Economic questions

Reform and opening up for more than 20 years is the period of China's fastest economic development, but also the fastest growth of residents' income, the masses get the most benefits. As a result of the Party's policy of enriching the people, the people's living standards have improved significantly and the number of poor people has been reduced substantially.

With the development of the reform, our distribution system and pattern have been adjusted accordingly, especially the income distribution policy established by the 16th National Congress, which is conducive to the promotion of economic development and the improvement of the living standards of the general public. However, the problem of income disparity cannot be ignored. Income distribution has a bearing on the country's economy and people's livelihood, as well as on the overall situation of reform, development and stability. The implementation of a scientific distribution system, the establishment of a reasonable distribution mechanism, not only helps to properly deal with the interests of various social strata and groups, resolve social conflicts, for the reform and opening up and economic development to create a good environment, but also conducive to stimulate human enthusiasm and creativity, while at the same time restraining the behavior of people, to mobilize all the positive factors, and to maintain the benign functioning of society.

One, China's income distribution problems and causes

Since 1990, China's residents of the income gap, the wealth gap and the resulting social and psychological gap is becoming increasingly serious. It should be said that a reasonable and moderate income gap is the implementation of the party and the state respect for labor, respect for knowledge, respect for talent, respect for the creation of the major requirements of the policy. Letting go of the vigor of all labor, knowledge, technology, management and capital to compete, so that all sources of creating social wealth to fully flow, to accelerate the economic development of moderately prosperous society has a positive role in promoting. However, there are two 40% in our country that should not be ignored: one is that more than 40% of the wealth in our country is concentrated in the hands of 1% of the people; the other is that more than 40% of the country's personal income tax is paid by the salaried class. In addition, the incomes of some farmers and urban residents are growing slowly, and some people are experiencing real difficulties in their lives. We must attach great importance to these situations.

It must be seen that the problem of income disparity in China has profound institutional reasons:

1. China is in the primary stage of socialism. Subject to the constraints of the level of productive forces, the total output of individual consumer goods in China has not yet reached a level that can meet the needs of all people's material and cultural life. Therefore, the limited distribution process of the total social product will inevitably make a part of the people can not be satisfied. This is China's basic national situation, and it is also the root cause of the income gap. The fundamental solution is to make the "cake" bigger as soon as possible. Only in this way can we fundamentally improve the income distribution relationship, and lay a solid foundation for fair distribution and poverty alleviation.

2, the dual economic structure of the long-term existence. The dual economic structure, as a distinctive feature of China's economy, can better illustrate the income gap between rural and urban residents. The transformation of the dual economic structure is in turn considered to be an important reason for the widening of the income gap between urban and rural areas. The mobility of migrant workers has led to differences in income between different households within the peasantry, and at the same time has led to differences in income between different households in the towns because of the substitution of urban workers to a certain extent, which has created a multi-layered income distribution gap.

In addition to institutional reasons, the following factors also play a great role in the formation of income disparity in China:

1, institutional factors. Manifested in: redistribution regulation means imperfect, the lack of effective supervision and reasonable regulation of income in some special industries. Socialist market economy requires both efficiency and fairness. And the realization of social equity is to a large extent related to the transfer payment system of government finance. Through financial transfer payment activities, adjust the original share of national income among social members and groups, and keep the gap of income distribution among social members and groups within the tolerable range of the society, without causing violent conflict of interest and confrontation in income distribution. Specifically made up, whether from the structure of expenditure, or the scale of expenditure, are to be further improved.

2, individual differences. Expressed as: the degree of education, age and personal ability and other factors. At present, China's respect for knowledge, respect for talent has been very strong, the income level and the degree of education has basically shown a positive correlation, that is, the higher the degree of education, the higher the level of income; in the process of laid-off unemployed people in the employment process, there are a lot of people forced to lose employment opportunities due to the age problem, which shows that age in the re-employment process is also a relevant factor; in addition, in the more and more attention to individual In addition, in today's world where more and more attention is paid to individual ability, the size of individual ability also determines the level of income to a large extent.

3, the stage of economic development factors. This is manifested in the problem of unemployment and layoffs of urban residents. For urban residents, unemployment and layoffs are important factors that cause income reduction. Laid-off unemployed people have become the main component of the current difficult groups of urban life in China, the emergence of laid-off unemployed people is a typical manifestation of the transition period, indicating the transformation of the industrial structure, but also to varying degrees, affecting the lives of urban residents, to the rural and urban residents of the way of thinking and behaving in a deep imprint of the times.

Two, the solution to the problem of income disparity in China

(a) the implementation of active policies to increase employment. China has a large supply of labor and labor prices are very competitive in the world. Therefore, priority should be given to employment as the most important choice for future development, vigorously develop labor-intensive industries, especially labor-intensive small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and strive to create an environment suitable for the survival of SMEs, so as to create as many employment opportunities as possible, and to enable more laborers to take part in the process of industrialization and to earn a corresponding income from it. The first is to promote equality of opportunity in the labor market, which requires anti-monopoly and breaking down the urban-rural divide, establishing a nationwide labor market, promoting factor mobility, and averaging compensation through mobility, so as to give full play to the converging effect of market forces on the income gap. The second is to promote equality in the quality and status of the labor force itself. The main emphasis here is on universal education; only by improving the basic quality of human beings will there be an initial basis for equality among workers. The inequality of status resulting from the urban-rural household registration system should also be gradually eliminated. The right of workers to create and share value can be equal only under conditions of non-discrimination in terms of status and education. At present, the income level of peasants is relatively low, so we should adhere to the idea of "giving more, taking less and letting go", raise the income of peasants, reduce their burden, and realize full employment of peasants.

(2) Strengthen the regulatory role of taxation. Regulate the distribution of personal income system is to stop the income out of control of the fundamental guarantee, not only to play the role of the market on the primary distribution in order to mobilize the people's enthusiasm, but also to play the role of the government's macro-control of the secondary distribution. Among them, taxation is undoubtedly one of the most important, direct and effective means. At present, we should establish and improve an effective tax-regulation mechanism for high-income earners in the areas of income, consumption and property, strengthen the collection and management of personal income tax, and introduce new taxes such as inheritance tax and gift tax as soon as possible. It should also be noted that the income after the factors of production should be quantified and detailed, and not only the level of wages as the standard for collecting personal income tax. In today's world of knowledge and efficiency, it is socially acceptable for individuals to obtain extra-occupational income by virtue of the factors of production, and therefore the taxation of this part of the income should also be put on the agenda.

(3) strengthen the fight against illegal income. The market economy should be in order to run coloring produce high efficiency, this "order", the most important connotation is "law". The significance of the law lies in the use of the lowest possible social costs to eliminate the use of public **** power for personal gain, to further improve the supervision mechanism, strengthen the supervision function, completely eliminate all kinds of power and money transactions, and improve the reporting and supervision mechanism at all levels; to strengthen the legal system, and to truly do the "illegal must be investigated" and "Law enforcement must be strict"; strengthen the independent judiciary trial function, building has been a high-quality judicial team.

(d) Improve the social security system. China's social security spending accounts for less than 10 percent of the gross national product. The current focus should be on anti-poverty and regulating high income. In particular, a social security system based on anti-poverty should be established. After the disintegration of the original social security system in China's cities, the corresponding social security system is still unsound, and when there is mass unemployment, the problem of urban poverty becomes very serious. Therefore, the establishment of a sound social security system is a long-term task. To anti-poverty as the benchmark for the establishment of "welfare compensation" system, the effective implementation of the minimum wage security system, improve the unemployment insurance system for the unemployed, the poor below the poverty line to implement a variety of ways of social relief.

(v) Striving for coordinated regional economic development. Fundamental to narrowing the gap in residents' incomes between urban and rural areas and between regions is the development of the rural economy and the economies of the central and western regions. Efforts are being made to increase agricultural inputs, support the development of township and village enterprises, and guide the transfer of surplus rural labor from non-agricultural industries, so as to gradually raise the income level of the majority of rural residents; the strategy of developing the western region is being actively implemented, so as to raise the level of income and the quality of life of the people in the western region and, in accordance with the principle of the optimal allocation of resources, to clarify the status and role of each region in economic development, and to develop the local economy in accordance with local conditions; at the same time, reforms of the labor market are being deepened, and talents of all kinds are being raised. At the same time, it is necessary to deepen the reform of the labor market, improve the mobility of all kinds of talents and the mobility of the labor market; to give preferential policies to the western region and some of the less affluent areas in the eastern region, increase the investment in science and technology, education, etc., to narrow the gap in the level of income of the people in different regions.

Conclusion

To solve the problem of income disparity, it is necessary to improve and perfect the distribution mechanism. From China's national conditions, we should adhere to and improve the system of distribution according to work as the main body and a variety of distribution methods coexist, and combine the distribution according to work and the distribution according to the factors of production; we should carry out the principle of prioritizing efficiency and taking into account fairness, and pay attention to both efficiency and opposing egalitarianism, but also fairness, to prevent the income gap from widening too much; we should adhere to the policy of encouraging a part of the people to get rich first, and the first to get rich to help and lead the rich after them, and gradually realize **** the same rich policy; to correctly handle the relationship between primary and secondary distribution, and generally raise the income level of residents on the basis of economic development. ■(□

II.

Dongguan: encourage and support the localization of processing trade enterprises countermeasures

Source: China. Dongguan Time:2006-8-21 14:29:36 Font size Large Medium Small Print Close

Innovation of investment mode, enhance the quality and level of investment

To realize the investment "three changes". We must further enhance the sense of responsibility and a sense of urgency, update the concept of scientific investment, rational selection of capital to the implementation of the whole process of utilizing foreign capital, and conscientiously implement the municipal party committee and municipal government of investment "three changes" in the spirit of the "three changes", that is, from the "investment" to the "investment" to the "investment" to the "investment". "Investment Selection" change, from "Project Investment" to "Industry Investment" change, from "Land Investment" to "Landless Investment". "No land investment" change, industrial policy-oriented investment, focusing on attracting the world's top 500 enterprises, multinational corporations and listed companies to invest; guide processing trade enterprises to introduce more R & D institutions, more into the field of advanced manufacturing technology and emerging manufacturing industry, the formation of electronic information technology, biomedicine, new materials and environmentally friendly high-tech industry as the main Environmental high-tech industries as the main processing trade industry system; the introduction of the development of equipment manufacturing industry, focusing on the introduction of electronic industrial equipment, medical and environmental protection equipment, electrical equipment and other projects; the introduction of industrial support services for the production chain, especially the use of CEPA policy to vigorously introduce Hong Kong's mature industrial support services to invest. It is necessary to provide a source of sustainable development for the localization of processing trade through the continuous introduction of leading projects with high-tech content and high value-addedness.

Targeting key areas for investment. We should continue to carry out in-depth overseas investment activities, and for the key countries and regions for investment, focusing on the world's top 500 and multinational corporations to set up headquarters more concentrated in the country to carry out investment promotion activities, and strive to "go out" once, "bring in" a batch. A batch. Actively cooperate with the Songshan Lake Management Committee, vigorously publicize and promote the investment environment of Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industrial Park, and vigorously attract domestic and foreign large enterprises to establish productive R & D institutions in Songshan Lake, so as to make Songshan Lake become a multinational corporation, the R & D production center of large enterprises. Actively cooperate with the Humen Port Administrative Committee to further utilize the industrial functions of Humen Port, focusing on key industries such as logistics, warehousing, petrochemicals, etc., and focusing on attracting investments from world-class large-scale multinational enterprises, giving full play to the regional advantages of Humen Port, and striving to improve the comprehensive competitiveness and development capacity of Humen Port. In addition, it is also necessary to actively cooperate with the investment promotion work of the eastern industrial park, so that it will become a new growth point of the city's utilization of foreign capital. In short, to further strengthen the foundation of localization of processing trade by continuously attracting foreign investors from key regions to invest.

Vigorously introduce the R&D organizations of large international companies. One of the important features of the localization of processing trade is the localization of R&D institutions. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the organic combination of processing trade production and in-depth research and development, to stabilize and develop processing trade with a strong scientific research base and innovation capacity, so that processing trade enterprises can really take root and develop. To this end, we need to actively introduce R&D-oriented enterprises and R&D institutions of multinational corporations, especially those directly targeting the market for research and development of products, and continuously accelerate the process of localization of processing trade.

Further optimize the business environment and reduce the operating costs of enterprises

Continue to increase the construction of the hard investment environment. On the basis of continuously strengthening the construction of urban commercial supporting facilities and public ****service facilities and improving urban functions, we should further accelerate the construction of port infrastructure and establish a reasonably distributed, functional, efficient and convenient port environment. Continue to accelerate the construction and transformation of road transportation facilities, and completely solve the transportation "bottleneck" problem. In order to adapt to the processing trade enterprises "zero inventory" needs, to strive for the establishment of a number of logistics bonded area, and vigorously assist qualified processing trade enterprises to set up internal bonded warehouse. For small and medium-sized processing trade enterprises, through the distribution of municipal integrated logistics bonded warehouse to reduce enterprise costs. By further optimizing the hard investment environment, we should strive to lay a solid material foundation for the localization of processing trade.

Actively promote processing trade enterprises to carry out domestic sales business. Encourage and guide processing trade enterprises to carry out domestic sales business, local procurement, supporting and sales services, improve the local matching rate and local procurement, expanding the domestic market share, which is one of the processing trade enterprises to seek greater and faster development of one of the important measures, but also the localization of processing trade entry point. The city's processing trade enterprises to carry out domestic sales business requirements are very strong, but also affected by more factors. To this end, we have to take a series of measures to create a relaxed domestic sales environment and smooth domestic sales channels. First, seriously carry out thematic surveys and research to further clarify, feel the current constraints on processing trade enterprises to carry out domestic sales business policy factors, market factors, psychological factors and other aspects of the situation. Second, continue to increase communication and coordination with customs, taxation and other departments, and strive to eliminate the impact of policy factors on processing trade enterprises to carry out domestic sales business. Third, continue to increase publicity efforts to carry out domestic sales business. On the basis of good investigation and research and communication and coordination work, the relevant policies and operational guidelines in a timely manner to the processing trade enterprises, guiding the processing trade enterprises to use the full, use, use the country's relevant domestic sales policy, and further eliminate foreign sales in the domestic sales of doubts, and actively carry out domestic sales business, expand domestic and foreign markets. To fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the localization of processing trade enterprises by creating a relaxed environment for domestic sales.

Speeding up the promotion of processing trade enterprises network supervision. The traditional processing trade contract management mode is difficult to adapt to the requirements of the enterprise market-oriented production development, has become a constraint on the rapid development of processing trade system bottleneck. Therefore, to achieve a new breakthrough in the reform of the processing trade management mode, vigorously promote the processing trade networking supervision, and strive for the early realization of large and medium-sized enterprises networking supervision services; to use advanced technical means to promote the interaction between the functional departments and enterprises, and improve the level of processing trade management, so that the processing trade management on a scientific, standardized, informatized, and highly efficient track, to provide scientific and technological protection for the localization of processing trade. guarantee.

Further consolidate and improve the industrial support system

Further create a good processing trade industry supporting environment. At present, more than 70% of the city's processing trade enterprises have deep-processing carry-over business, between enterprises, industries between raw materials, parts and finished products are very close to each other, the formation of a very perfect industrial supporting groups. The annual trade volume between the processing trade enterprises exceeded 20 billion U.S. dollars. 2004 processing trade enterprises in the city's deep-processing carry-over business amounted to 29.15 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for the year's import and export of processing trade (including deep-processing carry-over) more than 30% of the total value of the city's deep-processing carry-over business. With the continuous development of exogenous economy, the city's processing trade industry chain continues to improve, extend the processing level is more and more, the depth of processing is deeper and deeper, the processing chain is longer and longer, the technical content of the product and value-added is higher and higher, and has become the city's attraction of foreign investment in the outstanding advantages. To this end, we must continue to increase communication and coordination between departments, and constantly improve the efficiency and customs clearance, and further create a good processing trade industry supporting environment for processing trade enterprises and local enterprises to carry out industrial support to create a favorable atmosphere.

Efforts to create favorable conditions for private enterprises to carry out processing trade. To plan, target, step by step to promote private enterprises for processing trade projects supporting production. To support the private economy in the policy, funding, technology and other aspects of the processing trade business, and actively establish incentives for private enterprises to develop processing trade. Encourage and support science and technology-based, independent intellectual property rights-based private enterprises to enter the industry chain of multinational corporations, and promote the rapid growth of private enterprises in processing trade. Establishment of processing trade enterprises and private enterprises supporting product catalog exchange mechanism, so that processing trade enterprises and private enterprises to understand each other's product matching needs, and promote the processing trade enterprises and the local economy continue to integrate, and constantly improve the level of localization of processing trade.

Actively encourage enterprises to enhance innovation

Actively encourage and strongly support processing trade enterprises and private enterprises to carry out independent technological innovation. If we want to change the situation of relying solely on low value-added manufacturing segments in the international division of labor to promote development, we must first vigorously promote enterprises to carry out independent technological innovation, and encourage enterprises to continuously increase their investment in research and development and design, so as to continuously improve the technological level of the processing trade and the level of technology. To this end, we must actively encourage and support processing trade enterprises and private enterprises to carry out independent technological innovation. In the past two years, our city has promulgated the Opinions of the C*** Dongguan Municipal Committee and Dongguan Municipal People's Government on Cultivating and Developing Enterprises with Own Brands and Own Technologies (Dongcheng Fa [2004] No. 21) and Implementing Rules for Cultivating and Developing Enterprises with Own Technologies in Dongguan (Dongfu [2005] No. 41), which have created a favorable policy environment for the processing trade enterprises and private enterprises to carry out independent technological innovations. We should take multi-channel, multi-level, all-round publicity means to publicize the relevant policies, guide processing trade enterprises and private enterprises to make good use of the policies, continuously enhance their awareness of technological innovation, assist them to establish and improve the organizational structure of technological development and intellectual property rights management system, and prompt them to continuously develop leading products with independent intellectual property rights, increase the market share and competitiveness of leading products, and make them become an important force for the transformation and upgrading of processing trade. An important force in the transformation and upgrading of processing trade. At the same time, we should select a group of private enterprises with strength and expansion capacity as the main carrier, strengthen joint ventures and cooperation with leading foreign-funded enterprises and their supporting enterprises, so that they can further enhance their independent innovation capacity through continuous digestion and absorption, thus fostering a large number of private enterprises with their own brands and technologies, and making them an important force in promoting the localization of processing trade.

Encourage enterprises to set up R&D organizations. Encourage larger-scale high-tech enterprises, private science and technology enterprises, key foreign-invested enterprises to establish R & D institutions. Actively guide enterprises to take the form of joint development, commissioned R & D, *** build technology development base, the development of key technologies with independent intellectual property rights, the formation of their own well-known brands. Encourage enterprises to undertake national, provincial and municipal science and technology development plan projects, through fund support, venture capital, loan subsidies and other ways to support enterprises to carry out technological innovation activities. Through the positive interaction between enterprises, government and enterprises, and strive to create a processing trade localization "win-win" situation.

Promote the cooperation between industry, academia and research. Encourage enterprises to cooperate with institutions of higher learning, research institutes, support enterprises to form various forms of strategic alliances, the establishment of the enterprise as the core, the mechanism of close cooperation between industry, academia and research. Guide scientific and technological personnel around the city's industrial development constraints on the key problems of science and technology research, so that scientific research topics from production practice, scientific research results applied to production practice, and constantly promote the transformation of scientific research results. Strengthen the construction of various types of scientific and technological achievements transformation base, to attract more domestic and foreign scientific and technological achievements in our city. To promote cooperation between industry, academia and research through the promotion of cooperation between industry, academia and research to become a catalyst for the localization of processing trade.

Encourage private enterprises to develop processing trade

Encourage private enterprises to enter into joint ventures and cooperation with foreign-funded enterprises. Private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises joint ventures, cooperation is an important way for private enterprises to become bigger and stronger, but also a shortcut for private enterprises to obtain technology, brand. With the growing strength of the city's private economy and the increasingly fierce market competition, some private enterprises have realized the importance of joint ventures and cooperation with foreign enterprises to participate in international competition. And some foreign-funded enterprises that want to occupy the domestic market at the fastest speed also want to find domestic partners with strength. To this end, we need to formulate appropriate preferential measures to vigorously encourage private enterprises with competitive advantages and foreign-funded enterprises joint ventures, cooperation, the formation of a number of cross-region, cross-industry, diversified enterprise groups, so that these private enterprises to become an important promoter of the localization of processing trade enterprises.

Actively implement the "government stage, enterprises sing" strategy to encourage advantageous products "go out". Processing trade localization of one of the ultimate goal is to make local enterprises continue to grow stronger, and make more local enterprises "go out". To this end, we should be national, provincial and municipal policies and regulations on overseas investment, operational procedures, support measures, etc., the use of a variety of media, a variety of forms of extensive publicity, the formation of the whole society to advocate "going out" atmosphere. To make full use of the current support policies, such as science and technology trade special funds funds, enterprises to open up international markets, such as funds, and actively assist qualified enterprises to apply for various support funds to lead the way, mobilize enterprises to "go out" enthusiasm. At present, the city's Humen clothing, Dalang woolen, Houjie furniture, etc. have a certain competitive advantage, and in the international community has a certain degree of visibility. To this end, we must vigorously implement the "government stage, enterprises sing" strategy, and actively utilize platforms such as the "Canton Fair" to encourage advantageous products "to go out", so that it becomes a "local enterprises" to go out. Local enterprises to "go out" of the leader.

Establishing a scientific and reasonable mechanism for the introduction and training of talents

Optimizing and integrating the resources of educational facilities. To build a number of professional vocational and technical schools, in accordance with the current industrial demand and the future direction of industrial restructuring, to speed up the introduction and cultivation of processing trade enterprises need all kinds of intermediate and senior professional and technical personnel, the establishment of a perfect supply chain of talents for processing trade enterprises, in order to lay a good foundation of talents for the localization of processing trade.

Further improve the system. To continue to implement the city's introduction of talent policies and regulations, in accordance with the needs to create a platform for the introduction of talent at home and abroad, and strive to introduce a wealth of professional and technical personnel for large enterprises and R & D institutions (departments), so as to promote the localization of the processing trade continues to develop to a high degree and depth.

Guiding foreign employees to become talented in their positions. To cultivate foreign employees into modern industrial workers and the construction of modern manufacturing city of vital force, the organization of foreign employees for technical operation, technology research and other labor competitions and mass economic innovation activities, promote the majority of foreign employees to learn technology, drilling technology, and constantly enhance the ability to innovate, competitiveness and entrepreneurial ability. To guide the foreign workers to become talented, so that foreign workers become the localization of processing trade force.