What economic and historical event occurred in the United States in the 1960s and what were its main elements?

Conservative Social Movements in the United States since 1960 The social movement of conservatism refers to the movement of conservative thinkers out of their ivory towers and into society to expand the influence of conservative ideas socially and politically by directing and establishing political and religious organizations, interest groups/political action committees, foundations, and repositories of ideas. This social movement is broad in scope, involving economic/fiscal conservatism, social/cultural conservatism, federalism, free will, etc., the most important of which are the social/cultural conservatism movements, mainly the "New Right" and the "Religious Right" movements. Although the Religious Right is closely related to the New Right, it is more theological than the New Right because its leaders are mainly preachers of various denominations, both Evangelical and Protestant fundamentalist, and both Catholic and Jewish orthodox. In addition, the "New Right" and the "Religious Right" lived in different eras, with the "New Right" mainly active in the 1970s and 1980s, while the "Religious Right" was more active in the 1980s and 1990s and the present time of the 21st century. Just as the "Old Right" of the 1940s and 1950s was the antithesis of the "Old Left" of the 1930s, the "New Right" of the 1970s and 1980s was the antithesis of the "New Left" of the 1960s. The antagonism between the "Old Right" and the "Old Left" was mainly due to economic problems, while the differences between the "New Right" and the "New Left" were caused by a series of social and cultural problems. The New Right had been conceived in the 1960s, but it only emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, and its influence on society and politics lagged behind that of the New Left. Beginning with the Students for Democratic Society (SDS), an organization founded on campuses in 1962, the "New Left" launched vigorous social movements in the 1960s, such as the Civil Rights Movement, the Feminist Movement, the Anti-War Movement, the Counterculture Movement, and the Sexual Liberation Movement, and their criticisms of society and the development of these movements prompted the Democratic Party-controlled Congress to pass a law in the 1970s and 1980s. Their criticism of society and the development of these movements led to the passage of a series of history-changing laws by the Democratic-controlled Congress, such as the Civil Rights Act and the War Powers Act; the presidential candidates they supported, Hubert Humphrey and George McGovern, won the Democratic nomination in the 1968 and 1972 elections, respectively, but their influence waned after the 1970s. The right-wing student organization Young Americans for Freedom (YAF), founded on campuses in 1960 under the guidance of conservative thinkers such as William F. Buckley, Jr., did not disintegrate until the 1980s; most of its students came from **** and party families, and were not pleased that **** and the party had become tainted with liberalism, believing that **** and the party were not the same as the party. The students of this organization, most of whom came from **** and Party families, were unimpressed by the liberalism of **** and the Party, which they saw as failing to "conserve" the freedoms, traditions, and order espoused by classical liberalism, and the centralized system of government in Washington, D.C., which was the result of the excesses of Democrat liberalism, and of the expansion of governmental functions that gave freedoms to one group of people while taking freedoms away from another, such as the new coercive racial integration in the South, affirmative action, and so on. This organization trained many cadres for the New Right conservative movement in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the core leaders of the New Right: Richard Viguerie, who was the first executive director of the YAF and became an expert in direct mail fundraising for the conservative political movement; Howard Phillips, a veteran of the YAF, founded the Conservative Caucus; and conservative activist Paul Weyrich launched the "Christian Right" conservative movement. The conservative activist Paul Weyrich launched the "Christian Right" conservative movement. It is generally believed that the "New Right" and the "Religious Right" operate through four types of organizations: (1) Political Action Committees (PACs). Political action committees (PACs) are political organizations of interest groups that make contributions to candidates running for public office, and their activities are mainly fund-raising and donations; their purpose is to help conservatives enter the leadership and thus make them sympathetic to conservative ideas, e.g., the Committee for the Survival of a Free Congress was established in 1974 under the leadership of Weyrich to help conservatives get elected to Congress; and the Committee for the Survival of the Conservative Caucus was established under the leadership of Phillips in 1975. In 1975, the Conservative Caucus was established under the leadership of Phillips, which operates mainly at the grassroots level, with chapters in every congressional district in the country and about 300,000 members; in 1974, the National Conservative Political Action Committee was established under the leadership of Terry Dolan, which has become the largest conservative political action committee in the United States. (ii) Single-issue interest groups. The National Right to Life Committee, which opposes abortion, claims 10 million members; the National Right to Work Committee, which advocates the elimination of the minimum wage law, claims 1.5 million donors; the National Taxpayers Union, which opposes high taxes, has 450,000 members, and is said to be the nation's oldest and largest taxpayers' organization; and the Gun Owners of America, which opposes gun control, also has 1.86 million members. (iii) Religious organizations. Religious conservative groups that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s had a growing influence on politics, starting with Robert F. Grant's Voice of Christians, founded in 1978; the Religious Roundtable, founded by Edward McAteer and the Reverend James Robinson in 1979; the National Coalition for Christian Action (NCCA), founded by Robert B. Billings; and the Moral Majority, founded by Jerry Fowell in 1979, which was the most powerful of the Moral Majorities, with 400,000 members. The most powerful of these is the Moral Majority, with 400,000 members, 60,000 pastors, chapters in every state in the country, and an annual budget of more than $6 million; and then there is Pat Robertson's Religious Right, which claimed to have caused the defeat of twelve liberal Democratic legislators in the 1980 elections, and which claimed credit for the 1994 regaining of congressional leadership by the **** and the party. In fact, the "religious right" has grown and now has 1.7 million members. Since 1992, it has become a major force within the **** and the party; in some states (e.g., Alaska and Minnesota), branches of the Religious Right, the Evangelical Christian and Right to Life Movements, have de facto taken control of the state **** and the party organization. These more political religious groups have been active in the last three presidential nominating processes. Like most interest groups, religious groups have adopted new technologies for their political activities, such as telephone banks, facsimiles, satellite television, electronic bulletins, radio addresses, and direct mail." The Religious Right, which publishes its ratings of members of Congress on issues every two years, is most concerned with family morality, and therefore opposes any proposals on abortion, same-sex families, etc. The Religious Right is also a major political organization, with a large number of members who are not members of Congress. （In 1973, Paul Weyrich founded the Heritage Foundation, a think tank for the New Right. Until the 1980s, the Heritage Foundation seldom went beyond the activities of the conservative wing of the **** and Party, and thus was not very visible; after the 1980s, with the Reagan administration, the Heritage Foundation's scope of activities gradually expanded, and it now focuses on domestic and foreign affairs, as well as economic and social issues. The Heritage Foundation's influence on policy has been especially obvious since the 1990s. In 1994, the new members of the House of Representatives did not go to Harvard University to listen to reports on legislation, but went to the Heritage Foundation instead, which reflected the influence of the new right on the House of Representatives and the Party. Since George W. Bush Jr. took office, the influence of the Heritage Foundation has greatly increased, and many of the nominations for the Bush cabinet were recommended by the Heritage Foundation's talent pool. The main publications of the New Right include Conservative Digest, a monthly magazine founded by Viguerie in 1975, which has now become the organ of the New Right. In addition, many New Right organizations have their own publications, such as the Heritage Foundation's quarterly Policy Review and Heritage Today. In contrast to the conservative ideological movements of the 1940s and 1950s, the social movements of the New Right and the Religious Right are rightist and pacifist, and their impact has been far-reaching and enormous, as shown in the following aspects: (a) their organizations have continued to grow, and the number of self-proclaimed conservatives in the American society has steadily increased, and in 1993 it was almost equal to the number of self-proclaimed moderates (40%). The influence of the Religious Right has been so strong in the South and the Midwest that these areas have come to be known as the "Bible Belt"; (b) its growing influence on the **** and the party, with conservatism becoming increasingly dominant after the 1980s: people tend to think that the upsurge of conservatism at the end of the 1970s was a major factor in Reagan's rise to power, and that the **** and the party's return to control of Congress in the midterms of 1994 with a landslide was also related to its gaining of control of the United States. The 1994 midterm elections, in which *** and the party regained control of Congress in a landslide, were also characterized by strong support from the Religious Right. (iii) After the 1980s, the influence on American public ****policy has become more and more significant, for example, the "New Right" uses grassroots organizations to put its policy ideas into practice directly: the 50,000-member "Eagle Forum" led by Phyllis Schlafly "succeeded" in getting the Equal Rights Amendment passed by the Congress in 1972 to be invalidated in 1983, through testifying in state legislatures, holding rallies, gathering people to petition and lobbying; in the case of anti-abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment was invalidated in 1983; and in the case of anti-abortion, the "Religious Right" has become the most influential party in the United States. Under pressure from numerous organizations of the anti-abortion "New Right" and the "Religious Right", four consecutive times since 1976, *** and the party's platform included support for the adoption of a constitutional amendment "to restore the protection of the rights of the unborn child", and in 1981-1982, the "New Right" introduced 118 bills in 31 states, including the "Right to Human Life Amendment", which would have prohibited the adoption of a constitutional amendment other than to save the life of the mother. In the mid-1990s, the Religious Right wanted the religious right to ban abortion for any reason except to save the life of the mother, and to ban the use of intrauterine devices, since life begins at conception. In the mid-1990s, the Religious Right hoped that the conservative, party-controlled 104th Congress would pass a bill banning abortion, but this did not quite happen, and in 1995 they passed the Contract with the American Family as a sign of their displeasure with **** and party legislators. (iv) Impact on the political perception or public philosophy of all Americans. According to the General Social Survey of the Chicago Center for Public Opinion Research (CCPOR), people's positions on a range of issues have become increasingly conservative since 1974. In the 1988 election, liberalism became a "dirty word", a synonym for big spending and lack of restraint, and in 1996, even President Clinton, a Democrat, claimed that "the era of big government is over". This suggests that conservatism has not only become the dominant trend in the party, but has also had an impact on the Democratic Party's policy outlook. Since the end of the Cold War, conservatives have intensified their efforts to "capture" think tanks and universities in an attempt to keep the conservative social movement in the United States alive and to make a greater impact on society and politics." A survey by the National Committee for Compassionate Philanthropy found that from 1992 to 1994, 12 major conservative foundations in the United States provided $210 million in grants to research institutes, universities, think tanks, the media, and interest groups, with the Heritage Foundation, which advertises itself as a "free-market" foundation, receiving the largest share of the grants, $8.9 million, followed by the American Enterprise Institute with $6.9 million; The Cato Institute received $3.9 million, the Hudson Institute $3.3 million, and the Manhattan Institute $2.1 million. Weyrich's Liberty Committee received $5 million, William *Kristol's The National Interest and The Public ****interest magazines received $1.9 million, The New Criterion received $1.7 million, Podhoretz's Commentary received $1 million, and an additional $3.2 million went to the television programs of William *Buckley, Jr. and Ben *Wartenberg. Among the leading universities, the University of Chicago, a bastion of conservative thought, received the most money, more than $10 million, followed by Harvard University with more than $9.6 million, George Mason University with more than $8 million, and Yale University with more than $5.9 million. These think tanks and universities have had a major impact on U.S. social policy (e.g., welfare reform, affirmative action, social security, education reform), economic policy (e.g., balanced budgets, tax cuts, etc.), and foreign/defense policy (e.g., NATO's expansion to the east, the rewriting of the New Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, and the introduction of the NMD) over the past decade. Conservatives know that ideas make a difference, so they are investing even more aggressively in ideas.