Policy orientation of agricultural financial funds

Agricultural public finance funds refer to the investment of state finance in the production, management and maintenance of public products such as public facilities and public services. Distinguishing the input of agricultural private products and public products embodies the requirement of efficiency principle. Agricultural private products are mainly invested by agricultural producers and operators themselves, and the state only gives guidance and help. According to the principle of public finance, we will gradually introduce the competitive field of agricultural private product supply, concentrate agricultural financial funds mainly on the production and management of agricultural pure public products, and concentrate financial resources on agricultural public capital projects to improve the efficiency of public resource allocation.

The policy orientation of agricultural public finance investment is that the central and local governments will pay all the expenses of pure agricultural public goods free of charge, mainly including the policy of paying for agricultural public facilities and the policy of paying for agricultural public services. This part of fiscal expenditure should be relatively stable in the long run. It is necessary to reasonably determine the business expenditure of agricultural institutions, the maintenance expenditure of agricultural public facilities, the annual new public facilities expenditure and public service expenditure, and maintain a certain degree of growth on the basis of maintaining stability and according to the needs of agricultural development. For the expenditure of pure agricultural products, the central and local governments and local governments at all levels should clearly divide the powers and responsibilities, restore the perfect intergovernmental financial transfer payment system, and ensure that the supply of local agricultural products at different levels of economic development reaches the general level. At present, the items listed as agricultural public finance expenditure in China include the following contents.

(1) Pure business expenses of agricultural sector. For example, the expenditure of agricultural public administration and institutions to provide management services. This part is basically consistent with the current financial system, that is, the administrative funds used by governments at or above the township level for agricultural management are paid by the funds in the national budgets at all levels, and the financial gap of local governments in poverty-stricken areas is compensated by higher-level governments in accordance with the provisions of transfer payment.

(2) Expenditure on the construction of agricultural public facilities. Such as large-scale agricultural public facilities (power grid, roads, other modes of transportation, markets, ports, communications, meteorology, etc.). ). This part is mainly all kinds of infrastructure enjoyed by residents of not only one village, including roads and highways connecting villages, and regional irrigation and water conservancy facilities covering more than one village.

(3) Rural education expenditure. Enjoying education is the basic right of every citizen, so the education system is the basic public product of the whole country. Rural education should be completely socialized, not community-oriented, just like the urban education system. The capital construction expenses and business expenses of rural primary and secondary schools should be allocated from the financial budget, and should not be directly borne by farmers, because urban residents do not directly bear the education expenses.

(4) Expenditure on scientific research funds and scientific research extension services of agricultural public projects. It mainly includes research, pest control, promotion and consulting services, inspection services, marketing and promotion services. Agricultural regulatory fiscal expenditure refers to the fiscal expenditure used for agricultural macro-control such as agricultural structure adjustment, guiding farmers' behavior and buffering market shocks. Like other industries, under the condition of market economy, agricultural macro-control is the general requirement of economic development, which embodies the principle of stability. The policy orientation of agricultural macro-control fiscal expenditure is to adopt financial subsidies or set up stable funds.

Macro-control under the condition of market economy is a kind of control carried out by the government according to the market mechanism to allocate resources. By using a certain amount of financial funds and its multiplier effect, the government influences and intervenes in the behavior of the private sector, thus mobilizing a large number of economic resources to be allocated according to the predetermined goals, so as to maintain the balance of economic aggregate, the stability of prices and the sustained growth of income. The remarkable feature of this process is to use a small amount of funds to drive the transfer of a large amount of funds. To achieve this effect, it is not ideal to adopt the method of full financial payment. First, the amount of state financial funds is limited; Second, this method can't change the marginal cost or marginal income of the regulated object, so it can't drive a large number of economic resources to flow. However, the use of financial subsidies can achieve this goal. In addition, when the market is impacted by the outside world, the establishment of stabilization fund is an effective way to stabilize the market. The source of funds for the stabilization fund can be mainly state financial funds, and investment funds can be established by issuing bonds or other securities. There is a special fund management department to manage the use and investment of funds. When agricultural production is impacted by the outside world or the agricultural product market is impacted by the outside world, the fund can be used to invest in agricultural production or intervene in the agricultural product market in the opposite direction to achieve the goal of stabilizing agriculture.

Agricultural financial subsidy policies include: ① agricultural natural resources utilization-oriented subsidies; ② Subsidies for adjustment of agricultural production structure; ③ Subsidies for structural adjustment of agricultural products; ④ Subsidies for farmers' technical guidance in production; (5) Policy preference for agricultural production and purchase and sale credit; ⑥ Regional development assistance plan, etc. The agricultural stabilization fund includes: ① the main agricultural products supply security reserve fund; ② Domestic food aid fund; ③ Agricultural natural disaster relief fund, etc.

The total amount and timing of investment in agricultural supervision funds should be determined according to agricultural development goals and agricultural market disturbances. The government should conduct real-time detection of agricultural development, natural disasters and market supply and demand structure, and predict possible fluctuations. The most effective way is to use modern equipment and information network to establish a complete early warning system for agricultural production and agricultural products market, to detect agricultural production and market conditions and to warn of possible fluctuations, so as to reverse the disturbing factors of agricultural production and achieve the goal of stable, sustained and rapid development of agriculture. Agricultural protective financial fund refers to the financial expenditure used to support and protect agricultural industry, which embodies the principle of fairness. Supporting and protecting agriculture is determined by the characteristics of agriculture itself. The externality and weakness of agricultural industry require the government to internalize the huge positive externality of agriculture (in terms of this feature, agriculture itself is a public product) to make up for the deficiency of this market mechanism, so as to realize the coordinated development of the national economy and the optimization of the interests of the whole society. On the one hand, due to the externalities of agricultural industry (such as providing good ecological landscape and beautiful natural environment, etc. ), agricultural investment will not only benefit investors themselves, but also spill over to other regions, departments and industries. In the case that property rights are difficult to define, it is impossible to charge and compensate for spillover income, thus reducing the motivation of private sector to invest in agriculture. If agricultural protective subsidies are used to correct this market failure, the level of agricultural development can reach the optimal level of society. On the other hand, due to the weakness and high risk of agriculture, the general profit level of agriculture is lower than that of other industries, which also causes the private investment level and development level of agriculture to be lower than the optimal level of social development. This also requires financial subsidies to stimulate private investment in agriculture and increase the income of agricultural investors.

It is a common practice in all countries of the world to support and protect agriculture through financial means. Under the framework of WTO, the government is allowed to implement certain protection and support policies for agricultural development, mainly including partial direct payment to farmers, government subsidies in income insurance and income safety net plans, payments under environmental protection plans and payments under regional development assistance plans. Micro-support standards can also be used to support agriculture.

The policy orientation of agricultural protective investment is to provide protective subsidies and a certain amount of transfer payments to agriculture. Agricultural protection subsidy policies include: ① special family income support subsidies; ② Subsidies for agricultural production protection; ③ Agricultural insurance subsidies; ④ Eco-agricultural subsidies; (5) Subsidy policy for income insurance and income safety net plan; 6. Other subsidies that do not exceed the micro-support standards. Agricultural transfer payment mainly includes financial poverty alleviation expenditure and regional agricultural development support expenditure.

Agricultural protective fiscal expenditure should be based on the long-term goal of protecting agriculture, determine the level of agricultural protective subsidies, and calculate the amount of agricultural protective subsidies in each period. The transfer payment for regional development and poverty alleviation should be based on the long-term development and poverty alleviation strategy, targeting the poor population and implementing a flexible transfer payment system according to the degree of economic prosperity.

Wu Weijin, Liang Yiping, Liang Shuang, etc. Agricultural economics [M]. Changsha: Hunan People's Publishing House, 1999: 209)

The above information is selected from the internal reference materials of the undergraduate course of "Agricultural Economics" of South China Agricultural University.