A short story about tunnel warfare

Episode 1: Underground Attacker

1942 In May, the Qing and Anti-Qing Wars broke out in North China. Japan suddenly found that its occupation of North China was not consolidated, and the activities of resistance organizations seriously threatened the operation of this war supply ground and military station.

Okamura Ningji, the Japanese garrison commander in North China, personally directed the clean-up operation. The Japanese troops of the two divisions were ordered to withdraw from the Pacific battlefield and enter North China, relying on superior weapons to raid the vast rural areas of North China. This time, it was later called the May Day cleaning in North China.

At that time, the most difficult struggle against mopping-up in North China was the anti-Japanese base area in central Hebei. Here is located in the plain, there is no danger to defend, and the main force of the Eighth Route Army in the base area was forced to move to Taihang. The central Hebei plain is filled with smoke, and turrets and highways are woven into a large net, covering all villages on the plain.

In the middle of the gap in this big net, there are some guerrillas and militia forces stubbornly. They created all kinds of guerrilla tactics to attack the Japanese from behind. Among these tactics, one relies on the secret tunnels in villages in central Hebei, which can be concealed, moved or attacked when defending, so it is called tunnel warfare by later generations.

Ran Zhuang, Qingyuan County, Hebei Province, is a village with a history of thousands of years in central Hebei. Today, there is still a tunnel under this small village. This tunnel is deep and secret. It is said that the older generation of villagers dug it to defend the countryside in the anti-mopping-up battle.

Introduction: During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, in order to solve the problem of insufficient weapons and ammunition, Ran Zhuang militia secretly opened an arsenal in the tunnel. Our underground arsenal covers an area of more than 140 square meters, and there are mainly 7 workshops to produce various weapons. The assembly workshop is used to assemble all kinds of guns and guns with bullets. Different from other workshops, this well is a riot prevention measure, and it is a safety measure to throw gunpowder into the bottom of the well when it is about to go off during assembly. This was the weapons warehouse at that time. All kinds of home-made weapons we saw were produced by Ran Zhuang militia themselves. We saw a bottle of mine and a pot of mine hanging on the wall, and a small steel gun with fire mines and mortars hanging below.

It is said that the weapons produced by the ordnance factory can be sent directly to various battle fortresses through tunnels. These tunnels are narrow and crude, winding and crisscrossing, which makes people lose their way. It seems that invisible dangers lurk everywhere. And this often inspires tourists' endless imagination of war.

The shooting of tunnel warfare was completed on 1965. At that time, Xudong Ren of Bayi Film Studio was appointed as the screenwriter and director of this film. Director Xudong Ren is 8 1 year old this year. In his life, he had two unforgettable experiences, and the shooting of tunnel warfare was one of them.

Xudong Ren, director of the film "Tunnel Warfare": This film was made by the leaders of the Central Committee or the Military Commission. This topic was also issued by the Mobilization Department of the Military Commission, and a revolutionary traditional teaching film was to be made. The target is the broad masses of militia throughout the country. It takes the form of a feature film, which is given when the order is given, that is, a feature film is sent. There are actors, plots and stories, so this tunnel warfare is called a military feature film.

Although this is a feature film, many scenes in the film are still inconclusive because it undertakes the task of military education. A group of plowmen defeated a regular Japanese army. This victory is more like a myth compiled by blindly advocating tunnels. However, director Xudong Ren insists that all this is not exaggeration, and even some of the actors' antics are simulated from the real battlefield.

Xudong Ren, director of the film Tunnel Warfare: It looks like a game, but in fact, think about it in that situation. You can't play as usual when climbing the wall. Yes, you climb very high. Grasping the wall and rolling down to minimize the number of targets is a tactical requirement. Climbing the wall has the action of climbing the wall. Walking in the street with a gun, it is impossible to come to the street in droves like in some movies. If you hit someone, they will hit you. Throw a Grenade, and the formation should not be too dense. They are all glued to the wall. When they stick to the wall, they can't stick to the wall like this. They must stick to the wall like this. In this way, the target will be wider and fewer, and the killing area will be reduced. When you have to walk against the wall, the bayonet usually leans against its side like this. When you hit it, it always leans forward. It can't be like this. Movies like today are not qualified at all.

Nowadays, Ran Zhuang can still see many scenes of tunnel warfare in movies, and the fiction of movies and the truth of history seem to be integrated here. Ran Zhuang is one of the best protected anti-Japanese tunnel sites in China today. However, according to historical records and old people's memories, the tunnels it has preserved are only bits and pieces of those years. More than 60 years ago, this tunnel was spread all over the central Hebei plain, with a total length comparable to that of the Red Army's long March to resist Japan northward, reaching 25,000 Li.

However, these relics alone cannot prove whether the tunnel warfare in history really has invincible power. Because its structure itself is not very strong.

Yan Dasen, director of Ran Zhuang Tunnel War Memorial Hall: The water level in Jizhong was relatively high in those years. If your tunnel is too thin from the ground, it is easy to collapse and too thick, it is easy to get close to the water level, especially in rainy season.

More than 60 years ago, most of the tunnels under the central Hebei plain were dug about one meter from the ground, and some were even less than one meter. Corresponding to this depth, the underground ground can still echo far away after tens of meters deep into the tunnel. This sound insulation effect is obviously taboo for a tunnel whose main function is hiding.

What is the real strength of this long and legendary tunnel? Why do older villagers choose tunnels as a way to fight against Japan in areas with high groundwater level?

After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, due to the obstruction and harassment of the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians, it became increasingly difficult for North China, a Japanese transshipment station and feeding ground, to operate normally. So that year, the Japanese army's sweeping of North China was more bloody and cruel than before. At that time, the Japanese army's action policy was the notorious "three lights policy" of killing, burning and looting.

Before becoming a film director, Xudong Ren was an army cadre. 1939, Xudong Ren, who was only 15 years old, joined the Eighth Route Army129th Division. 1942, he took part in the battle against the May 1 sweeping with his comrades in Taihang Mountain base, and was the witness of that sweeping. And this is the first unforgettable experience in his life.

Xudong Ren, director of Tunnel Warfare: It's called combing tactics, just like combing your hair. There is also a performance in the movie "Tunnel Warfare", that is, pulling a whole line, whether in the village or in the wild, and flattening it. If you want to occupy the village, people usually run to the ditch outside the village. You are better in summer. You have a green tent. Crops grow in the ground. You can hide them in the crops. There are six or seven months in a year. The plain is Ma Pingchuan, and there is nowhere to hide.

At that time, the situation in Jizhong Anti-Japanese Base Area was difficult, because it was located in Ma Pingchuan Plain, and there were no hills and mountains to support it. Even guerrilla warfare cannot last. After the main force of the Eighth Route Army moved to Taihang, the guerrillas, militiamen and civilians who stayed in central Hebei had to look around for the cracks in the sweep in order to hide and survive.

Four sentences were not created by directors or screenwriters, but were folk songs in Jizhong at that time.

Xudong Ren, director of the film "Tunnel Warfare": Yang Chengwu was the commander of Jizhong base area in Jizhong Plain from 65438 to 0945. After watching the movie, he said, it's much more cruel than this. It's not enough. I have to add it. At that time, the film had been finished, and two or three shots were added.

This is a season when green tents are desperately sprouting. However, due to the Japanese army's sweeping, this vibrant season is filled with bloody flavor. One night, the Japanese army suddenly entered Ran Zhuang.

Yan Dasen, director of Ran Zhuang Tunnel War Memorial Hall: On that day alone, 1 1 people were disabled, 1 1 people were captured, more than 700 houses were burned, and large livestock, pigs and chickens were robbed. That's countless. They attacked Ran Zhuang for two purposes. One is to retaliate against Ran Zhuang, because it is an anti-Japanese fortress village. The second is to secretly arrest the anti-Japanese volunteers.

At that time, the main target of the Japanese raid was a man named Zhang Senlin. However, after the Japanese army rushed into the room, no one caught it, only a bed that was not folded in time was found.

Yan Dasen, director of Ran Zhuang Tunnel War Memorial Hall: How did Zhang Senlin manage to escape at that time? Presumably, he escaped by tunneling.

Zhang Senlin is the first party member in Ran Zhuang. Zi 1938, one of the leaders of local anti-Japanese organizations in Ran Zhuang. 1943, when he attended a secret meeting, he was arrested and killed by the Japanese army. Zhang Senlin is the earliest founder of tunnel warfare in Ran Zhuang Village.

In fact, the tunnel that Zhang Senlin first dug was very simple. He just borrowed a local crop cellar-sweet potato cellar. Digging horizontally on the side wall of the sweet potato cellar, people dug a hole invisible from the ground, which was called toad squat locally.

After Zhang Senlin dug a toad in Ran Zhuang, many members of anti-Japanese organizations in the same village 10 imitated it one after another. They secretly dug this simple tunnel in the well or in their own vegetable garden. They also put the excavated soil in their own yard and flattened it with a roller to prevent the Japanese army from finding traces of digging tunnels.

Toad squatting is the earliest tunnel mode excavated by people in central Hebei. At the beginning of the Japanese sweep, many lives were saved at the most critical moment.

However, it didn't take long for Toad's weakness to be fully exposed. The Japanese army listed it as a key target and easily found a solution.

Yan Dasen, director of Ran Zhuang Tunnel War Memorial Hall: We have an anti-Japanese warrior. The whole family hid in the tunnel, unable to move or get out. They were captured by the Japanese invaders and later disappeared.

As a hiding place, the biggest weakness of Toad Squat is that it has only one hole. Under the close search of the Japanese army, once the hole is exposed, the hidden people cannot escape.

On the vast plain in central Hebei, the Japanese army built nearly 2000 bunkers and towers and highways extending in all directions. Japanese troops on the top of each gun can easily monitor the range of several kilometers in Fiona Fang, and if they find anything unusual, they can react quickly.

However, their opponents are almost all cultivators who make a living by farming in the central Hebei plain. They have no war experience and advanced weapons. Even if guerrilla warfare is launched, there is no geographical cover and no safe hiding place, what awaits them is undoubtedly the fate of death.

After the discovery of the single tunnel by the Japanese army, more than ten anti-Japanese villagers in Ran Zhuang held a secret meeting. At this meeting, the villagers came up with a way to improve the weakness of the single-port tunnel, extending all the original single-port tunnels and digging a porous underground passage.

Yan Dasen, director of Ran Zhuang Tunnel War Memorial Hall: Is it better to transfer from my home to yours after digging? In this way, from the west to the east, the two families are connected together, forming a double-mouth hole. Once the enemy attacks in the west, he will flee from this house in the west to this house in the east, and escape from there.

This is a method to improve the existing tunnel, which seems to be labor-saving, but under the technical conditions at that time, there is actually a difficult construction problem to solve. Underground excavation, excavation of two tunnels. If you want to connect, you must ensure the accuracy of the excavation direction. Moreover, according to the existing war experience, tunnels cannot be dug in a straight line. Because once the Japanese army followed into the tunnel, it could easily shoot the villagers in the tunnel.

What remains in Ran Zhuang today is a winding tunnel, which, coupled with the crisscross of many tunnels, is a space without the concept of orientation. Even the militia who dug these tunnels themselves, the compass was indispensable in the later battles.

In the modern subway excavation construction, a kind of excavation technology called shield is adopted. On this large-scale modern tunneling equipment, the operator can't see the working face and nose of the tunneling machine at all. This equipment first determines the heading direction by measuring an anchor point, and then monitors the other three coordinates on the roadheader by infrared equipment. By monitoring the relationship between these three coordinates and positioning coordinate points, the operator can know the direction and height of excavation at any time so as to adjust it in time.

Sixty years ago, the villagers in Ran Zhuang had only simple earthmoving tools, short hoes and shovels. If they want to keep the accurate direction of excavation, they must come up with a very clever indigenous method.

Yan Dasen, director of Ran Zhuang Tunnel War Memorial Hall: Use sound to identify this direction and identify the direction and radian of the tunnel.

The tunnel in Ran Zhuang is about two meters underground. At this depth, the ground and underground can communicate completely through sound. One person keeps banging on the ground, while the people below are digging according to the guidance of the sound. In this way, many single-port tunnels in 10 in Ran Zhuang are finally connected accurately, forming a porous underground passage that can be concealed or transferred.

However, shortly after Ran Zhuang dug his own tunnel, bad news came from Beituan Village, one hundred kilometers away from Ran Zhuang. Within one day, hundreds of villagers in Beituan Village died tragically in the tunnel. At that time, the North Group had a tunnel network with a length of more than 65,438+00 Li. However, it is this tunnel network that has become the place where the Japanese army carried out mass killings.

This is the biggest tragedy in the tunnel since the Japanese army swept through it. At that time, the organ newspaper of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei anti-Japanese base area reported the occurrence of this tragedy in detail, which shocked the whole of North China.

From the tragedy in a single tunnel to the mass slaughter in multiple tunnels, more and more people realize that under the pressure of the Japanese army, if the tunnel only has a negative hiding function, it can no longer resist the Japanese army's sweeping. Is it necessary to continue digging tunnels? Has become the focus of debate.