The main strategic ideas of the Zong Heng family.

--Talking about the ancient and modern management of 39

Confucius traveled around the world, trying to persuade the rulers of various countries to adopt his doctrine of "benevolent government" and recommending the Confucian strategy of governing the country, but he was obsessed with restoring the Zhou rituals and preaching benevolence and righteousness, which was outdated at that time. However, Confucius was obsessed with restoring the Zhou rituals and preaching benevolence and righteousness, which was an anachronism at that time, and Confucius was coldly received by the rulers. Later, Confucius found that it was impossible for him to be accepted for recommending Confucian strategies of statecraft to politicians, and so he chose another way to disseminate his Confucian thinking, that is, he started a new business of privately-run education. In fact, Confucius ran a right and prosperous education business, which had a very great impact in history, and the influence of Confucius' education ideas is still present today. The Chinese people greatly admire Confucius for his great spirit of education, and today, China runs Chinese language institutes overseas called "Confucius Institutes", which is a clear indication of the great influence of Confucius's ideas on education.

However, in terms of political strategy, Confucianism was indeed inferior to other schools of thought during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, such as the Legalists, the School of Military Science, and the School of Zongheng and Hengshang, because in the era of bad manners and music, and the strife of the powers, the change of laws and reforms, the theory of military science, and the debate and war of words were indeed more conducive to making the country strong than the implementation of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and faith. During the Warring States period, the competition among the states was very fierce, and the kings were anxious and desperate to make their states strong as soon as possible, so that they would not be destroyed by the other powerful states, and survival and development were the first priority.

One of the schools of thought, the Zongheng family, was one of the most popular strategic ideas among the kings during the Warring States period. When Han, Zhao, and Wei divided up Jin, which had been a powerful state during the Spring and Autumn Period, and established themselves as kings, the Warring States strife formally began, and at this time, the kings wanted to have a strong ideology and strategy to be used as a theory of governance, so as to make the country strong, while the Zongheng family was most adept at arguing and arguing. The strategists were good at arguing and arguing with each other, and their ideas and strategies were very useful for the strong state at that time. Therefore, the strategists developed rapidly at that time, and their doctrines were welcomed by the politicians. By arguing and arguing with each other, or by "combining vertical and vertical" or "connecting horizontal and vertical", they assisted the politicians of various countries in strategizing and controlling the world. When Qin gradually became stronger, the vassal states "combined their forces" to deal with Qin, while Qin divided the vassal states through "Lianheng" with each of them, and "combined their forces" with "Lianheng" to divide the vassal states. The two main strategic ideas of the "combined vertical" and "continuous horizontal" were planned and implemented by Su Qin and Zhang Yi respectively.

The vertical and horizontal strategists were mainly active from the establishment of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States to the unification of the Six States by the Qin State, before which the traditional culture of the Zhou rituals and other traditional influences were still in place, and were not yet suitable for the development of the vertical and horizontal strategists who only pursued power and profit, because even at the time of the "Three Families of the Jin Dynasty", there were still traditional ethical concepts that would hinder the spread of the concepts of the vertical and horizontal strategists. After that, the unification of Qin made it the only powerful state, and the disputes went to unification, so there was no place for them, and they had no chance to argue among the states. Therefore, when Su Qin, Zhang Yi and other outstanding representatives of the vertical and horizontal masters were very active on the stage, it was also the golden period of the rapid development of the doctrine and theory of the vertical and horizontal masters.

Liu Xiang said in the "Records of the Strategies of the Warring States": "It is the genus of Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Gong Sun Yan, Chen Jing, Su Dai, Su Li, who gave birth to the theory of the length of the vertical and horizontal, and the left and right are tilted. Su Qin is vertical, Zhang Yi is horizontal. The Emperor of Qin was the horizontal, and the King of Chu was the vertical; the country where he was was heavy, and the country where he was going was light." This is the basic characteristic of the activities of the vertical and horizontal artists.

Su Qin's portrait

In fact, the representatives of the vertical and horizontal family are not only Su Qin, Zhang Yi and a few other people, in the establishment of the seven males, Huishi, Gongsun Yan is the main representative, at that time, the strife has just appeared, and they are mainly planning to even the weak in order to attack a strong; when the big powers into the fierce war and annexation period, the vertical and horizontal family has ushered in the most suitable for their activities in this period, the vertical and horizontal family played a role in the development and development of the country, and they are the most suitable for their activities. During this period, they played a great role in assisting the kings of various countries to compete in the competitive arena through political, military, diplomatic, economic and other aspects of merging, connecting and crossing, and their ideas, strategies, and academics were all developed rapidly. The representative figures of this period include Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Chen Jing, Lou Shu, Guo Kui, Yu Qing, Gan Mao and so on. When the war of annexation came to an end, Qin successfully implemented the new strategy of "attacking from afar and attacking from near", with Fan Suo, Cai Ze and other representative figures, Qin gradually gained political, military and diplomatic advantages, and the unification of Qin became a general trend, at this time, the vertical and horizontal strategists were not so conspicuous anymore. In the historical process of the gradual strengthening of the Qin state, the contribution of the Legalists in the early stage was great, while in the middle and late stage, it was the contribution of the vertical and horizontal experts that was great.

Su Qin's Argument

The idea of the vertical and horizontalists is recorded in the books of Zi and history, for example, Han Fei Zi said, "The vertical is, combining all the weak to attack one strong; the horizontal is, matter of one strong to attack all the weak." Another example, "Han Shu - Arts and Letters" also has literature on the Zonghengjia records, which says: "Zonghengjia stream, cover out of the pedestrian's office." In fact, the author believes that there are three books can be used as a masterpiece of the Zonghengjia, one is "Guigu Zi", one is "Strategies of the Warring States", and one is "Long and Short Scriptures".

The book "Guigu Zi" is an account of the thought and speech of the famous hermit Guigu Zi, and Guigu Zi was probably a person at the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period, and he was roughly contemporaneous with Mozi. Guigu Zi is the founder of the school of Zongheng and Heng, according to the Records of the Grand Historian, Guigu Zi is the teacher of Su Qin and Zhang Yi, and there are also legends that Guigu Zi is also the teacher of Sun Bin and Pang Juan, who were famous warriors in the Warring States period.

Portrait of Gwigu Zi

The book "Gwigu Zi" (in the case of the Daocang book) is divided into three volumes: the upper, middle, and lower volumes, and a piece of "Runes of Words", which talks about the strategy theories of the Zongheng and Hengjia families and forms a relatively complete theoretical system of splitting and combining the two sides of the world. The first article of the first volume, Splitting and Splitting, is the general outline of the book, which takes "Tao" and yin and yang as the philosophical basis of the vertical and horizontal tactics, and Splitting and Splitting as the theoretical basis of the wandering tactics, and uses them to develop all aspects of the vertical and horizontal doctrines. The next five articles are "Reaction", "Inner 揵", "Gorge", "Flying Pincers" and "Disobedience", which expound the way of understanding and the strategy of the vertical and horizontal strategist; the five articles in the middle volume, i.e., "Speculation", "Mo", "Power", "Strategies", and "Decision", which are mainly about the specific methods and techniques of lobbying, and the "Turning of Maru" and "Pilfering" have been lost, and the specific contents of the articles are unknown, which is a great pity. The next volume of the "seven chapters of the yin runes", "hold the pivot", "in the scripture" three, according to the evidence, is likely to be compiled by the Tang Dynasty, but can also be used as a reference to understand the doctrine of the ghost Valley Zi vertical and horizontal. The content of the first article in the next volume is different from that of the previous lobbying strategies, which is mainly about the inner cultivation of human beings. And the first article of "Runes of Words" may be mixed in from "Guanzi", and its ideological theme and language style are different from the above eleven articles, which are about the cultivation of the Way of the King, clarifying the essentials of the nine aspects that the king must achieve in order to govern the world.

If the book "Guigu Zi" elaborates on the strategic thinking of the strategists, then the "Strategies of the Warring States" is a vivid history book depicting the words and deeds of the strategists and their thoughts, and it is a convergence of wonderful examples of the vertical and horizontal strategies composed of distinctive characters and specific events, and it can be regarded as an account of the practical activities for "Guigu Zi"'s ideas of the horizontal and vertical strategies and the polemics about the strategists, It can be regarded as an account of the practical activities of the idea of vertical and horizontal strategy of "Guigu", a typical case of the arguments and strategies of vertical and horizontal masters.

In the late Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled the book "Strategies of the Warring States", which recorded the events of twelve states during the Warring States period, including the Eastern and Western Zhou, Qin, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Wei, and Zhongshan, and in particular recorded the lobbying speeches, letters, and deeds of the vertical and horizontal strategists or strategists of the Warring States period.

The Strategies of the Warring States is not only a historical book that expresses the ideas of vertical and horizontal strategies with concrete examples, but also a masterpiece of prose with high literary value, which has a high literary status in the history of literature, and the expressions in the book are so elegant and magnificent that scholars throughout the ages have been delighted with them. The reader is able to express strategic ideas through specific examples, which are often interesting to read.

Compared with the "Guigu Zi" and "Strategies of the Warring States", "Long and Short Scriptures" also has its own characteristics, although it also belongs to the theory, but it is different from the "Guigu Zi", it is not as abstract and systematic as the "Guigu Zi", and it is not so obsessed with the theory of the Zongzhong family, but it is also a collection of the doctrines of Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Military Science, Mohism, and Miscellaneous, and so on, and it is based on the rebellious spirit of inheriting the culture of Bashu, which is against the traditional rituals. On the basis of the rebellious spirit of Ba Shu culture against traditional ritualism, it elaborates the basic ideas of its vertical and horizontal theories; at the same time, The Long and Short Scriptures is also different from The Strategies of the Warring States, in that it does not describe specific historical events, does not depict characters, words and deeds, and does not express the ideas of vertical and horizontal strategies through the description of specific images; instead, it combines with the history and speaks directly of the ideas of strategies, and discusses the wisdom of power and strategy without any disguise. It is precisely because it is not disguised that it is considered by some so-called "righteous people" as an "anti-scripture".

The author of "The Long and the Short of It" is the famous scholar Zhao Lei of the Tang Dynasty, who was so famous at the time that he was once called "Zhao Lei's Art and Li Bai's Essay", which means that Zhao Lei was very good at strategizing and Li Bai was very good at writing essays. Zhao蕤自幼好帝王之学，读百家书，博采众长，自成一家，他 "博学韬衿，长于经世"，而且 "任侠有气，善为纵横学"。 After a long period of accumulation and reflection, he wrote more than 100,000 words of the "long and short scriptures" ten volumes, *** sixty-three, nine volumes exist today: "Wen Shang", "Wen", "Wenxia", "Baji Jishang", "Baji Jishang", "Baji Jishang", "Power Discussion", "Miscellaneous", and "Military Power", and the tenth volume of the "Conspiracy" is missing.

The Long and Short Sutras is a book of strategy that has been of interest to emperors and generals of all ages after the Tang Dynasty, and is known as the small Ziji Tongjian, to which thinkers and politicians of all ages have attached great importance and evaluated highly, and in modern times, the Long and Short Sutras is still very much valued, and *** once said: the Ziji Tongjian is a book of power and yang, and the Long and Short Sutras is a book of conspiracies and trickery.

From the content, the "short and long scripture" is mainly from the point of view of the vertical and horizontal to talk about the emperor's way of power and strategy, the whole book *** divided into "for the government", "king of the" and "rule of war" three major parts. "The whole book is divided into three major parts. And its nuclear theme is on "on the king and the power of the machine, is changing the length of the art", the book discusses the virtue of the ruler and the minister, appointing people to use the long, fishing situation to detect the situation, hegemony and power changes, etc., the use of the combination of narrative and discussion, the combination of history and thesis way of exposition. The book is still a valuable reference for those who have great ambitions and want to achieve great things in the political and business sectors. For example, in the book, there are six articles, namely, "Ren Chang", "Pin Mu", "Measure Talent", "Knowing People", "Checking Xiang", and "Discussing Scholarship", which are devoted to the issue of talent management. Based on the revelation of historical experience, the author emphasized the tenet of employing talents that "if you get a person, you will prosper; if you lose a scholar, you will collapse", and elaborated for the emperors on how they should understand, identify, strive for, and use talents, which is very useful. The first is a very good example of how to use the power of the Emperor.

The school of thought has a different basic theory from the other schools of thought, and its idea of horizontal and vertical strategy is very distinctive.

First, the idea of vertical and horizontal strategy has its philosophical basis.

For example, in the book Guigu Zi, the author actively inherited the ancient doctrine of Tao and the theory of yin and yang as the philosophical basis of the vertical and horizontal strategy, and the whole doctrine system and basic arguments of his vertical and horizontal strategy are based on the theoretical foundations of Tao and the concept of yin and yang. The entire doctrinal system and basic arguments of Zongheng and Hengxue are based on the theoretical foundation of "Dao" and the concept of yin and yang. Whether it is argumentation or cross-pollination, Zongheng and Hengxue masters believe that it must be based on "Dao", which is the foundation, basis and principle of the strategies of Zongxing and Split-Heap strategy, while the specific interpretation of Zongxing and Split-Heap strategies is based on the theory of yin and yang, and is unfolded.

Guigu Zi, the founder of vertical and horizontal studies, said, "The sages have been in the world since ancient times, and now, their way is the same." "The sage is between heaven and earth, for the first of all living beings, observing the opening and closing of yin and yang to order things." "Yang moves and travels, Yin stops and hides; Yang moves and goes out, Yin follows and enters; Yang returns always, Yin reverses Yang at the extreme." "Benefit and loss, going and going, doubling and reversing, all are governed by yin and yang." "Splitting is the great transformation of the Tao, and the change of saying." (Refers to "Guigu Zi".) Obviously, Mr. Guigu regarded "Dao" and yin and yang as the philosophical basis of the theory of "Split", which is the basic principle of the theory of vertical and horizontal strategy. The theory of "Split" is the basic principle of the theory of vertical and horizontal strategy, and also the basic basis for the development of vertical and horizontal doctrines. All kinds of strategies, all kinds of wisdom, only on the basis of "Tao" and yin and yang, can be successfully planned and implemented, and can bring successful results.

Second, the doctrine of vertical and horizontal strategy has its own theoretical system.

For example, in "Guigu Zi - Power", the author, in discussing the wisdom of argumentation, defined lobbying, made an in-depth discussion of the rhetorical modification of lobbying, analyzed the linguistic weaknesses that should be paid attention to in the process of lobbying, and researched the use of different words according to the characteristics of the object of lobbying. The "Reaction" and "Flying Pincers" methods analyze the specific ways of winning in lobbying, including "Reaction", "Counter-technique" and "Repeat". It includes "counter-technique" and "compound-technique" in "reaction", that is to say, "counter-technique" to observe the past, know the ancient times, and know the other side; and "compound-technique" to know the future, and understand the present day, To know the future, to know the present, and to know oneself. It also includes the method of "flying pincers", i.e., using praise and commendation to make the other party feel complacent and forgetful because of the praise, so that the trust of the other party can be gained through the "flying pincers" and the other party can be easily "pinched". "

These are the first time I've ever seen a person in the world.

At the time of the Warring States period, many kings were able to courtesy of the scholar, and the "noble scholar", "raise the scholar", "honor the scholar" became a kind of trend at that time. It was also very popular for scholars to worship curators as their teachers. The kings were recruiting strategists and invited them as their guests, or hired them as strategists, so as to make a reserve of talents for the enhancement of power. Of course, the strategists also provided the kings with wisdom and strategies in exchange for political rights, high titles and generous salaries, and a prominent and brilliant social status. During the Warring States period, benevolence and righteousness were no longer the first priority for the strategists, only power and profit were the most important, which became an important feature of the Warring States period different from that of the Spring and Autumn Period. Spring and Autumn Period, Confucianism advocates "gentleman metaphor for righteousness, the small man metaphor for profit", keen to talk about "righteousness" and ashamed to talk about "profit", while the Warring States period, the Zongheng and Hengjiao, many like Zhang Yi, is * * * naked pursuit of power and profit. ** Nakedly chasing power and profit, the value of "profit over righteousness" completely replaced the value of "righteousness over profit". For the strategist, the most important purpose of advising the king is the fame and power he can get, Su Qin had frankly stated his intention: "Is there any person who says that the lord of the people can't give out his gold, jade and embroidery to get the honor of minister?" (The Strategies of the Warring States Period - Su Qin). ("Strategies of the Warring States" - Su Qin's Lian Heng said Qin) This clearly shows that the zonghonggong masters planned for the monarchs in order to obtain the honor and authority of the ministers.

From the Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, the times have changed, Confucian scholars are not treated by the king, while the vertical and horizontal experts are the prominent figures in the political and military arena, and they ride the winds and clouds, and the winds and winds. Of course, to the Qin unification of the six countries, the vertical and horizontal experts realized that they also have no use, people and schools of thought is this, the trend and behavior, the trend to go and lost, is the ancient words written: "rolling Yangtze River, the waves of the heroes!"