Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional culture - Compare the similarities and differences of police intelligence between the former Soviet Union and Russia in the 1990s.
Compare the similarities and differences of police intelligence between the former Soviet Union and Russia in the 1990s.
It was later replaced by the KGB.
Cheka's headquarters will be located at 2 Howaya Street in Peter Gebler. 19 18, the Soviet government moved its capital to Moscow, and the headquarters of Cheka was also moved to 1 1 Lubyanka Square near the Moscow Kremlin in 1920.
The history of its name change
1917 65438+February All-Russian Committee for Eliminating Counterrevolutionaries (Cheka Cheka (чк in Russian))
65438+February 0922 State Political Protection Bureau
June 65438+July 0923 National Political Security Bureau
June 65438+July 0934 State Administration of Security
194 1 February National Security People's Committee Department
1941July State Administration of Security
65438+April 0943 National Security People's Committee Department
65438+March 0946 Ministry of National Security
1947 1O month
Until/very
195 1 year1month Ministry of National Security (foreign intelligence agencies are under the jurisdiction of the Intelligence Committee)
65438+March 0953 Ministry of Interior
National Security Council (KGB)
Klob's main institutions are "Foreign Intelligence Bureau, Domestic Counter-Intelligence Bureau, Army Administration, Border Guard Administration, General Affairs Bureau, and Klob's overseas station group". At one time, there were more than 500,000 KGB personnel, 6.5438+00,000 headquarters, 200,000 spy, counter-intelligence and technical support departments, and 300,000 border guards. In addition, there are 1.5 million informers in China and 250,000 spies abroad, with an annual budget of 1.0 billion US dollars. KGB has always been the Soviet Union's foreign intelligence work and anti-espionage work. The main department in charge of domestic security and frontier defense is a "super department" above all departments of the Party, government and army, and it is a detached institution that is only responsible for the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.
Functions and powers of KGB
The terms of reference of KGB are roughly equivalent to the counter-intelligence departments of CIA and FBI. /kloc-in the 1930 s, the people's Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs led by Jagoda and Ye Ruofu became a tool of "great cleansing". During the Cold War, the KGB's function was too large, involving all domestic fields, overriding the party and government of the Soviet Union and becoming synonymous with red terror internationally. Soviet spy intelligence agencies once kept pace with the United States, known for their strength and intelligence, and even surpassed the United States in some aspects. After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union, Russia inherited the mantle, but its strength was greatly weakened. After adjustment, it appears with a new look.
KGB (Russian: комитетгосударствен) was originally named. KGB is an anti-espionage agency of the Soviet Union, which is famous for its strength and intelligence.
Step 4 introduce
German: deraussschuss fü r statatssicherheit
French: National Security Council
(Cheka is the Russian abbreviation for All-Russian Special Committee. The full name is the All-Russia Special Committee for Combating Counter-revolutionary and Disruptive Activities (всероссррска). онт??
The terms of reference of the KGB are roughly equivalent to the counter-espionage departments of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). It is famous for its strength and intelligence, and even surpasses the United States in some respects. The KGB was founded in 1954. This institution can be traced back to 19 17 and 12 when the Soviet government was first established, with dzerzhinsky as its first head. In 1930s, the People's Committee of the Ministry of Interior led by Jia Guda and Ye Ruofu became a tool of "great cleansing". During the Cold War, the functions of KGB were too great, involving all fields in China. Since the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia has inherited the relevant institutions of the KGB, but its strength has been greatly weakened. With the gradual recovery of Russia's economic strength, in response to the new situation that NATO's eastward expansion, Georgia and other traditional spheres of influence have been eroded and domestic separatist forces have risen, Russian intelligence agencies have begun to reintegrate into the key areas of national security, and intelligence activities have also become active again.
The intelligence capability of KGB is well known. It is a well-known fact that Putin, the former president and current prime minister of the Russian Federation, was a member of the KGB.
The early intelligence agencies of the former Soviet Union
Cheka's headquarters will be located at No.2 Howaya Street in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). 19 18, the Soviet government moved its capital to Moscow, and the headquarters of Cheka was also moved to 1 1 Lubyanka Square near the Moscow Kremlin in 1920.
Main institutions
There are "Foreign Intelligence Bureau, Domestic Anti-Spy Bureau, Military Administration, Border Guard Administration, General Affairs Bureau, KGB Foreign Station Group".
Wait a minute. At one time, the staff of the KGB system reached more than 500,000, including the headquarters 10000, 200,000 in spy, counterintelligence and technical support departments, and 300,000 in border guards. In addition, there are 1.5 million informers in China and 250,000 spies abroad, with an annual budget of 1.00 billion dollars.
KGB has always been the main department in charge of Soviet foreign intelligence, anti-espionage, domestic security and border defense. It is a "super organization" above all departments of the Party, government and army, and it is only responsible for Soviet the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. The KGB is called "the largest spy agency collecting secret information in the world" by British intelligence agencies. It is also known as the world's four major spy organizations with the CIA, Mossad in Israel and MI6 in Britain.
Name change
All-Russian Counter-revolutionary Committee
65438+February 0922 State Political Protection Bureau
June 65438+July 0923 National Political Security Bureau
June 65438+July 0934 State Administration of Security
194 1 February National Security People's Committee Department
1941July State Administration of Security
65438+April 0943 National Security People's Committee Department
65438+March 0946 Ministry of National Security
1947 10 turn19511Ministry of National Security (foreign intelligence agencies are under the jurisdiction of the Intelligence Committee).
65438+March 0953 Ministry of Interior
65438+March 0954 National Security Council (KGB)
The Russian Federal Security Service after the disintegration of the Soviet Union
Leading organization
Presidium of the Soviet National Security Council
The Bureau of the Committee has a chairman and ten vice-chairmen, including two first vice-chairmen. The chairman and vice-chairman also lead the activities of local national security organs, which are the national security committees of participating countries and the national security bureaus of regions and States.
Soviet National Security Council
The State Council of the Soviet Union is composed of 15 to 17 members, and is responsible for studying the most important issues and adopting corresponding resolutions on these issues. These resolutions will take effect in the form of presidential decrees of the National Security Council. After the resolution came into effect, it became a requirement that all state security organs must implement. The members of the National Committee include the chairman and vice-chairman of the National Security Committee, the heads of major departments and the leaders of several local state security organs. The whole Committee was appointed and removed by the Soviet Council of Ministers. Traditionally, the chairman of the National Security Council of Ukraine and the directors of the two national security agencies in Moscow and Moscow and Leningrad are members of the Council. According to the regulations, the whole Committee holds a regular meeting once a month, but sometimes more, depending on whether the issue to be discussed is urgent or not. The National Committee shall confirm the appointment and removal of cadres according to the list of orders of the National Security Council. Sometimes, I will listen to the reports of the most important extraordinary events in the organs and troops of the National Security Council at home and abroad, discuss the important resolutions of my superiors, and make corresponding decisions accordingly. Generally speaking, seminars attract a wide range of invited guests, sometimes as many as 100 or more. The National Committee is the leading organ of the National Security Council, a command school and a form of reviewing and studying the most important issues. The major decisions adopted by the National Committee can be effective for a long time, and only the National Committee can cancel the effective decisions with its resolutions. The National Committee is an opportunity for a wide range of people in charge of the Safety Committee to exchange views, and it is a useful decision-making way and method. More importantly, it is also a useful way and method to determine the implementation and monitor the implementation of the resolution. The resolution will be conveyed to the organs and troops at all levels of the National Security Council and become the basis for them to carry out practical activities in the corresponding fields.
First general administration
The First General Administration is the Foreign Intelligence Reconnaissance Department, which leads foreign spy agencies, conducts intelligence reconnaissance from the Soviet Union, and guides the front-line (intelligence reconnaissance) detachment of state security organs in the region. These departments are called the first general administration, and they also emphasize the primary significance of fighting foreign enemies.
Second general administration
The second general administration is engaged in anti-espionage intelligence reconnaissance. Since the 1960s and 1980s, foreign intelligence reconnaissance has been intermittent, depending on which route was dominant in the attitude of the Soviet Union towards state organs at that time. Since the late 1980s, it has gradually formed a convention that all anti-espionage intelligence reconnaissance should not be concentrated in one department. But in accordance with the specific work guidelines, scattered to several departments. However, the second general administration has always been the protagonist of the anti-espionage intelligence reconnaissance department. He fought against espionage, worked in foreign representative offices and tourism systems, and also conducted some reconnaissance activities on Soviet territory.
Third general bureau
The Third General Administration is responsible for stopping the damage of foreign secret service agencies to the Soviet armed forces and leading the work of relevant military departments and military secret service agencies. It became the General Administration in the1970s on the grounds that the work it did in cooperation with the Ministry of National Defense was not only large in scale but also significant.
Fourth inning
The Fourth Bureau is responsible for the implementation of anti-espionage intelligence reconnaissance activities in various transportation departments.
Fifth inning
The fifth bureau is responsible for the struggle against ideological destruction. On 1989, it was reorganized into a bureau. This is far from a formal move. Now, it is no longer engaged in the work of the Fifth Bureau, that is, anti-ideological sabotage activities, but concentrates all its efforts on investigating and stopping terrorism and sabotage activities carried out by foreign secret service agencies, which use all available foreign organizations and centers that are not in line with Soviet laws to carry out these activities.
Sixth inning
The Sixth Bureau is responsible for anti-espionage intelligence reconnaissance of various national defense industrial targets and some scientific research centers.
Seventh inning
The task of the seventh bureau is to monitor the targets of interest to the Committee outside the House of Representatives. This is an important reconnaissance department that the National Security Council needs in all business directions. As far as the number of people is concerned, the bureau is quite large, and its main feature is that it is always ready to fight in order to perform its tasks day and night. It is precisely because of the activities of this department that we can often find and stop the espionage activities of foreign secret service agencies, judge their criminal connections, and discover their intentions of breaking into key departments of the Soviet Union, contacting Soviet citizens, conducting covert operations, and obtaining information through visual channels.
Eighth general administration
Article 8 The General Administration is responsible for compiling cipher sets for communication between headquarters organs and local organs, intelligence reconnaissance organs and foreign intelligence agencies. The bureau has modern technology and scientific equipment, and has developed a password communication system, which can effectively guarantee the password communication of the National Security Council and absolutely guarantee that this communication can work all the time at any distance from the headquarters. There is only one way to get the secret code set, and that is a spy. The labor intensity of radio operators and cryptographers is extremely heavy. One person, two people, at most three people, should ensure the communication between foreign intelligence agencies and headquarters organs at any time and place. Working conditions are not easy, and life is very hard, boring and inconvenient because of strict rules, because the enemy secret service is very interested in radio operators and code translation.
Ninth inning
The ninth bureau is responsible for the security function. Responsible for ensuring the safety of senior state leaders, the highest standard etiquette occasions, foreign delegations' visits and Soviet delegations' visits. Their task is to guard the Kremlin government office building, the Council of Ministers building and other targets, including local targets far away from Moscow, such as the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. 1990, the ninth bureau was reorganized into the security bureau, and the organization also changed. It is accurately divided into two types of service departments: one is engaged in management and the other is engaged in business activities. The staff of the Security Bureau are very exhausting: they are always vigilant, absorbed, ready and conscientious, because they will encounter unpleasant emergencies anytime and anywhere. Of course. They must also adapt to the characteristics of the job and the personality of the protected person, as well as the situation around the target that needs to ensure their safety. Generally speaking, the safety of visiting delegations is a particularly difficult task. Because we are not the owners there, but no one will relieve us of our responsibilities. We can't completely count on the guards of the reception party, because in the event of an accident, we will ultimately bear the main responsibility, not only for official duties, but also for morality. The security function is a complex occupation, which requires skills, abilities and good physical training. Generally speaking, the staff of the bureau will not engage in this work for a long time. After a certain period of time, they will transfer to other business activities. The work in these directions requires less mental and physical tension.
Tenth place
The tenth place focuses on the business statistics and files accumulated by the state security organs in the Soviet period and the former Soviet Union. Therefore, it is usually called "archives" in the conversation of staff. The archives of the National Security Council are a strict system for preserving all kinds of materials. They are classified by discipline and year according to strict classification rules, ensuring that materials are collected unconditionally and needed documents can be retrieved quickly. Before August of 199 1, the staff of this department ensured the collection of state secrets without any problems because of the strict regulations on the use of archives in the Soviet Union. At the same time, it is a pity that there are some major omissions and deficiencies in the archives policy and archives laws and regulations: there is no clear stipulation on the time limit for the preservation, publication and use of some materials in academic works, but this excludes all possibilities of allowing them to be used, and closes the channels for using archives that can be called state secrets for political speculation and transferring them to the mass media without confirmation. The consequences of these two behaviors are often irreversible. Since the end of1980s, the staff of the 10th Division have carefully analyzed some topics, events and fragments in the activities of state organs and other organizations. Their analysis, summary and conclusion are very important. They are reported to the national leaders, and the national leaders make corresponding decisions on some practical issues according to their reports. Archives help us to fill many blank spots, bring some openness to rather delicate issues, and enable people to look at and solve some problems with real materials, which may involve citizens of the Soviet Union and other countries. The materials are coded by digital symbols and arranged in numerical order in the archives room of the safety committee, but readers notice that some serial numbers are missing. This is not an attempt to hide a department, but the traditional practice of the security Committee, allowing default items in the department number. Sometimes they are filled, and sometimes they reappear when there is organizational change in the establishment of the security committee.
Eleventh Bureau (Division): Default Department
Twelfth place
Twelfth, there are many incredible rumors and all kinds of rumors about its work, saying that its work is a "comprehensive surveillance" of Soviet citizens and foreigners by state security organs. This refers to technical monitoring, which is a technical means for state security organs to implement particularly important reconnaissance measures. This method has always been used by foreign secret service agencies, and the Soviet Union has also adopted this method. Examining the most important aspects of national life and cases involving national security interests requires unusual reconnaissance methods, and monitoring is one of them. This was carried out under strict conditions according to the detailed rules confirmed by the superior, and was declared effective by the order of the National Security Council. Monitoring has helped us discover the extremely dangerous actions of criminals more than once, helped us intercept the contacts and contacts that the national security organs are interested in, and also gave us the opportunity to obtain information that could not be obtained by other means. Before the end of 1980s, this issue was not regulated by law in the necessary form. Therefore, the information obtained through this channel is confidential and will not be provided to the procuratorate and the court. This information should be confirmed by other follow-up actions, of course, if it can be done. This kind of information is particularly useful in detecting cases such as murder, embezzlement of huge state property and public property, smuggling, foreign exchange speculation, illegal acquisition of major state secrets and handing them over to foreign representatives. The work of section 12 requires specialized technical equipment, professional training and the ability to judge what information is needed and classify it. The staff in this department sometimes know much more than ordinary scouts, which fills the gap in reconnaissance business activities. The ability of this department is often the only means to obtain information that some national security organs can never get by other means. The subtlety of this work lies in the following aspects, that is, in the process of working on some targets, reconnaissance personnel will encounter such information completely unexpectedly, some of which have nothing to do with the person requesting reconnaissance, while others have something to do with the person occupying the senior responsible position of the state, and it is forbidden by law to listen to their conversation. What should I do at this time? On the one hand, there are indeed regulations prohibiting the monitoring of such people. On the other hand, we sometimes get obvious evidence that they are engaged in illegal or even criminal activities, but we can't stop there. In this case, we must report the obtained information to the superior person in charge of the Soviet Union and request permission to use the information and continue our work. This attitude stems from the needs of national interests, and it is usually not considered as a violation of the human rights mentioned just now. It was not and will not be considered in the future, because the national and social interests forced us to do so.
13. Thirteen bureaus (offices): the default department.
14. Fourteen bureaus (divisions): the default department.
The fifteenth inning
Bureau 15 designs, constructs and manages certain targets according to the required system. These goals are prepared for special periods, that is, in military operations and other unexpected situations. In Moscow and its suburbs and other parts of the Soviet Union, there are goals for the special period agreed in absolute secret. They include reserve command posts to command the state and armed forces, indispensable reserve teams, government communication hubs and other facilities to support national life and ensure the country's more or less normal operation in emergencies. In short, they are facilities to maintain the viability of the country in an emergency. The facilities of each target need to draw corresponding scientific and technological conclusions according to the principle of minimum essence. Some targets are used to prevent nuclear attacks, but when large nuclear warheads are directly hit, their survival rate will also become a problem. This is of course self-evident. Nevertheless, a certain part of the goal will remain, thus ensuring the manageability of the country to a certain extent. It is impossible to maintain national security and the most important goal of the country without the above facilities. Starting from the capabilities of the Soviet Union, we do not strongly advocate catching up with the United States, which has great potential and strength in all aspects. However, the above facilities are minimal and necessary.
Sixteenth inning
The work of Bureau 16 is quite close to that of Bureau 8, and it has the most outstanding intellectual potential in solving technical and scientific problems. It is responsible for collecting public and secret information and solving extremely complicated tasks related to infiltrating important targets of other countries interested in the Soviet Union. There are many high-level inventions in this bureau, which need profound knowledge, necessary technical equipment and technical means. There are a group of senior experts working in this department, and they can be the pride of the Soviet scientific and technological circles. The 18th Bureau is not confined to the inner circle of one's own unit. It has extensive contacts with Soviet industrial departments and scientific research institutions, and uses its potential to help the latter complete various scientific research tasks. When studying specific tasks, they are rigorous, diligent, alert and unique, and full of strong desire for eternal pursuit. More importantly, the methods they found to solve the tasks are incredible. At first glance, these tasks are simply the illusion of human wisdom. There are some departments in the National Security Council that are constantly pursuing and eager for by going up one flight of stairs. The Bureau 16 is one of them, and it is also an extremely important link on the best practice road to solve scientific and technological problems. Without it, the national security of the Soviet Union cannot be guaranteed at all in our time.
General administration of border guards
The General Administration of Border Defense leads the border military regions, border troops and posts. The headquarters of the border guards is not large, but the total number of border guards exceeds 220,000. For a big country with a long border, such as the Soviet Union, this is the minimum quantity allowed by actual demand. At the end of 1980s, there was an urgent need to expand border troops, improve material conditions and increase financial input. The funds of the border guards have accounted for half of the total budget of the National Security Council, and a considerable part of them are used for border technical equipment: military technical weapons, target facilities construction, communication and liaison, and salaries of major units.
Reconnaissance technology bureau
Reconnaissance Technology Bureau is the vanguard of designing, developing, producing and operating special technical tools, and it is also the department with the most concentrated scientific and ideological achievements, the highest technology and unique technical scheme. Among the products of this bureau, there are relatively few technical tools developed and produced in batches, and they are often single items, and they are designated to complete the strict reconnaissance tasks. The Reconnaissance Technology Bureau uses the scientific and technological achievements of the Soviet scientific community and the whole industry, pays close attention to foreign new products in this field, and makes full use of all the most valuable achievements. The products of the Reconnaissance Technology Bureau have double confidentiality. If the news leaks, the opponent can quickly formulate preventive measures, thus offsetting the effectiveness of our technical capabilities. The staff in the bureau are all absorption personnel with certain specialties. The National Security Council generously shared its new inventions with local industrial departments, never mentioning any exchange conditions, and there was no commercial activity at that time. It can be said realistically that without the products of the Bureau, neither the Intelligence Reconnaissance Bureau, the Anti-Spy Intelligence Reconnaissance Bureau, nor other departments of the National Security Council, first of all, the border guards, can accomplish the tasks faced by this department. I believe that this bureau still has great prospects, but only under one condition: if we can absorb domestic and foreign experience and constantly seek higher-level scientific and technological discoveries, can it become a reality. Subsidiary department
Military construction bureau
The Military Construction Bureau helps solve the most complicated engineering projects urgently needed by various business bureaus.
Soviet KGB badge
General affairs bureau
The General Affairs Bureau serves the operational activities of the National Security Council. When carrying out extremely complicated reconnaissance measures, it is conceivable. Without the guarantee of material management, especially in unexpected circumstances, its fruitful work is not available.
Health bureau
Due to the local environment, the Medical and Health Bureau takes preventive measures, regular inspections and timely treatment for the staff of the National Security Council, especially those working abroad. The medical and health bureau even put forward a set of suggestions: let the staff who go to countries with poor climatic conditions take physical exercise before going abroad.
Colleges and universities in dzerzhinsky.
Colleges and universities in dzerzhinsky provide students with advanced language training and professional knowledge in nearly 50 foreign languages, and also train experts in advanced mathematics, physics and other disciplines. The National Security Council has an excellent education and training network, where students can receive higher education, while staff can receive training and preparatory training in professional training courses to gain specialized knowledge. The National Security Council trains frontier defense and communication cadres, cryptographers and some technical experts, and ensures the preparation and defense of doctoral dissertations.
Personnel Bureau
The Personnel Bureau manages cadres in the National Security Committee, and units at all levels have corresponding personnel departments. Select and mobilize staff, accept their work, arrange and promote them, solve many problems related to material security, deal with vacation rewards, and send cadres to participate in training and further study. But these are far from all the work undertaken by the personnel department of the state security organs. The most difficult stage of personnel work is to select and study the candidates for the work of state security organs, because if something goes wrong at this time, it may cost a high price at any stage of this person's activities. The Personnel Bureau provides necessary assistance to all departments of the National Security Council to analyze the files related to the accident, including the defection, violation of military discipline and dereliction of duty of individual staff.
Successive leaders
The most influential leaders in KGB history are andropov and beria. Andropov eventually became the supreme leader of the Soviet Union, while beria failed in the power struggle and was executed by Khrushchev for treason.
Felix? Edmundovich? Dzerzhinsky 19 17- 1926
Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky
(Belarusian уел? ск Эдмундав? ч Дзяржынск? ,
Polish: Felix Zier? yüski，
Russian: уеликсэдмундовичдзе? ?
Viacheslav? Rudolphovich? Men kinski 1926- 1934
Henrik? Grigorevich? Jagoda 1934- 1936
Nicholas? Ivanovic? Ezhov 1936- 1938
Lavrentij? Pavlovic? Beria 1938- 194 1 year.
Vsevolod？ Nikolayevich? Mercouroff 194 1 year (February to July)
Lavrentij? Pavlovic? Beria 194 1- 1943
Vsevolod？ Nikolayevich? mercouroff 1943- 1946
Victor? Semenovic? Abakumov 1946- 195 1 year.
Sergei. Ivanovic? Ogoltsov 195 1 year (August-65438+February)
Xie Miao? Denisovich? ignatieff 195 1- 1953
Lavrentij? Pavlovic? Beria 1953 (March to June)
Sergei. Nikiforovich? Kruglov 1953- 1954
Ivan? Alexandrovich? Serov 1954- 1958
Alexander? Nikolayevich? Shelepin1958-1961year.
Vladimir? Effimovich? semichastni 196 1— 1967
Yuri. Frankie Mirovic? Andropov 1967- 1982
Vitaly. Vasilyevich? Fedorchuk 1982 (May -65438+ February)
Victor? Mikhailovich? Chebrikov 1982- 1988
Vladimir? Alexandrovich? Kryuchkov1988-1991year.
Vadim? Viktovich? bakatin 199 1 Aug- 1 1 Oct
Successive leaders of the First General Directorate of KGB (General Directorate of Foreign Intelligence)
Mikhail? Abramovich? Tremolo search 192 1- 1929
Artur? Kristi Ianovici? Artuzov1929 ——1934
Abram? Allonneau? Slutsky 1934- 1938
Mikhail? Spiegel Glass 1938 (February to July)
Vladimir? Djordjvic? Dekanov 1938- 1940
Pavel? Mikhailovich? Fei Jing 1940- 1946
Peter. Vasilyevich? Fedotov 1946- 1949
Sergei. Romanovic? Savchenko 1949- 1953
Vasily? Stepanovich? Ryasnoi1953 (March to June)
Alexander? Semenovic? Paniushkin 1953- 1956
Alexander? Mikhailovich? Sakharovski 1956- 197 1 year.
Feodor Constantinovici? Morgan 197 1- 1974
Vladimir? Alexandrovich? Kryukov1974 ——1988
Leonid? Frankie milovic? Shebarshin1988-1991year.
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