Word-making methods of new words in Ming Dynasty

There have been many discussions on the word formation of new words in academic circles. As far as I can see, Mr. Li Rulong's paper "The Derivation and Evolution of Chinese Vocabulary" (2002) and Mr. Liu Shuxin's monograph "Chinese Descriptive Lexicology" (2005) are particularly incisive in discussing the ways of word formation of new words. Li Rulong (2002: 68) pointed out: "The way of vocabulary derivation refers to the way of creating new words. Since ancient times, formulas derived from Chinese vocabulary can be roughly divided into four categories, namely: sound and meaning, morpheme synthesis, grammatical analogy and rhetorical transformation. " Mr. Li analyzed in detail the occurrence, development and evolution of four word-formation methods. Liu Shuxin (2005: 102) put forward that "what language materials are used to make words" should be the first classification standard of word formation. Based on the previous research ideas and the observation of a large number of new words, the author thinks that the word-making methods of new words in Ming Dynasty can be divided into two categories: phonetic word-making and morpheme synthesis word-making. In addition, according to the special ways in which some new words came into being in Ming Dynasty, this paper discusses some word-building methods, such as "word-breaking", "rhetoric", "word-shortening" and "word-building by analogy with the same model". & gt 1. Phonetic word formation and morpheme synthesis word formation >:>1.Phonetic word formation >; & gt According to the previous research results, the way of constructing new words by pronunciation was outstanding in ancient Chinese, and it tended to decline after the Middle Ages. Li Rulong (2002: 70) said: "In Middle Chinese, the sound and meaning gradually declined due to the sudden appearance of morpheme synthesis." & gt& gt In the Ming Dynasty, a few new words were created by phonetic means, mainly onomatopoeic words created by imitating sounds. For example: > >; Baldness: the sound of heavy objects falling to the ground. & gt& gt( 1) An axe fell to the ground without a hat. (Awakening the World 36)& gt；; & gt eat: describe laughter more. & gt& gt( 1) Xiao Yu leans against Yueniang and says, "This is your master, don't kowtow!" When he lifted the veil, Pan Jinlian's candle seemed to knock his head off and he couldn't help laughing. (the 40th time of Jin Ping Mei) >>② "Then Chen Jinglun couldn't help laughing." (Jin Ping Mei 97)>& gt Qi: The sound of breaking. & gt& gt( 1) Come on, the thief broke his leg, and the cargo bandit with a glib tongue entered his door and folded his leg crooked just to show my eyes. "("Jin Ping Mei "No.43) >> Crack: the sound of opening the door. & gt& gt( 1) Before the footsteps came, only the sound of beating was heard, and the store door had already opened. (Hongxing Erke 2 1)>& gt Zhi: Describe human noise. & gt& gt( 1) people's voices are twittering, and listening to the wind seems to be a girl's joint. (Tang Xianzu's Peony Pavilion 54)> gt；; & gt Xixi: The sound of birds singing. & gt& gt( 1) Qingluan cries, and the yellow bird speaks softly. (The Journey to the West back to 90) >; > surfing: the sound of falling objects. & gt& gt( 1), the woman and Ximen Qing took off their white silk jackets, and there were "waves" in their sleeves, and something was hung out. (Jin Pingmei 16)>& gt(2) The piano boy pulled him to the ground, only to hear a "slap on the shore" and something hung around his waist. Jin Ping Mei 44>& gt describes the sound it makes when it suddenly stops. & gt& gt( 1) The old woman turned into a tortoise, went to the palace of life to "stand up" and unveiled the divination sticker. Jin Ping Mei 46>& gt Kodapu: Onomatopoeia. & gt& gt( 1) The second discount of Zhuo Wenjun: "Ah! I just heard a sigh, but that was my sister's secret advice. I mistakenly guessed that I was a cuckoo tongue outside the Dongfeng flower, and I was kneeling. ">& gt jump from the blue six: describe the continuous sound. & gt& gt( 1) This group of drunken people, like chopping vegetables, fell down together and bled all over the floor. In fact, they are injured! Wake up the world and keep the words 21> & gt In addition to onomatopoeic words, there are a few antitheses in Ming Dynasty neologisms, and phonetic word formation is also used. For example: > >; Hesitate. & gt& gt( 1) Every time a public guest deliberately remonstrates, it is a last resort; Childe clearly uneasy, lest he is not affected, until he received the contract party fell. Hongxing erke 22>& gt embarrassed: the situation is not normal. & gt& gt( 1) Wang Xiucai was embarrassed to see the man and hurried down the mountain. Hongxing Erke 27>& gt Sometimes, it's not embarrassing, but it means the same as "embarrassing". "This also means" abnormal ". For example: > >; (2) A woman who knowingly commits a crime is not embarrassed and falls into a trap, nor is she punished. The first sculpture12 > & gt(3) The monk said, "Your Majesty, this pit has been built and there is no embarrassment. Shi Tian said, "You don't know that Master Bifeng is a holy monk, and his burial method is different from other monks. The Story of the West14 > & gt man: it is said that it occupies the fixed territory of the strong. & gt& gt( 1) is shooting arrows everywhere. I have seen a small potato shake out a donkey. Water margin19 > & gt Uprising: A towering and prominent appearance. It also means "reckless and unreasonable" & gt& gt( 1) thus reached a new peak, reaching the sky. Those who stand up straight and shrug their shoulders alone are the top of the light. Diary of Huangshan Travel Notes > & gt(2) Sanxia said, "What a clumsy fool! You need the media to marry a concubine. Is there anyone here to trade? "Xing 26 >; > oak wedge: a large wooden wedge used for old-fashioned oil pressing. & gt& gt(65438+ Journey to the West 82 >; & gt2. Word formation through morpheme synthesis >> Morpheme synthesis of new words is the most widely used word formation method in Chinese in Ming Dynasty. For example: > >; Help: Help and support. Vocabulary: "Help, keep and assist". (1) My son refused to help because he did nothing. (xing 6) >; & gt At the request of the count, he also came to help pay the bill. (No.43 of Jin Ping Mei) >> Coax: cajole; Encourage. & gt& gt( 1) It is said that dozens of people saw that Ximen Qing had money and were willing to make money, so they all coaxed him to play with money and drink, and went whoring and gambling together. (Jin Ping Mei 1)>& gt Abandon: Abandon. & gt& gt( 1) Zhou De left the two brothers in the crowd and went straight to Yu Ren's home in Niupi Street without looking at the tide. (Yu Shiming Yan 38)& gt；; & gt follow-up: investigation, investigation. & gt& gt( 1) Brother, I don't know. Since I know this rumor, why don't you calm down and investigate it? (vinegar gourd 8) > & gt poison: mean and vicious. & gt& gt( 1) Yang Er knew that he was interested in poisoning, but he didn't necessarily get angry at home later, and he kept several good family members at home from time to time to guard against him. (Hongxing Erke 4》)& gt；; & gt empty retreat: refers to the fact that customers retreat without profit. Still neglected.