Han customs

Han people have traditionally believed in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and have much respect for Taoism and Buddhism on the social basis of Confucian culture! Unfortunately, however, under the impact of western culture in modern times, people's utilitarian thoughts have gradually occupied the mainstream form, while China's traditional culture and religion have gradually declined, and people have many beliefs in western religions such as Christianity and Catholicism.

2. Architectural form:

Due to the vast distribution area of Han nationality, its traditional folk houses have different styles due to different regions. Most of the traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the North China Plain are brick-and-wood bungalows, and most of the courtyards are quadrangles, represented by Beijing quadrangles. The traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the northeast are basically similar to those in North China, but the difference lies in the walls and roofs. The houses here are generally thick, mainly to keep warm. Han people living in northern Shaanxi dig caves to build houses according to the characteristics of thick soil layer and low groundwater level in the Loess Plateau. Caves are not only warm in winter and cool in summer, but also do not occupy cultivated land. The traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the south are mainly wooden structures, which pay attention to the eaves and pavilions and the structure of law. Due to the different customs and natural conditions in southern China, the layout of residential buildings is also different. For example, buildings in hilly areas are built on mountains, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang water towns pay attention to the front street and the back river. The earth buildings in Fujian are big and beautiful, while the pavilions in Suzhou are small and beautiful.

Regardless of the Han nationality in the south or the north, the traditional folk houses are characterized by sitting north facing south and paying attention to indoor lighting; Wood beam bearing, brick, stone, soil wall; Focusing on the main hall, he is good at carving beams and painting buildings, decorating roofs and cornices.

3. Diet:

theme

The staple food of Han nationality is rice and wheat, supplemented by vegetables, meat and bean products. Tea and wine are traditional drinks of the Han nationality. The main way to eat rice is rice, as well as porridge, rice noodles, rice cakes, glutinous rice balls, zongzi, rice cakes and other foods. Wheat is eaten with steamed bread, noodles, flower rolls, steamed stuffed buns, jiaozi, wonton, fried dough sticks, spring rolls, fried cakes and pancakes. Han people pay attention to and are good at cooking. Han people in different regions have formed different local flavors through cooking methods such as frying, roasting, frying, boiling, steaming, roasting and cold salad. Chinese cuisine is generally divided into eight major cuisines: Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Hunan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu.

tea

Wine and tea are two main drinks of Han nationality. China is the hometown of tea, and China is one of the first countries in the world to invent brewing technology. Wine culture and tea culture have a long history in China. For thousands of years, they have become an indispensable part of the Han people's dietary customs and have had a wide influence in the world.

It is said that Han people began to drink tea in Shennong era, with a history of at least 4,700 years. Until now, Han compatriots in China still have the custom of replacing wine with tea. Han people have various methods of making tea: smoked bean tea in Taihu Lake, scented tea in Suzhou, ginger tea in Hunan, Gaiwan tea in Chengdu, frozen top tea in Taiwan Province Province, Longjing tea in Hangzhou, oolong tea in Fujian and so on.

The basic diet structure of Han nationality is based on food crops and various animal foods and vegetables as non-staple foods. This is in sharp contrast with the diet structure of ethnic groups in western China, Tibetans and Mongolians. In addition, the habit of eating three meals a day has been formed in the long-term national development. The collocation of staple food, dishes and drinks in three meals a day not only has certain similarity, but also forms a series of specific characteristics due to different geographical and climatic environment, economic development level, production and living conditions and other reasons.

Tea culture is very important in the life of the Han nationality. Tea has always been used as a tribute to the king of Wu. In the late primitive commune, tea became a commodity exchange. During the Warring States period, tea had a certain scale. Tea was recorded in the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period. For another example, in the Han Dynasty, tea became a special tonic for Buddhist meditation. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was an atmosphere of drinking tea. During the Sui Dynasty, the whole people generally drank tea. In the Tang Dynasty, the tea industry flourished, and tea became "indispensable to others". Teahouses, tea banquets and tea parties appeared one after another to encourage guests to worship tea. In Song Dynasty, fighting tea, tribute tea and gift tea were popular.

Han people have various methods of making tea: smoked bean tea in Taihu Lake, scented tea in Suzhou, ginger tea in Hunan, Gaiwan tea in Chengdu, frozen top tea in Taiwan Province Province, Longjing tea in Hangzhou, oolong tea in Fujian and so on.

The basic diet structure of Han nationality is based on food crops and various animal foods and vegetables as non-staple foods. This is in sharp contrast with the diet structure of ethnic groups in western China, Tibetans and Mongolians. In addition, the habit of eating three meals a day has been formed in the long-term national development. The collocation of staple food, dishes and drinks in three meals a day not only has certain similarity, but also forms a series of specific characteristics due to different geographical and climatic environment, economic development level, production and living conditions and other reasons.

wine

Rice wine, also known as fermented grains and sweet wine. In the old society, it was called "Yi". Brewed with glutinous rice, it is a traditional specialty wine of Han nationality.

Wine is not only a drink that can meet the physiological needs of refreshing, relieving fatigue and medical treatment, but also an important cultural medium, which plays an important role in the long-term diet culture of the Han nationality. In feudal society, it is an indispensable and important offering for offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors, and it plays a media role in this ceremony. In the important festivals of the Han nationality, wine is an indispensable necessity. There is a saying in the Han nationality that no table can be served without wine. Wine can add fun and increase the atmosphere of joy. Up to now, activities such as "guessing boxing", "drinking wine" and "qu" are very popular in many areas, which are not only a drinking custom, but also a kind of national entertainment and folk wisdom. They have many functions, such as activating the atmosphere, eliminating the power of alcohol, showing and exercising intelligence. Some drinking activities have formed unique cultural customs, such as drinking Tu Su wine on New Year's Eve, drinking realgar wine on Dragon Boat Festival and drinking chrysanthemum wine on Double Ninth Festival, which are widely circulated among the Han people and are still praised by people today. Wine is a medium for Han people to convey their feelings and strengthen their ties in daily life and various social activities. In many areas of the Han nationality, girls should drink the wine of other relatives before they get married and leave, and the bride and groom should toast when they enter the bridal chamber. All these drinking customs are an integral part of Han people's past and present dietary habits.

Holiday food

Festival food is rich and colorful. It often skillfully combines rich nutrition, pleasing artistic forms and profound cultural connotations to become a typical festival food culture. It can be roughly divided into three categories:

One is as a sacrifice. In ancient times, it occupied an important position in special ceremonies such as sacrifices and celebrations of courts, officials, clans and families. In most areas of contemporary Han nationality, this phenomenon has long since ended, and only in a few remote areas or on certain occasions, there are still some symbolic activities left.

The second is the specific food that people eat in festivals. This is the mainstream of holiday food and eating customs. For example, on New Year's Eve, every household in the north has the habit of wrapping jiaozi, while the custom of playing and eating rice cakes prevails in all parts of the south of the Yangtze River. In addition, fish is often indispensable in Chinese New Year family banquets in many areas of Han nationality, symbolizing "more than one year". The custom of eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival has been circulating for thousands of years. Moon cakes in Mid-Autumn Festival contain blessings for family reunion and human harmony. Others, such as spring cakes and spring rolls eaten in early spring, Yuanxiao on the fifteenth day of the first month, Laba porridge and cold food at the Cold Food Festival on the eighth day of the twelfth month, eating pig's head, eating broad beans and tasting new grains on the second day of the twelfth month, toasting at wedding celebrations, and birthday peaches, peaches and cakes at birthday banquets, are all special food and eating customs with special connotations.

Beliefs and taboos in diet

Most Han people avoid eating raw food on the first, second and third days of the first month, that is, the food on the first day of the New Year's Day is much more cooked than before the old calendar year, and it only takes three days to return to the pot. I think it's ripe and smooth, but my life is reverse. Therefore, in some places, everything is ready before the Spring Festival, and there is a saying that the knife can't be cut for three days. For another example, in some areas of Henan, the third day of the first month is Xiaomi's birthday, and rice is not eaten on this day, otherwise it will lead to millet production reduction; In the past, women had many dietary taboos during childbirth. For example, women in many areas of the Han nationality do not eat rabbit meat during pregnancy, and think that children who eat rabbit meat will have rabbit lips; In other places, it is forbidden to eat fresh ginger, because fresh ginger has many fingers, so as to prevent children from growing six fingers on their hands and feet. In the past, most childless women of Han nationality avoided eating dog meat, thinking that it was unclean and easy to cause dystocia.

4. Folk costumes

Hanfu is one of the oldest national costumes in the world, which lasted from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Shen Jia era (1644). 1644 After the Qing army entered the customs, a highly centralized government with Manchu as the core was established. The Manchu rulers ordered the whole country to shave and change clothes, which caused national anger, dissatisfaction and armed resistance. Then Manchu carried out bloody towns and towns, slaughtered by force, and Hanfu gradually died out.