What new phenomena appeared in the traditional economic structure of China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the seeds of capitalism appeared in the traditional economic structure of China.

The emergence of early capitalist bud;

The handicraft industry developed gradually in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, which was manifested in the expansion of the number and scale of handicraft workshops and family workshops, the renewal of production tools and technologies, and the increase of output. Most importantly, in the silk weaving industry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces (such as Suzhou and Songjiang), there are "machinists" who make a living by selling labor and "machinists" who make a profit by producing silk, that is, early employees and capitalists. "Machine users contribute, technicians contribute" marks the formation of capitalist employment relations, and also shows that the seeds of capitalism have emerged.

The characteristics of early capitalist germination;

1. Weak and sparse performance;

2. Appear in individual regions and departments;

3. Low level of development;

4. At first, it mostly appeared in the form of scattered manual workshops.

The emergence of early capitalist bud;

1. Condition:

The fundamental reason-the improvement of productivity and the development of commodity economy. Conditions-the vigorous development of commodity economy.

2. Production:

Local textile industry in the south of the Yangtze River in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

3. Overview:

(1) Suzhou: Artisans are divided into "Artisans have fixed owners" and temporary workers; There is a labor market.

(2) Jingdezhen: perennial employees pay by year or quarter, and temporary workers pay by day or piece; Division of labor and cooperation, high degree of socialization and high labor efficiency.

(3) In Suzhou, there are "machinists" in the silk weaving industry, who are employed for production. "Machine users contribute, machine workers contribute".

4. Essence:

The employment relationship between them and the employment relationship are capitalist production relations.

Reasons for the slow development of capitalism;

1, political aspect: the serious obstacle of decadent feudal autocracy (the main reason).

2. Economy: Self-sufficient natural economy is still dominant. Farmers are poor and their purchasing power is very low, which affects the domestic market;

3. Policy: emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. Landlords and big businessmen "get rich at the end and stay at the end", which seriously affects the expansion and reproduction of handicrafts; There were many feudal barriers, and the government implemented a policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business.

4. Diplomacy: The closed-door policy prohibits or restricts overseas trade and cannot own foreign markets.