What are the sixteen countries? Who is the founder?

The Five Dynasties are sometimes called the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. It is generally believed that it took 53 years from the destruction of the Tang Dynasty in Zhu Wen in 907 to the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty in 960. In fact, six of the ten countries perished after 960, the Northern Han was the last one, and the time of extinction was 979. The Five Dynasties are the five dynasties of the Central Plains, and the ten countries that coexist with them are all in the south of Qinhuai River except the Northern Han Dynasty. There are other coexisting Liao and Xixia Dynasties, but because China's history books are generally centered on the Han nationality, other ethnic regimes are often ignored. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was a period of great chaos and extinction, with tyrants above and cruel officials below. In addition, the famous cities Chang 'an and Luoyang were destroyed all the year round, so the predecessors called the Five Dynasties "Five Seasons", that is, the last generation and the worst generation. Therefore, Ouyang Xiu often begins with "alas" in his History of the New Five Dynasties. It's not that he's putting on airs, let alone anything else. In the troubled times of the Five Dynasties, the cruel punishment of "the year of the year" (that is, chess pieces) appeared. However, this period is also a period of unity and stability. Chai Rong's ten-year war of reunification in the late Zhou Dynasty laid the foundation for the unification of the North in the Northern Song Dynasty, and other aspects, such as the development of gunpowder and printing, and the appearance of ci, also made certain achievements.

Five Dynasties-Hou Liang (907-923)

Five Dynasties-Late Tang Dynasty (923-936)

Five Dynasties-Late Jin Dynasty (936-946)

Five Dynasties-Later Han Dynasty (947-950)

Five Dynasties-Later Zhou Dynasty (95 1-960)

Top Ten Kingdom-Qianshu (89 1-925)

Ten Kingdoms-Houshu (925-965)

Ten countries-Wu (892-937)

Ten Kingdoms-Southern Tang Dynasty (937-975)

Shikoku-Fujian

Shikoku Chu

Shikoku-South Korea

Shikoku-Nanping-Jingnan

Ten countries-wuyue

Shikoku-Northern Han Dynasty

Sixteen countries (304 ~ 439)

From the end of the Western Jin Dynasty to the unification of the Northern Wei Dynasty, various ethnic groups became independent in northern China and Bashu area. Since the Han and Wei Dynasties, ethnic minorities in northwest China have been migrating inward, widely distributed in the north and south of the Great Wall and the Yellow River basin. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, all kinds of social contradictions and ethnic contradictions were unprecedentedly acute, people of all ethnic groups rebelled against each other, and ethnic nobles took the opportunity to establish a separatist regime. From the first year of Yong 'an (304) to the fifth year of Taiyan (439), there were 22 separatist regimes. Cui Hong, a historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, listed 16 separatist countries in the Spring and Autumn Period of Sixteen Countries, which is the origin of the name of the Sixteen Countries. In addition, other separatist regimes emerged during this period, such as Dai, Li, Zhou, Shu, Yang, etc., but they were not among the sixteen countries in terms of habits. The ethnic groups participating in these regimes are mainly Huns, Jie, Di, Qiang and Xianbei, which were called Wuhu in history. Han and Yi also took part in the competition.

Summary of Rise and Fall ① Han Dynasty and Pre-Zhao Dynasty. In the first year of Yong 'an, Emperor Jinhui (304), Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu aristocrat, was called Hanwang in Zuoguocheng (now Lishi North, Shanxi). In the second year of Yongjia (308), he claimed to be the emperor and made Pingyang (northwest of Linfen, Shanxi) his capital. Liu Yuan died in four years and Liu Cong succeeded to the throne. In the fourth year of Emperor Yan (3 16), Liu Yao was captured by the Han Dynasty in Chang 'an and destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty. After Liu Yao ascended the throne, he moved the capital to Chang 'an and changed his country name to Zhao, which was called former Zhao in history. * * * to the four masters. Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi and Gansu each have one. In the fourth year of Jincheng (329), it was destroyed by Hou Zhao. Become a native of China. In the first year of Yongkang, Emperor Jinhui (30 1) and Te Li, the leader of Badi nationality, led the northwest refugees into Sichuan to rebel, and was called the general. After Te Li's death, in the first year of Yong 'an (304), Jinhui Emperor, his son Li Xiong was named King of Chengdu. Two years later, he proclaimed himself emperor and became the capital of Chengdu. Li Xiong has been in power for 30 years, with lenient punishment, loose politics and few wars, and the country has become more peaceful than other regions. In the fourth year of Xiankang in Jincheng (338), my nephew Li Shou usurped the right to stand on his own feet and was renamed Han, occupying parts of eastern Sichuan and Yunnan-Guizhou. * * * spread to five masters. In the third year of Yonghe (347), Huan Wen conquered the Han Dynasty in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Chengdu was broken and the country died. ③ Generation. In the third year of Jin Yi (3 15), Tuoba Luyi, a Xianbei ethnic group, was named as the acting king and Dule (now Inner Mongolia and Lingerbei). It governs northern Shanxi and parts of Inner Mongolia. In the fourth year of Xiankang in Jincheng (338), Tuoba Shiyi formally established a representative country. Inherit the six masters. In the first year of Taiyuan (376), Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty was destroyed by Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty. 4 Before it gets cold. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Zhang Gui was appointed as the secretariat of Liangzhou and accepted a large number of asylum seekers from Guanzhong and Zhongyuan. In the second year after the death of the Western Jin Dynasty, that is, in 3 17, Zhang Shi became independent and lived in ancient Tibet (now Wuwei, Gansu). In the first year of He Yong, Jin Mu, Zhang Jun was called the fake cool king and occupied western Gansu and eastern Xinjiang. * * * to the seven masters. In the first year of Taiyuan (376), Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty was destroyed by Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty. ⑤ Hou Zhao. Schleswig-Holstein was a former general of Zhao, and was named King of Zhao. In the second year of Daxing (3 19), the Jin and Yuan emperors established themselves as emperors, belonging to the country (now Xingtai, Hebei Province), which was known as Hou Zhao in history. Shi Hu, the nephew of Schleswig-Holstein, moved the capital to Ye (now Linzhang, Hebei) in 335, and occupied Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi and Liaoning, and his power once reached Huai and Han. * * * spread to six masters. Jin Mu Yonghe died in Wei Ran in the 6th year (35 1). ⑥ Wei Ran. In the sixth year of Yonghe (350), Ran Min (Han nationality), a general of the late Zhao Dynasty, took the kingslayer and changed his title to Wei. Ordered the murder of Jie ren. Occupy a part of Hebei and Shanxi today. Yonghe was destroyed by former Yan Murong Mu in eight years. ⑦ Yan Qian. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, Mu Rongchui, a Xianbei aristocrat, established a tribal country in the Liaohe River Basin. His son Murong Di was known as Rebecca and Dulong City (now Chaoyang, Liaoning) in the third year of Xiankang in Jincheng (337). After the destruction, the capital was established in Ji (now Jixian County, Tianjin), and Emperor Murong was called Emperor. Then move the capital to Ye. It governs parts of Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Liaoning. * * * spread to three masters. In the fifth year (370), when the Jin Dynasty abolished Taihe Emperor, it was destroyed by Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty. ⑧ Former Qin. Qi Hong, a Yi aristocrat, claimed to be the king of the Three Qin Dynasties and was enfeoffed in Guanzhong. In the seventh year of Yonghe, Jin Mu (35 1), Fu Hongzi and Fu Jian claimed to be the King of the Great Qin Dynasty, who was the capital of Chang 'an with the title of Qin, and was known as the former Qin Dynasty in history. Proclaimed himself emperor the following year. During the reign of Fu Jian, the national strength was strong, and the former Yan, the former Liang and the generation perished one after another, and the northern part of China was once unified. After the failure of the Battle of Feishui, the joining nations took the opportunity to fight against the separatist regime, and the former Qin State gradually declined. * * * spread to six masters. In the 19th year of Taiyuan (394), Emperor Xiao of Jin died at the end of Qin Dynasty. Pet-name ruby after qin dynasty. After the Battle of Feishui, in the ninth year of Di Chin's abortion (384), Yao Chang, a native of A Qiang, was made King of Qin. The following year, Yao Chang killed Fu Jian, took Chang 'an and became emperor. After his son Yao Xing succeeded to the throne, the national situation developed, destroying the former Qin Dynasty, the later Liang Dynasty and the Western Qin Dynasty. Occupy modern Shaanxi, Gansu and Henan. Pass on the three masters. Jin 'an Yi Xi thirteen years (4 17) was destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Attending the last words. After the Battle of Feishui, all ethnic groups who joined the former Qin Dynasty began to become independent. In 384, Mu Rongchui, a Xianbei nobleman, ascended the throne and restored the State of Yan. Two years later, he proclaimed himself emperor, and made his capital Zhongshan (now Dingzhou, Hebei Province), which was called Houyan in history. After being defeated by the Northern Wei Dynasty, he moved to Longcheng. It occupies a part of Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan and Liaoning. Inherit the six masters. Emperor Yi Xi of Jin 'an was destroyed in the fifth year of Beiyan (409). ? Xiqin. In 385, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty was in Taiyuan for ten years, and Qi Fuguoren, a Xianbei aristocrat in Longxi, was defeated by the former Qin Dynasty. According to Long Xi, he claimed to be sweating. In the 13th year, his younger brother Qi Fuguan was renamed as Wang of Henan, Wang of Qin and Yuanchuan (now Yuzhong, Gansu), and was called Xiqin in history. Occupy the southwest of Gansu Province. * * * to the four masters. The god of the Northern Wei Dynasty? Four years (43 1) were destroyed by the summer. ? After cooling. Before the Qin Dynasty, Fu Jian sent general Lv Guang (Di nationality) to attack the Western Regions and conquered more than 30 countries in the Western Regions. In the ninth year of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty in Taiyuan (384), Shandong and Guangdong returned. In the eleventh year, Liangzhou, Lv Zhi, was called Jiuquan Gong, with the title of Liang. Later, it was renamed Sanhe Wang and Tianwang. Occupying parts of western Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang. * * * to the four masters. Emperor Yuan Xing of Jin 'an died in the later Qin Dynasty (403). ? Xi Yan. Murong Hong, a Xianbei aristocrat, was founded as the eldest son of Taiyuan in the ninth year (384) (now Changzhi South, Shanxi). Occupy the present Shanxi area. Nineteen years later, she died for Houyan. ? Nanliang. In the first year of Long 'an (397), the leader of Xianbei nationality in Hexi was called Xiping King, with Xiping as its capital (now Xining, Qinghai) and Ledu as its capital (now Ledu, Qinghai). Occupy today's Qinghai area in Gansu. * * * to the second master. Jin 'an Diyi Xi Decade (4 14) was destroyed by the Western Qin Dynasty. ? Southern Yan. After the Northern Wei army captured Zhongshan, the capital of Houyan, the Prime Minister of Houyan, Murong De, led his people to move to the sliding platform (now hua county, Henan) and became king in the second year of Long 'an (398). Two years later, he proclaimed himself emperor and moved his capital to Optics Valley (now the northwest of Yidu, Shandong). It is reported that there are regions in Shandong and Henan today. Pass it on to two masters. Yixi died in the sixth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (4 10). ? West cool. In the fourth year of Longan, Emperor Jin 'an (400), Li Gui (Han nationality), surnamed Liangzhou, was split by Hou Liang and occupied the Dunhuang regime, calling himself Liang Gong, which was called Xiliang in history. Moved the capital to Jiuquan five years later. Occupy the western part of Gansu today. Pass on the three masters. 42 1 was destroyed by Beiliang. ? Beiliang When it was cool, Meng Xun, a giant Hun Qu, rose up and established a separatist regime, taking Duan Ye of Lv Guang as the Health Duke. In the fifth year of Long 'an (40 1), Emperor Jin 'an killed Duan Ye in Mengxun, a giant canal, known as Zhang Yegong, which was the capital of Duan Ye (now northwest of Zhangye, Gansu). In the eighth year of Yixi (4 12), Ju Qumengxun occupied the ancient Tibetan, calling himself the King of Hexi. Occupy the western part of Gansu today. Pass it on to two masters. In 439, Emperor Taiyan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty. ? summer Helian Bobo, a Hun, called himself the King of Xia in the third year of Emperor Yi Xi of Jin 'an (407), and forced the people to build the unified city (now Hengshan Xishan in Shaanxi) as the capital. Empress Chang 'an. It is reported that parts of northern Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia today. * * * spread to three masters. The god of the Northern Wei Dynasty? Four years (43 1) was destroyed by Tuguhun, a vassal state of the Northern Wei Dynasty. ? Beiyan In the fifth year of Emperor Yi of Jin 'an (409), Feng Ba of Han nationality was called the Prince of Yan according to Longcheng. It is reported that there are also northeastern Hebei and Liaoning. Pass it on to two masters. Emperor Taiyan of the Northern Wei Dynasty died in 436.

From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (196) to the end of the Southern Dynasty (552), Populus davidiana was divided into (present-day western and southwestern Gansu), which died and prospered, and occupied Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi areas at its peak. Zhailiao of Dingling established a political power in Huatai (now south of Huaxian County, Henan Province), named Zhai Wei, and ruled the present Henan area. Qiao Zong established political power in Chengdu, called Houshu, and ruled today's Sichuan.

In this historical period, the relationship between people's production and life, conquest and subjugation, rule and being ruled often changed, and the struggle between national oppression and anti-oppression was repeated. The long-term turmoil has brought great disasters to the people of all ethnic groups, and the social economy in the north has been seriously damaged, but the situation in different regions and different periods is not the same. Han Cheng regime is located in the southwest, and Yizhou ruled by Li Xiong has become the most stable region in China. In the north, the Hexi Corridor ruled by Liang Qian and the Liaohe River Basin ruled by Yan Qian are relatively stable. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the people of the Central Plains went south; A small number of people from Qin and Yong areas in Guanzhong moved south to Bashu and Jingzhou, and most of them moved west to Hexi Corridor. Hebei people enter Liaodong and western Liaoning in the north. Liang Qian and Yan Qian are remote and sparsely populated. The influx of a large number of people provided labor for the development of wasteland and ensured the smooth flow of the Silk Road. Ancient Tibet and Liangzhou have become international and domestic diplomatic envoys and business travel hubs. The north and south of the Yellow River and Guanzhong area were most affected by the war, but during the intermission of the war, the social economy still developed. The former Qin dynasty, which once unified the north, had relatively clear politics. Fu Jian suppressed the dignitaries of the Di nationality and rewarded honest officials who cared about agricultural production. After the former Yan was pacified, "Guanlong was quiet and folk music". Yao Xing, following the former Qin Dynasty and the later Qin Dynasty, attached great importance to politics, severe punishment and anti-corruption, which was beneficial to Guanzhong's economic recovery after the chaos in the last years of the former Qin Dynasty.

Education and Culture In order to acquire talents, the rulers in the Sixteen Kingdoms period attached importance to education and set up schools. Former Zhao and Liu Yao set up imperial academy and primary schools, selected 1500 students, and awarded official positions through examinations. Former Yan Murong Mu ran an official school and enrolled more than a thousand students. He also compiled his own enlightenment books, Taishangzhang and Dianxie, as teaching materials. At the end of Qin Dynasty, Yao Xing set up jurisprudence, and there were no full-time scattered officials there. Those who studied well were sent back to the original county to be in charge of the prison. With the establishment of jurisprudence, Nanliang, which was already unstable, set up a school to teach the children of nobles and ministers. Although it is for the needs of rulers to set up schools and teach classics, it is objectively beneficial to preserve and spread the traditional culture that has been seriously damaged, and it is of positive significance for minority rulers to accelerate their acceptance of Chinese culture. Murong Ang, the former prince of Yan State, can write books as teaching materials, while Fu Rong, the younger brother and Fu Lang, the son of Fu Jian in the former Qin Dynasty, are both literate and familiar with Buddhism and metaphysics. There are still fragments of Fu Lang's book Fu Zi. Yao Xing speaks Buddhist classics and is familiar with Buddhism. Their acceptance of traditional culture shows the depth of sinicization of the upper members of ethnic minorities.