High school geography knowledge points

People's Education Press High School Geography Compulsory 2 Review Outline

Chapter I Population Change

1. 1 population change

1. The natural population growth in a region is determined by the birth rate and death rate. [memory]

2. Several important population days: 6 billion World Population Day (1999/112); ; China has a population of1300 million (2005/ 1/6).

3. The number of natural population growth in a certain area is affected by the natural population growth rate and population base. (Understanding memory)

4. The population growth pattern consists of three indicators: birth rate, death rate and natural growth rate. (memory)

Formula: natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate

5. Characteristics (memory) of three population growth models

Characteristics of population model

Original high birth rate, high mortality rate and low natural growth rate

Traditional high birth rate, low death rate and high natural growth rate

Modern low birth rate, low mortality rate and low natural growth rate

6, the change of population growth mode: [memory]

The pattern of population growth is from primitive to traditional, and then to modern.

Factors of transformation: productivity level, national policy, social welfare, natural environment and cultural concept.

7. Most developed countries (represented by Europe and North America) are modern, most developing countries are traditional, China is modern, and the world is a transitional stage from traditional to modern. [memory]

1.2 Spatial change of population

1. Population migration: People's residence has changed internationally or domestically. [memory]

Judgment of population migration: whether there is geographical mobility (change of administrative location); Whether there is any change of residence; The change of time (usually one year)

2. Types of population migration (according to whether it crosses national boundaries): international migration and domestic migration.

3. Comparison of international population migration before and after World War II: [Memory]

Reasons for migration, special migration route

Before World War II, 1. Colonial expansion and capitalist development

2. Great geographical discovery and the opening of new routes 1. From the Old World to the New World

2. From known developed countries to underdeveloped regions 1. Europeans went to America and Africa.

2. African blacks are trafficked to the United States.

3. People from East Asia and South Asia are recruited to the United States.

Uneven economic development among countries after World War II 1. From developing countries to developed countries

2. Settled immigrants decreased and migrant workers increased (foreign workers) 1. Latin Americans go to work in North America.

2. People from South Asia, South Europe and Africa go to work in West Asia.

3. Southern Europe, Africans to Western Europe

4. Population migration since the founding of New China: [Memory]

Reasons, characteristics and direction of migration

Before the mid-1980s, 1. Planned economic system.

2. Strict household registration management system: 1 planned and organized. The state has transferred various personnel from eastern cities to support the construction of western, inland and border areas.

2. A large number of rural population moved from the densely populated areas in the east to the northwest and northeast.

After the mid-1980s, the reform and opening-up policy spontaneously moved from inland to coastal areas, from mountainous areas to plains, from poor areas to developed areas, and became "migrant workers".

5, the meaning of population migration [understanding]

Adjust the spatial distribution of population and talent shortage, strengthen ethnic integration and cultural exchanges, promote economic development, and narrow regional differences.

6, the influence of population migration on immigration and emigration [understanding and memory]

For the places where people move out: the good effects include reducing the population density of the places where people move out and alleviating the pressure of the population on the environment; Negative effects include the loss of talents and labor.

For the places where people move in: it has a good influence on the inflow of talents and the supply of cheap labor, which is conducive to economic development; The bad effects include the increase of population density and the increasing pressure of population on the environment.

7. Factors affecting population migration: [memory]

○ 1 changes in natural environment and socio-economic environment○ 2 changes in personal needs for life or occupation

Among the factors affecting population migration, economic factors often play an important role.

The reasonable capacity is 1.3 population.

1, the relationship between environmental carrying capacity and population capacity [understanding]

Environmental carrying capacity refers to the population that the environment can continuously support. An important index to measure environmental carrying capacity is the number of environmental population.

2, the concept of environmental population capacity and constraints [memory]

Environmental population capacity is the number of people that a country or region can continuously support in the foreseeable period by using local resources and other resources, intelligence and technology, while ensuring that the material living standard conforms to social and cultural norms. (Maximum population that can be accommodated)

Constraints: resources (in direct proportion), the level of scientific and technological development (in direct proportion) and the level of living and cultural consumption (in inverse proportion).

3, the concept of reasonable population capacity: [memory]

The most suitable population in a country or region under the premise of ensuring a healthy living standard according to a reasonable lifestyle and not hindering the quality of life of the future population.

4. The urgency of maintaining a reasonable population capacity: [Memory]

The problems of rapid population growth, population urbanization and urban population aging are becoming more and more serious.

5. Measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity: [Memory]

○ 1 The international community advocates keeping the population within a reasonable scale as much as possible ○2. Establish a fair order and ensure that most people have equal rights to pursue a high-quality life.

Chapter II Cities and Urbanization

2. 1 urban internal spatial structure

1, the agglomeration effect of urban land [understanding]

The same land use often has the same demand for land space and location, which will lead to the same activities gathering in urban space.

2. There is no clear boundary between functional areas. A functional area is dominated by a certain land use mode, and there may be other types of land. [memory]

3. Functional area comparison [Understanding and Memory]

4, urban regional structure model: [memory]

Concentric mode, multi-core mode, sector mode

5. Economic factors are the main factors that affect the urban internal spatial structure, which is reflected in the ability to pay the rent for various activities. The main factors affecting the ability to pay rent are: the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center. [Understanding memory]

6. Schematic diagram of decreasing rent-paying capacity of various land use types with distance [understanding]

7. Other factors affecting the urban internal spatial structure: [memory]

The income level leads to the differentiation of residential areas.

Historical, cultural or economic reputation

Ethnic or religious groups (Chinatown, etc.). )

Influence of early land use patterns

8, the urban internal spatial structure with the development of the city and gradually formed and changed [understanding]

Early stage: the functional distinction is not obvious, and the city center attracts industrial agglomeration with market and transportation advantages.

After reaching a certain scale: due to land shortage, traffic congestion, environmental pollution and other problems, factories and enterprises moved out and the urban internal spatial structure changed.

2.2 Service functions of cities of different grades

1, urban classification and basis: [memory]

City grades are generally divided into: market towns, cities, big cities and megacities.

China is divided into megacities (more than 6.5438+0 million), big cities (5-6.5438+0 million), medium-sized cities (200,000-500,000), small cities (less than 200,000), counties and townships and below.

Basis: urban population size

2, the relationship between city level and service scope [understanding]

The city level is low, the types of services are few, and the scope of services is relatively small; The city has a high level, a wide range of services and a wide range of services.

3. Influencing factors of Shanghai's urban grade and service scope change [understanding and memory]

Shanghai is located at the midpoint of China's north-south coastline and the mouth of the Yangtze River.

Shanghai has a developed railway network, which makes Shanghai have sufficient raw materials, labor, agricultural products and a huge market.

Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Delta, with a flat and open terrain.

4. City Grade: [Memory]

The service category and service scope of a city correspond to the level of the city. In the same area, the spatial distribution of cities is also closely related to the level of cities. These different levels of urban spatial combination constitute a regional urban hierarchy.

5, the relationship between the city level and the number of cities, mutual distance [understanding]

The number of cities with higher grades is small and far apart; There are more cities with lower grades and they are closer. (Take southern Germany as an example)

6. Centrism [Understanding]

2.3 Urbanization

1, the meaning of urbanization [understanding]

Land urbanization (from rural land to urban land)

Population urbanization (rural population becomes urban population)

The process of upgrading a city.

Formation process of regional city hierarchy

2. Motivation of population migration to cities: [Memory]

Purpose: Rapid population growth brings great pressure to land, natural disasters, low income and shortage of social services.

La: There are many employment opportunities, high social welfare guarantee, complete cultural facilities and convenient transportation.

3, measure the level of urbanization: the proportion of urban population to the total population [memory]

4, the significance of urbanization: [memory]

○ 1 The economic center of urban regional development can promote regional economic development, and the improvement of regional economic level can promote urban development.

○2 Promote changes in settlement patterns, modes of production, lifestyles and values.

5, the process of world urbanization [understanding memory]

Regional expansion of horizontal development speed in urbanization stage

Frequently asked questions about trends

At the initial stage, 25% ~ 30% or less, the urban functional land is mixed, and the functional distinction is not clear.

In the middle stage, 30% ~ 70%, traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, housing shortage are relatively high and fast, and suburbs are urbanized.

In the later period, more than 70%, high and slow, even stagnant, continue to increase the hollowing out and anti-urbanization of the central part of big cities.

6. Comparison of urbanization between developing countries and developed countries

Developing countries: started late (after World War II) and developed rapidly; Low level (average 33%); Unreasonable development (abnormal development); In the early and middle stages

Developed countries: started early (after the first industrial revolution); High level (average 70%); There is anti-urbanization phenomenon; At a later stage

7, the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment [memory]

Source hazard

Smoke and dust emitted by air pollution generated by urban residents' life; Industrial and mining enterprises [smoke emitted]; Exhaust pollutants emitted by various vehicles include smoke, dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and other harmful substances, which pollute the air and endanger health (London fog and haze incident, photochemical pollution, acid rain).

Water pollution, industrial wastewater and domestic sewage worsen rivers, lakes, oceans and groundwater, endangering human health and animal and plant reproduction (bone pain, etc.). )

Solid waste pollutes industrial production, urban construction and residents' consumption, and harms human health and the environment (white pollution, waste batteries, etc. )

Noise pollutes transportation, industrial production, building construction and social activities, hinders people's rest and work, and harms human health.

8. How to build an "eco-city": [Memory]

○ 1 In urban construction, low-pollution and energy-saving buildings and green transportation should be developed to reduce environmental pollution.

○2 Make the urban landscape as harmonious as possible with natural landscapes such as mountains, rivers, lakes, seas and vegetation, and establish a virtuous circle ("harmony between man and nature").

Chapter III Formation and Development of Agricultural Regions

3. 1 agricultural location selection

1, the concept of agriculture: [memory]

Humans use the natural productivity of the land to grow plants or raise animals to get the products they need.

2. The meaning of agricultural location: [understanding and memory]

○ 1 the position of agricultural production○ 2 the relationship between agriculture and geographical environment.

3. Main location factors of agriculture: [memory]

Natural factors: climate, topography, soil, water source.

Socio-economic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, machinery, science and technology.

The important factor that determines the type and scale of agricultural activities is the market factor.

4. The essence of agricultural location selection: rational use of agricultural land [memory]

5. Judgment [understanding] of the dominant location factors of agricultural activities.

Rice is mainly distributed in the monsoon region, "oranges are born in Huainan and oranges are born in Huaibei" (climatic factors)

Three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou (topographic factors)

Changes of Agricultural Landscape in Subtropical Coastal Areas of China since Reform and Opening-up (Market and Policy).

Tea Suitable for Acid Red Soil in South China (Soil Factors)

Dairy farming and gardening (traffic factors) along expressway, a big city.

6, the change of agricultural location factors [understanding memory]

Natural factors are relatively stable, and social and economic factors are developing rapidly.

Examples of scientific and technological transformation of natural factors: cultivating improved varieties to promote agricultural development (Yuan Longping expands the planting scope of hybrid rice and rubber trees); Improve local natural conditions and develop agriculture (greenhouse agriculture produces out-of-season vegetables)

The development of transportation and the progress of refrigeration technology make the world agriculture specialized and localized.

7. The meaning of agricultural area: [memory]

In a certain historical development stage, under the comprehensive action of social, economic, scientific and technological, cultural and natural conditions, agricultural production areas have been formed. The formation of agricultural areas is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and making rational use of agricultural land.

8. Factors affecting agricultural regional types: [Memory]

○ 1 Animals and plants with different geographical distribution○ 2 Natural conditions○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○9675

9. Location conditions of mixed agriculture in Australia: [Memory]

Natural location conditions: mild climate and moderate precipitation; Fertile soil; Flat terrain; Adequate water resources

Socio-economic conditions: broad market (the main producing areas of wheat and livestock products in the world); Adequate labor force; Advanced production mode and technology

10, the main characteristics of mixed agriculture in Australia: [memory]

Production structure: mixed agriculture combining planting and animal husbandry (wheat-shepherd)

Mode of operation: family farm.

Application of science and technology: rotational grazing, planting high-quality pasture and rotation system.

Agricultural specialization and regionalization are high.

Development measures: East-West Water Transfer Project

3.2 Planting-oriented agricultural regional types

1, agricultural distribution and crops in monsoon paddy fields [memory]

Distribution: Asian monsoon region (East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia)

Crops: mainly rice (rice habit: temperature and humidity)

2. Location conditions of monsoon paddy field agriculture: [Memory]

○ 1 The climate is dominated by monsoon, and high temperature and rainy weather are suitable for rice growth. 02 Flat terrain, suitable for paddy field management. 03 Dense population and abundant labor force. ○4 There are many people and few places, and living habits lead to a large demand for food. 05 Rice production has a long history (7000 years).

3, the characteristics of monsoon paddy field agriculture [memory]

○ 1 Small-scale farming (small production scale) ○2 High yield, low commodity rate ○3 Mechanization and low scientific level ○4 Large amount of water conservancy projects.

4. Agricultural distribution of commodity grain and crops [memory]

Distribution: USA, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and Ukraine.

Crops: wheat, corn

5, commodity grain agriculture location conditions [memory]

○ 1 Excellent natural conditions (mild climate, flat terrain and fertile soil) ○ 02 Convenient transportation ○ 03 Broad market ○ 04 Wide territory and sparsely populated ○ 05 High degree of mechanization ○ 06 Advanced agricultural science and technology.

6, the main characteristics of commodity grain agriculture [memory]

Large-scale production, high commodity rate, high level of mechanization and technology.

3.3 Agricultural regional types based on animal husbandry

1, Distribution and Production Object of Pasture Animal Husbandry [Memory]

Distribution: USA, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa (arid and semi-arid climate zone)

Production target: cattle and sheep

2. The location conditions of pasture grazing [memory]

○ 1 Warm climate, lush vegetation ○ 02 The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land price is low ○ 03 It is close to the harbor with convenient transportation.

3, pasture animal husbandry characteristics [memory]

Large-scale production, high commodity rate and high degree of specialization.

4, Argentina pasture animal husbandry development measures [memory]

○ 1 Grazing in pens, rotating grazing, planting feed, opening up water sources ○ 02 Cultivating fine cattle and strengthening the study of bovine diseases.

5, the distribution of dairy industry and agricultural products [memory]

Distribution: Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

Agricultural products: milk and dairy products

6, dairy industry location conditions [memory]

○ 1 The climate is cool and humid, which is suitable for the growth of succulent forage ○2 The urbanization level is high, and living habits affect the demand for dairy products.

7, the main characteristics of dairy industry [memory]

High commodity rate; High degree of mechanization; High degree of intensification; Most of them are distributed around big cities.

Chapter IV Formation and Development of Industrial Zones

4. 1 industrial location factors and location selection

Type Name Typical Industrial Sector Advantage Development Zone

Sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry and other areas rich in industrial raw materials.

Market-oriented industrial bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing industry and printing industry are all close to the product consumption market.

Areas with sufficient energy supply in power-based industries, non-ferrous metal smelting industries and chemical industries.

Cheap labor refers to the fields where there are a lot of cheap labor in ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, belt wrapping, umbrella making, shoe making and other industries.

Technology-oriented industrial integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, precision instruments, higher education and technologically developed areas.

I. Economic benefits

From the perspective of economic benefits, factories should choose places with obvious geographical advantages to obtain the highest profits at the lowest production cost.

Second, social benefits.

The influence of national policy changes: from the great development of coastal industries in China in the 1980s to the great development of western China in the early 20th century.

National defense needs: In the 1950s and 1970s, China established some large industrial bases in the Mainland, mainly heavy industry and military industry.

The influence of personal preference: A large number of overseas Chinese have invested and set up factories in their hometown.

The influence of industrial inertia: it may be due to the high cost of factory relocation, the influence of the government, the consideration of local economy and so on. It is often seen that a factory is located in an unreasonable position, but it still stays there. This is called industrial inertia.

Three. environmental benefit

Read the textbook P6 1 Location Selection Map of Heavy Pollution Industries, and analyze how to choose the location of heavy pollution industries.

Analysis process: factory-pollution type-how to control it

4. Overall analysis of factory location:

Economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits.

4.2 the formation of industrial areas

I. Industrial Association-Industrial Agglomeration-Industrial Region

1. Industrial linkages

(1) Input-output relationship

The first is that the output of enterprise A is the input of enterprise B, such as spinning, weaving, printing and dyeing, and clothing manufacturing. The connection between different processes in the same factory also belongs to this kind of connection, such as production line.

(2) unproductive spatial connection

Some factories are not related to each other in the production process, but are related to each other in geographical space. Some factories are connected to each other for the use of infrastructure, and some factories are connected for cheap labor, such as different industrial enterprises in some economic and technological development zones.

2. Industrial accumulation

In industrial development, industrial agglomeration often occurs in some factories with industrial ties.

The advantages of industrial agglomeration can make full use of infrastructure, strengthen mutual information exchange and technical cooperation, reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products, and finally reduce production costs, improve profits and obtain economies of scale.

3. Industrial Zone

(1) The concept of industrial area

The area formed by industrial agglomeration is called industrial zone.

(2) the formation of industrial areas

According to different formation processes, industrial areas can be divided into two categories:

(1) Spontaneous industrial zone.

It is mainly formed by the spontaneous agglomeration of industrial enterprises with input-output relationship in production;

(2) Planning and construction of industrial zone.

There are not only the same types as the former, but also the formation of different industries under the same infrastructure conditions.

(3) the nature of industrial regions

Industrial zones are divided into two categories according to the degree of development:

(1) Underdeveloped industrial areas.

(such as food industry), mainly local agricultural and sideline products processing industry, with simple industrial links, small scale and few factories.

(2) Industrial zones with high development level.

(such as iron and steel industrial zone), with complex industrial links, large area, many cooperative enterprises and large production scale, highly specialized industrial cities can often be formed. Many famous "steel city", "oil city" and "automobile city" in China and even in the world.

Second, the geographical relationship between industrial dispersion and industry

In recent years, some industries with high technology content and complex technology (such as aircraft, automobile manufacturing and electronics industry) have begun to show a trend of decentralization. Multinational enterprises look for the best location conditions around the world, reduce costs, and finally get the greatest comprehensive economic benefits.

4.3 Traditional industrial zones and new industrial zones

I. Traditional industrial areas

1, mainly distributed in Ruhr, central England, industrial zone in northeast America, industrial zone in south-central Liaoning, China, etc.

2. Characteristics of traditional industrial areas

(1) Generally, it is based on rich coal and iron resources, with textile, coal, steel, machinery, chemical industry and other traditional industries as the main industries;

(2) Take large enterprises as the axis, and gradually develop; Industrial distribution is highly concentrated.

3. History:

In the 1950s, especially after the 1970s, it began to decline, and then many countries underwent long-term transformation.

Second, the development, decline and transformation of Ruhr (see textbook map)

Location characteristics of 1. development

(1) Rich coal resources (2) Close to iron ore (3) Rich water sources.

(4) Convenient transportation; (5) Broad market.

Ruhr area is based on coal industry, mainly iron and steel industry, and a few heavy industries are highly concentrated.

The main reason for the decline of 1.

After the 1950s, the economy began to decline. The reason is: (1) The production structure is single.

Five traditional industrial sectors in Ruhr District: coal, electricity, steel, machinery and chemical industry.

(2) The energy status of coal is declining; (3) Global steel surplus.

(4) The influence of the new technological revolution; (5) Land shortage and serious environmental pollution.

3. Comprehensive improvement measures

In 1960s, Ruhr began to implement the general rules of comprehensive transformation, mainly from five aspects. A, adjust the industrial structure B, adjust the industrial layout C, develop the tertiary industry D, and optimize the environment

Third, the concept and distribution of emerging industrial zones

Concept: Emerging industrial zones refer to flexible industrial zones for small and medium-sized enterprises gradually formed in some rural areas of developed countries after 1950s.

Distribution: northeastern and central Italy, southern Germany, "Silicon Valley" in the United States and "Silicon Island" in Japan (Kyushu Island).

Fourth, the new industrial zone in Italy (see the map in the textbook)

1. Main conditions for developing new industrial zones in Italy

(1) A large number of cheap labor is the condition for local development;

(2) The sharp rise in the prices of raw materials and energy in 1970s was an international condition for development;

③ Developed credit system

④ Italy's highly open economy.

⑤ Strong support from the government.

2. Development characteristics

Industrial zone Italy emerging industrial zone traditional industrial zone

The production scale is mainly small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises.

Main industrial sectors: light industry and heavy industry

The production process is decentralized and centralized.

Low degree of capital concentration

Industrial distribution is scattered in small towns or rural areas.

3. Unique development mode-industrial community

(1) concept

Refers to the small and medium-sized enterprises in a region (between production enterprises and production enterprises, between production enterprises and non-production enterprises), taking a business activity as the center, and according to the needs of modern management, gradually establishing mutual trust and relatively stable cooperative relations and production, supply and marketing systems.

(2) Function

It is helpful to strengthen specialization, improve production efficiency, reduce production costs and enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets.

Five, the United States "Silicon Valley" (see the textbook map)

1. feature

Since the middle and late 20th century, driven by the new technological revolution, some emerging industries with high technology content have developed rapidly.

(1) talents: high level of employees (2) products: high R&D expenses;

(3) rapid growth and renewal; (4) The products are geared to the international market.

2. Reasons for the rise

(1) Excellent geographical location and beautiful environment; (2) Pleasant climate. Here belongs to the Mediterranean climate, warm and humid.

(3) Institutions of higher learning. Stanford University (4) has convenient transportation and fast access. Mainly road and air transportation.

(5) Military orders: special conditions!

Chapter V Traffic Layout and Its Influence

I. Main modes of transportation and their characteristics:

Advantages and disadvantages of transportation mode

Railway transportation is one of the most important modes of transportation in modern times. Large volume, high speed, low freight rate, little influence by natural factors, good continuity, high construction cost, large consumption of metal materials, wide geographical area and high short-distance transportation cost.

Highway transportation is the fastest developing, most widely used and increasingly important mode of transportation. Flexible, quick turnover, convenient loading and unloading, strong ability to adapt to various natural conditions, small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high cost and expensive freight.

Waterway transportation is the oldest mode of transportation, which has the advantages of large capacity, low investment, low cost, slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity, and is greatly influenced by natural conditions such as waterway hydrology and meteorology.

Air transportation is the fastest modern mode of transportation because of its high speed and high efficiency.

Small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high freight, large equipment investment and strict technical requirements.

A new mode of transportation in which pipeline transportation tools and lines are integrated. The goods are mainly crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, coal slurry and other ore pulp. The gas does not volatilize, the liquid does not flow out, the loss is small, the continuity is strong, it is stable and safe, the management is convenient, it can be all-weather, and the traffic flow is large. Pipeline transportation needs to lay special pipelines, which has large equipment investment and poor flexibility.

Second, the formation and development trend of traffic network:

A transportation network formed by one mode of transportation, a transportation network formed by more than two modes of transportation and a comprehensive transportation network in different regions. (See P80 in the textbook)

Development trend: transportation is not only increasingly networked and internationalized (the world's two major Eurasian continental bridges and four major shipping routes), but also increasingly high-speed, large-scale and specialized (container transportation saves packaging costs, facilitates the mechanization of loading and unloading operations and ensures the safety of cargo transportation).

Three. Location factors of traffic lines and stations:

A. Location factors affecting railway construction: economic and social factors become decisive factors. Take the Beijing-Kowloon Railway as an example (1, rational transportation network layout, 2, promoting economic development along the route, 3, maintaining long-term stability and prosperity of Hong Kong, and 4, advanced science and technology as a guarantee).

B. Location factors affecting highway construction: to build a highway, 1. We should make full use of favorable natural conditions and avoid sections with complex terrain, geology and hydrological conditions. 2. Try to occupy less cultivated land and handle the relationship with urban development.

E. Conditions for port construction: The port location is not only affected by water conditions (such as navigation conditions and berthing conditions), but also by land conditions (such as port construction conditions and hinterland conditions). The location factors of Shanghai Port mainly include: First, Shanghai Port is the estuary port of the Yangtze River Delta and also the seaport. The main port areas are distributed along Huangpu River, and the delta is flat and open, which provides conditions for port construction. On the one hand, the Yangtze River provides fresh water for the port, on the other hand, it ensures the navigation space for ships, but the delta slope is small, and sediment is easy to deposit and block the river. Second, the economic hinterland of Shanghai Port is the most developed area in China. Third, Shanghai Port is based in Shanghai.