What is the greatest feature of ancient humanism in China?

A: The bourgeois world outlook formed during the Renaissance is called humanism.

(1) Humanism and the Theocracy of the Church. The church regarded God as the supreme authority and deified feudal rule. Humanism advocates "man"

Advocate people-oriented and oppose the absolute authority of God.

Humanism opposes theocracy with human nature, affirms the value and strength of human beings, opposes the theocracy of the church, opposes asceticism with individual liberation and personal happiness, and emphasizes that happiness lies in this life and not in the afterlife.

(3) Oppose the obscurantism of the church with reason. Politically speaking, humanism supports centralization and opposes feudal separatism, because strong kingship is conducive to restraining feudal forces and protecting the unified domestic market and foreign predatory activities. □ What is "three unifications"? A: The "three unifications" in drama creation is an important principle of classical literature, that is, the three unifications of time, place and action in a script can only limit the same event, and the event takes place in the same place, and the time contained in the plot can only be within 24 hours. How to understand the image of losing her husband in hypocrite? A: Moliere exposed the evil intention and serious harm of a liar, A Diefu, in "The Hypocrite". A Diefu is a liar who uses religious means to carry out criminal activities. He is mean and heartless at heart, but he is eloquent and skillful in handling it. He sneaked into Olgun's home by hypocritical means, with the purpose of defrauding the benefactor's wife and daughter, seizing other people's property and putting on a coat for his despicable behavior. He can get out of the corner and complain. When everything was exposed and he could no longer lie, he wanted to kill the benefactor. □ What is sentimentalism?

A: Sentimentalism first appeared in Britain in the second half of the18th century, and its name came from Sting's novel A Sentimental Journey. Sentimentalist writers regard realistic contradiction as the evil of rational society, so they hold a negative attitude towards rationality. In their works, they criticized the sins of the nobility and the big bourgeoisie and sympathized with the situation of the lower class. In art, we attach importance to the power of emotion, trying to arouse readers' sympathy for the protagonist and achieve the author's creative intention. Sentimentalist writers pay attention to describing the images of civilians, creating new novel forms such as diary and travel notes, which bring new factors to European literature.

□

A: The anti-feudal spirit of the German Enlightenment developed to a more intense degree in the national literary movement "sturm und drang" which took place in the middle and late17th century. Klinger's play "Charge" prominently represents the spirit of this literary trend of thought, so people use it to name this movement. The wave movement is the climax of an anti-feudal struggle in the history of German literature, an unprecedented period of prosperity, but its resistance is spontaneous. The theorist and spiritual leader of hurricane movement is Herder. Among the many writers who appeared during the hurricane movement, Goethe and Schiller in their youth were the most important representatives. Goethe's Iron Knight Goethe and young werther, Schiller's Robber and Conspiracy and Love are the most outstanding works in this movement. □ What is a "Byronic hero"? A: The protagonists in Byron's oriental narrative poems are arrogant, lonely and stubborn rebels. They were incompatible with the evil society and resisted the feudal tyrant's rule unyieldingly, but they also had obvious individualistic characteristics. They rebelled against society for personal reasons, pursued personal freedom, had no clear purpose of struggle, and finally ended in tragedy. Byron showed his uncompromising resistance to society through their struggle, and also reflected his melancholy, loneliness and hesitation. These images have the author's own thoughts and personality characteristics, and are also called "Byronic heroes". □ What is aestheticism? A:/kloc-In the late 9th century, aestheticism represented by Wilde appeared in Britain. Aestheticism holds that life is not higher than art, but art is higher than life. Only artistic beauty has eternal value. Opposing writers should have any utilitarian purpose, thinking that artists should be completely free and not bound by moral standards. What do you think of Julien's red and black image? A: Red and Black tells the story of the personal struggle of Julien, a civilian youth during the reign of Charles X. Julien, the youngest son of a carpenter from other provinces in France, worshipped Napoleon since childhood, was dissatisfied with his humble social status, and was bent on making a fortune, but finally failed to realize his hope of getting ahead and went to the guillotine.

Judging from the whole work, although Julian's resistance was influenced by free thought, his ideological basis was individualism. He opposed hierarchical repression, sought a personal way out, and sometimes had a sense of justice, but he was never a revolutionary. He didn't have a clear revolutionary goal and didn't ask to overthrow the feudal dynasty. Therefore, martel said, "He is not a wolf, but a wolf's shadow." He hated the hypocrisy and meanness of nobles and priests, but he envied their status and generous treatment. He wanted to achieve something in his official career, but he was born at a bad time and had to succumb to feudal forces, thus forming his contradictory character of resistance and compromise, enthusiasm and hypocrisy. His resistance and compromise were all out of personal motives. When he was under pressure, his resistance prevailed. When he thought it would be good for him to climb up, or the ruling class was willing to flatter him, he gave in. Julien's image reflects the vacillating attitude of petty bourgeoisie in the restoration period. It has a high typical significance. As Stendhal pointed out, there were "200,000 French companies" at that time.

A: Stendhal thinks that writing a character should not only describe his portrait and behavior, but also describe his psychology. His novels are good at describing the psychological activities of characters in detail according to their social status and living environment. And portray their character by showing their inner world. This is one of the characteristics of Stendhal's realistic style. This feature is particularly prominent in Red and Black, which plays an important role in depicting contradictory and complicated characters. For example, this novel is written in series, and he is opposed to being a tutor. He said to his father, "I don't want to be a slave." "If I eat at the same table as a slave, I would rather die." He wanted to run away to be a soldier, but he reluctantly agreed, thinking that he would lose his good position as a priest if he ran away. This psychological description shows his contradictory character of resistance and compromise and his determination to climb up. For another example, describing Lian's love relationship with Martell, his psychological activities are very complicated, including the pride and vanity of civilians, the joy of falling in love and the pain of falling out of love. Before the novel was written, he was first happy, then suspicious, and finally thought of defending his honor. In this process, there are emotional excitement and calm thinking arrangements, and the psychological description is very detailed, which shows that it is not reckless to be honed by the seminary. His character has been developed, and Stendhal, with his exquisite psychological description art, makes the characters plump and lifelike, which has a great influence on the literary creation of later writers. □ What is the feminist movement?

The feminist movement, as its name implies, is a movement for women to pursue their own rights and protect their own interests.

The development of feminist movement has a long history. With the gradual loosening of the shackles of European feudal social culture on human spirit, the western feminist movement began to sprout.

The original intention of feminists is that nature, law and creator are fair to people, whether they are men or women. Women enjoy the same rights as men in life, freedom and pursuit of happiness.

Britain is the birthplace of feminist movement. Known as a paradise for women, it advocates the gentlemanly demeanor of "women first" and respects order.

The development of feminist movement closely follows the process of human industrial revolution, and every industrial revolution brings about the leap-forward development of feminist movement. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the first industrial revolution brought the seeds of feminist movement.

1869 American women's voting rights association was established. At the beginning of the 20th century, during the second industrial revolution, the feminist movement spread widely in Europe and America. After 1970s, the new feminist movement spread from the United States to Europe, Canada, Japan and other countries. The United Nations declared 1975 as the International Women's Year.

Every definition of feminism points out that feminism is committed to launching a social change. Although there are differences in the scope of application, feminism usually regards gender relations and gender structure as a social structure. This implies a theoretical assumption that gender relations can be changed, and it is not innate. Feminism also implies a political ambition, that is, to change the male-dominated situation in society and eliminate the phenomenon of belittling women and women's work, which is a more or less characteristic of all known societies from ancient times to the present.

Women's liberation should be multi-angle and all-round liberation. Previous theories of women's liberation, whether it is "the theory of human freedom"

, or "theory of class revolution" or "theory of men and women revolution"

, can not fully reflect the connotation of women's liberation, and will eventually lead to "the destruction of the revolution."

Women's liberation in the true sense should include four meanings. First of all,

The liberation of women is the liberation of people, which is the strategic significance of women's liberation; Second,

Achieve gender equality. Its basic spirit is that men and women are equal before various rights, obligations and opportunities in political, economic, cultural and family social life; Third,

Women's own liberation. Realize the awakening of self-awareness and self-worth, and find the most suitable goal and orientation;

Fourth, achieve harmonious development between the two sexes. On the premise of acknowledging gender differences, we should absorb each other's advantages, abandon our own weaknesses that are not suitable for social development, narrow gender differences, understand and support each other, and establish a sense of equality and cooperation, so that they can all exert their potential, realize their own values and create a beautiful and harmonious human society.