China is famous for his landscape paintings. What are the traditional paintings and calligraphy besides landscapes?

China's traditional calligraphy and painting have been called Chinese painting since the Han Dynasty. Landscape painting is its main theme, which is divided into ink landscape, green landscape and pale crimson landscape according to painting materials. A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains, which is particularly popular in this year's Spring Festival Evening, is a famous representative of green rivers and mountains. In addition to landscapes, Chinese paintings also include figures and flowers and birds. These themes can be divided into realism, freehand brushwork and meticulous brushwork according to techniques. Realism here is by no means the proportion of light and shadow in western paintings, but the requirement of pen use in character lines and landscape outlines relative to freehand brushwork. In landscape painting, ink painting has long occupied the dominant position in painting circles.

The earliest primitive poems, rocks and painted pottery paintings were mainly flowers and birds and figures (stick figures), and the modeling method based on lines was formed at that time. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the integration of foreign culture and local culture produced certain religious themes, with figure painting accounting for a certain proportion, and landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting also showed a little. For example, the landscape in Gu Kaizhi's Luo Shen Fu is only the background and foil of the characters. However, the layout of his Lushan Map is still naive. Compared with the exquisite pace and clothes of Luo Shen in the Ode to Luo Shen, the landscape at this time is much inferior. Then in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, painting was highly developed, and people's aesthetic and creative abilities were improved. Landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting have gradually become the first choice and mainstream of painters' creation. As for the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, ink and wash landscapes and landscape flower-and-bird paintings have become the main themes that various painting schools are scrambling to imitate. On the other hand, figure painting at this time is not very popular with painters.

The above three themes have formed different characteristics in the process of development.

The earliest origin of figure painting, Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yan in the Tang Dynasty, and Wu Daozi's "Five Dynasties Party Style" all became a fad. They pay attention to the expression of characters, not satisfied with the appearance, and draw figures to a rare height with line modeling.

Tang ink painting is a typical subject of literati painting, which is suitable for expressing the painter's understanding of nature and thinking about culture. Its formation can not be separated from the development of ink painting techniques, and each era has its own unique style of painters; The Eastern Yuan Dynasty and the Five Dynasties were dense, the Northern Song Dynasty was generous, and Mi Fei was rich. Later, Song Sijia and Yuan Sijia both formed their own ink painting styles. This blend of ink and wash, this brushwork, seeing ink with a pen, is the price and charm of ink painting art.

Flower and bird painting, because of its close relationship with people, has been loved by people as an independent painting discipline since the Tang Dynasty. The "Huang Jiafu" school represented by Huang Qian, a painter from Western Shu in the Five Dynasties, and the "Xu Xiye" school in Xu Xi, led by Xu Xi in the Southern Tang Dynasty. They either used meticulous brushwork, dyed light colors, or were simple and natural, leaving a wealth of artistic wealth for future generations.