million pieces of artifacts, is more than double the total number of our museum collections. Our national heritage units only one-tenth of India.

2, the historical and cultural heritage of the family is not clear, many historical and cultural heritage sleep on the ground underground. In the rapid development of the urbanization process, encountered historical and cultural heritage, can not tell, many valuable historical and cultural heritage, there is no investigation, registration, not to mention the announcement of cultural heritage units. In the face of the old city renovation, urban construction, can not get a specific basis, in the "protection" and "demolition" of the controversy, only to watch it be demolished.

3, "constructive destruction" is alarming! With the accelerated process of urbanization, the degree of destruction of historical and cultural heritage is worrying: Xiangfan Song wall was razed to the ground overnight; Zunyi meeting site around the historic buildings were demolished; Fujian's Sanfangqixiang in name only; 0.8 square kilometers of the ancient city of Dinghai demolition of only 0.13 square kilometers left. Old city renovation in the demolition of large-scale construction, resulting in the destruction of many traditional historical neighborhoods and historical buildings.

4, one-sided pursuit of economic benefits of tourism, resulting in serious damage to the historical and cultural heritage. First, in order to cater to the tourist fever, at the expense of demolition of traditional historical neighborhoods, and the creation of a street in Chengde, the Qing Dynasty, Kaifeng "Song Street", Peixian "Han Street" and other antique buildings, so that many valuable historical neighborhoods into the "fake antiques". "Fake antiques". Unauthorized changes in the management system of historical and cultural heritage, thus appearing "three holes", "Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors and Horses" and other difficult to ensure the effective protection of the historical and cultural heritage of the incident occurred.

5, the protection of the lagging behind the planning seriously affect the effective protection of historical and cultural heritage. Since 1982, China has announced three batches of 99 national historical and cultural cities, the provinces have also announced nearly 100 provincial historical and cultural cities. Lagging behind in the protection planning of famous historical and cultural cities is widespread. The national key cultural relics protection unit of about 90% did not prepare the protection plan.

6, the lack of funds for protection directly affect the protection of historical and cultural heritage. Many historical and cultural heritage in the natural demise of the situation, historical and cultural heritage without special protection funds, especially in poor areas, cultural relics professional cadres only one or two people, even the daily expenses are very difficult to ensure that, but also talk about what the historical and cultural heritage protection of special funds.

7, on the intangible protection of historical and cultural heritage has not yet attracted attention. At present, our country only noted the tangible protection of historical and cultural heritage, intangible historical and cultural heritage has not been included in the scope of protection. The Law on Cultural Relics also makes no mention of the protection of intangible culture. With the acceleration of urbanization and the impact of modern civilization on traditional culture, the intangible cultural heritage is rapidly dying out, and the rescue of intangible historical and cultural heritage has become an urgent task.

Countermeasures for the protection of historical and cultural heritage

1. Strengthen publicity and awareness-raising. In continue to vigorously and persistently publicize the "Protection of Cultural Relics Law", "Regulations on the Protection of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in Zhejiang Province" and other laws and regulations at the same time, but also to carry out the value of the outstanding historical and cultural heritage, the connotation and local characteristics of the culture of publicity. Not only to the general public, but also to the leaders at all levels and departments to publicize the protection of historical and cultural heritage awareness of thousands of households, y rooted in people's hearts, mobilizing the whole society to participate in the protection of historical and cultural heritage.

2, mapping, protection according to law. To do a good job of urbanization in the protection of historical and cultural heritage, we must first know what historical and cultural heritage, where the distribution of its effective protection. 2001 Zhejiang province in the province to carry out a census of historical and cultural heritage, the ancient towns, villages, ancient neighborhoods included in the census object, and found a large number of valuable historical and cultural heritage. On the basis of the census, according to the value of the historical and cultural heritage announced different levels of historical and cultural protection areas, cultural relics protection units, cultural relics protection points.

3, correctly handle the relationship between protection and construction, and take the road of sustainable development. Some leaders simply high-rise buildings understood as urban modernization, in the old city renovation of large-scale demolition and construction, the protection of historical and cultural heritage does not pay attention to the historical and cultural heritage is the main reason for the destruction of historical and cultural heritage, demolition. "People are emotional creatures who need to savor their history in their environment, search for memories of their lives, and caress traces of the past, while cities without history and tradition are deserts, which emotional people cannot tolerate." (Nguyen Yisan) Protecting historical and cultural heritage is more about protecting spiritual feelings. We can learn from the successful experience of foreign countries in "protecting the old city and building a new city" to protect valuable traditional streets, lanes and ancient villages as a whole, and then develop new areas to avoid "constructive destruction" in the process of urbanization. The protection of traditional neighborhoods, environmental improvement, to maintain the original appearance of the fa?ade, update indoor facilities, improve the quality of people's living, to meet the needs of people on the quality of modern life.

4, under the premise of good protection, rational use of historical and cultural heritage. The purpose of the protection of historical and cultural heritage is to play its role, this is not true, the question is how to utilize. Historical and cultural heritage is a non-renewable special resources, such as economic benefits without regard to the protection of tourism development, is undoubtedly "kill the chicken to get the eggs", "drying up the fishing". "History cannot be reproduced, and cultural relics cannot be regenerated." Historical and cultural heritage destroyed, it contains the historical information will be lost. The principle of "effective protection, rational utilization and enhanced management" of cultural relics is equally applicable to the protection of all historical and cultural heritage, and only under the premise of effective protection can sustainable development be achieved. The one-sided pursuit of economic benefits from tourism, irrational development and over-utilization have already been manifested in some historical and cultural cities and historical and cultural reserves, where some historical buildings that they consider to be of no value have been demolished or altered, and so-called imitation buildings and tourist facilities have been newly built, thus destroying the historical and cultural heritage to a great extent. Historical and cultural heritage is not a "money tree", the blind pursuit of tourism revenue and its return, the destruction of historical and cultural heritage, will become the sinner of history! We should learn a lesson from the "three holes" and other events, according to the "Cultural Relics Law" and other regulations, rationalize the management system, under the premise of good protection, rational use of historical and cultural heritage.

5, as soon as possible to prepare the protection plan, so that there are rules to follow. Historical and cultural heritage protection planning has a serious scientific basis, is the product of multidisciplinary comprehensive research and repeated argumentation, is the "Protection of Cultural Heritage Law" and other regulations to supplement and refine, at the same time, but also to regulate the historical and cultural heritage where the government of the historical and cultural heritage protection of historical and cultural heritage of a statute to avoid interference from different aspects, especially from the leadership level of the blind behavior, to improve the protection of historical and cultural heritage. Efficiency of work. In doing a good job in the historical and cultural cities, historical and cultural protection areas of special protection planning at the same time, but also to grasp the preparation of all levels of cultural relics protection units, protection sites and other historical and cultural heritage of special protection planning, only to be included in the city master plan or the village master plan, there is a "protective umbrella", in order to achieve the rules and regulations, according to law protection.

6, multi-channel mobilization of funds for the protection of historical and cultural heritage. First, the state investment is the main. The second is to widely mobilize the whole society to participate in the protection of historical and cultural heritage, maintenance, repair, exhibitions and scientific research, absorbing domestic and foreign enterprises, groups and individuals to donate money and sponsorship, the establishment of a fund for the protection of historical and cultural heritage.

7, in strengthening the protection of tangible historical and cultural heritage at the same time, we must attach great importance to the protection of intangible historical and cultural heritage investigation. Intangible historical and cultural heritage, because it is immaterial, intangible, dependent on the human body, once people die, this intangible culture also died. People are the carriers of intangible historical and cultural heritage, and intangible culture must be inherited before it can be passed on and developed. To protect the intangible historical and cultural heritage, the first step is to protect the holders of the intangible culture (old artists, etc.) and encourage them to train heirs to pass on the excellent historical and cultural heritage through "masters and apprentices". Secondly, it is to carry out extensive investigation, excavate and rescue the excellent historical and cultural heritage, invite those who specialize in it to perform live, and protect it with high-tech means such as video and audio recording. For example, there are excellent dramas and music with local characteristics of Lishui, such as "Chizhou Chuanbang", "Songyang Gaoqiang", "Suichang Shilian Shifan", etc., and the She ethnic group "do (Passing on the knowledge of a teacher) of the She ethnic group. Third, in the context of globalization, the museum's collection function must be expanded to make great efforts to do a good job in the collection and protection of intangible historical and cultural heritage.