What was the predominant religion practiced in Ancient Rome?

The religion practiced by the ancient Romans. Religion. Polytheism. It entered the Italian peninsula around the 20th century B.C. The Indo-European . The Indo-European peoples who entered the Italian Peninsula around the 20th century B.C.E. and the local prehistoric peoples. The religion that arose from the fusion of the Indo-European. Religion. Cults. Nature worship mixed with ancestor worship, no temples and priests. There are no temples and priests. Images of deities and myths were not yet anthropomorphic. The Romans were mainly farmers and herdsmen, so the gods were mostly related to crops. Such as the original Chubit for the spirit of grapes, Mars was originally the spirit of the grains (later became the god of war), Diana was originally the spirit of the trees and so on. The 8th century B.C. tribal set. The tribal groups were dissolved in the 8th century B.C. The Etruscan dynasty emerged. The Etruscan dynasty emerged, emphasizing worship and rituals, and forming a set of complicated rituals and regulations. The Etruscan Dynasty emerged. Funeral rituals were grand, building house-like tombs, painted with colorful pictures, which often contained images of evil. They have rich imaginations of the other world and often have images of evil spirits. They have a rich imagination of the other side of the world, and often offer flowers, milk, and freshly ripened produce to please the gods. They often make offerings of flowers, milk, and first-fruits to please the gods. They have a passion for divination and often look at the livers of sacrificial animals or the wood and stones struck by lightning to predict . They are also keen on divination.

In ancient times, the core structure of Roman Catholicism was based on the three gods Jupiter. The core structure of the religion was based on the three gods Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus.

Jupiter was a great god of Indo-European origin, the god of the sky and the heavens, and the supreme ruler of power. . ruler of power. In ancient times, the gods had been worshipped under many different names, which pointed to different attributes. Two kinds of worship had been established in honor of Romulus: one to Jupiter Feretrius, the guardian of oaths, at whose sanctuary shepherds worshipped near a sacred oak tree on Mount Capitol, which had begun in the unrecognizable antiquity; and the other to Jupiter Stator, who prevented soldiers from fighting in the battlefield. Stator, the god who prevented soldiers from fleeing in battle) was worshipped.

The establishment of the cult of the greatest Jupiter (Jupiter Optimus Maximus) was then seen in Rome, with its temple on Mount Capito, which was also dedicated to Juno and Minerva, and was inaugurated in 509 BC.

Mars was the god of war, and people prayed to him to protect their property from external attacks, both on the Roman territory and on the Roman Empire. . boundaries of Roman rule, as well as the private side of family property. Quirinus was the divine guardian of the tribunes (the ancient administrative units of the city of Rome) and of the people who assembled there. The guardian of the people who met there and of civic activities, as opposed to the soldiers who fought under the patronage of Mars. Among the male deities, Liber Pater was the god who ensured the growth of plants and children; Robigus eliminated terrible disasters and wheat rust; and Consus was the god of the cellars where wheat was stored. Silvanus was the god of forests, similar to Faunus, the god of animal husbandry and agroforestry; Fons was the god who watched . . god of springs; and Neptune, god of fresh water, who in later times became influenced by the process of Hellenization and became similar to Poseidon, the god of the sea. Responsible for watching over . The male deity in charge of fire was Vulcan, who is also commonly referred to as Vulcan and Hercules, as in later times he was assimilated by the Greek god Ephestus and became the wielder of iron among the gods. One of the Roman gods that cannot find a counterpart in the Greek religion is Iaia. The one Roman god that has no Greek counterpart is Janus, the unique Roman-Ancient Italian god of portals and access, who watched over the division between the interior and exterior of the city and the residence. . guarding the borders that divided the home from the city's interior and exterior, and defending its inner space from the dangers that pervaded the outside world. When the Roman Catholic Church began to represent the god in human features, it was a very important step in the process. . began to represent the god with human features, he was depicted with two faces, clearly indicating his duty to watch . Watching two directions: entrance and exit.

Among the female deities, Juno is the god of vitality and the protector of women in all areas of life. For example, in the name of Juno Pronuba she is the god of marriage, while in the name of Juno Lucina she governs the birth of children and protects women who are pregnant. . pregnant women. Bellona was the god of war; Tellus was the earth-goddess, the mother of men, animals, plants, all living things; Ceres was concerned with agricultural sacrifices, and was later merged with the Greek Demeter; PaLЕS was the god of herds, and was associated with the avatars of plenty - -Konsus, Ops (Ops), who protected crops. A god with a double name, Anna Perenna, the personification of the year of renewal, was worshipped in the sacred grove near the Tiber River, one kilometer from the Flaminian Way. The most important moon god in ancient Latium was Diana, not of Roman origin. She was the goddess of Nemi, "Diana Nemorensis", a great nature goddess, worshipped in the forests around Lake Nemi. As the god of the moon, she made the light bright at night while protecting women and newborn babies. Although tradition attributes the introduction of the cult of Diana to King Servius Tullius, her temple was built on Mount Aventine, a mountain located beyond the sacred walls (pomoerium) generally reserved for foreign deities. Servius Tullius was also responsible for hosting another deity, Fortuna. According to legend, the king built a number of altars in Rome in honor of the goddess, the most famous of which is the one in the Foro Boario. The most famous of these is the temple located in the sacred walls of the Foro Boario, next to the Mater Matuta (Goddess of the dawn). As a result of Hellenization, Fortuna then became the goddess of human destiny. An extremely important and powerful goddess was Vesta, protector of the hearth and the home, who later became the principal Vesta of the entire city. In fact, the circular temple of Vesta was located in the set . . assembly square. . where the sacred fire was delivered to the priestesses - these Vestas were virgins with strict responsibilities - who watched over the fire day and night. They watched over the sacred fire day and night to ensure its safety. They watched over the sacred fire day and night to keep it burning. They watched over it day and night to keep it burning. Inside the temple was a sanctuary where a series of sacred relics from the origins of the mythological city were kept, including Aeneas the Brave, Aeneid, and Aeneid, the Sacred, the Sacred, and the Sacred. The statue of Pallas Athena, brought back from Troy by the warrior Aeneas, was kept here. This site is accessible only to priestesses and the Pontifex Maximus.

For Venus (Venus) of . Son of Aeneas, the legendary founder of Rome, Venus was considered the supernatural mother of the Romans. It was only from the Greek Aphrodite that she was conceived as the goddess of love and beauty, taking on the characteristics of those. In 135 B.C., the emperor Hadrian began construction of the largest temple in ancient Rome, dedicated to Venus and the goddess Roma, which was completed in 141.

It is important to note, however, that in the most ancient times, the places where worship was practiced were the perceived abodes of the gods, such as forests, caves, and forest springs. By convention, the original Roman temples were erected only at the beginning of the imperial era, and this seems to be confirmed by archaeological research, for example, in the temples of Julius Caesar, the Set . Assembly Square. . are corroborated by terracotta architectural elements found in the vicinity of the Temple of Caesar, the Fair Grounds, and the Temple of the Lord, and by offerings in the consecrated catacombs.

Through . Contacts with foreigners, especially Etruscans. contact, especially with the Etruscans and Greeks, the Roman sect . The religion gradually changed over time.

At their height in the 6th century B.C., the Etruscans expanded northward into the Po Valley, while occupying the Latium region in the south, from the Tarquins who ruled Rome until the Campanians. Roman rule until the Campanian dynasty.

The Etruscans had a particular influence on the appearance of the city and transformed Rome from a cluster of villages into a true city surrounded by walls, with squares and temples. . and temples, into a true urban center. In the 6th century BC, Rome was characterized by a large number of temples built on Etruscan models, such as the one dedicated to the three Capitan gods on the Capitoline Hill. It stands as a typical Etruscan-Ancient Italian temple on a very high pedestal that can be accessed . reached by a flight of stairs. It has three inner sanctuaries, or one inner nave and three wings, except at the rear, where the whole is surrounded by a row of columns. The decoration consists mainly of terracotta panels and sculpture.

Etruscan influence is also seen in an important religious . Religious dimension: divination. Through . By observing the signals that some deities transmitted to people to reveal . . to reveal their needs. The Etruscans were skilled in analyzing and interpreting the entrails of animals, and they combined their knowledge with the observation of omens in order to determine how best to perform the necessary religious rituals before taking actual action. . religious rituals in exchange for divine mercy and good deeds.

The Greeks began to appear in Italy between 770 and 774 B.C., at which time they established the oldest Western colony at Cuma in Campania. Thereafter, they continued to establish colonies in southern Italy, as far south as Sicily, until this entire region possessed the new name Magna Graecia (meaning Great Greece). It was here that the Romans first came into contact with Greek civilization. Romans' first contact with Greek civilization took place in this region, through the human medium of Etruscans. It was in this area that the Romans first came into contact with Greek civilization, and it was through Etruscan mediation and trade that the Romans established their first and most recent contact with the Greeks. The first and closest contact between Romans and Greeks was established through Etruscan mediation and trade. The first and closest contact between the Romans and the Greeks was established through Etruscan mediation and trade.

The Hellenization of the Roman religion brought the Roman gods and goddesses together. The Hellenization of the Roman religion led to the assimilation of the Roman gods to the Greek gods. Although the Roman gods kept their original names and sacred places, they acquired personalities, images, and myths similar to those of the Greek gods. This process was not forced . This process was not forced, but spontaneous and natural, and was facilitated by the continued contact with the Greek traders who came to Rome. This process was facilitated by the constant contact with the Greek traders who came to Rome, and through a more refined method. By a more refined method, namely, the extremely rich mythological scenes on a great number of vessels exported from Greece, the Romans began to recognize and venerate Greek gods and heroes.

Also, the Roman religion . Church through . It was further expanded through the acceptance of several Greek deities. Among the most popular were HercuLЕS, who dropped his heroic traits and became a monotheistic god; the two twin heroes Castor and Pollux, who were collectively known as Dioscuri; and the goddesses of A . Apollo. Apollo, whose cult began to be introduced to Rome from the Greek colony of Cuma between the late 6th and 5th centuries BC. Initially the Romans recognized Apollo as a Apollo. Originally worshipped by the Romans as the god of medicine and language in a temple outside the sacred city walls, Apollo was introduced to Rome by Augustus in 31 BC after his victory over Antony and Cleopatra at the Cap d'Actium. Bo. Law was thought to have played such an important role that Augustus built a temple in his honor on Palatine Hill.

From the beginning, Rome had a variety of priests. Legend has it that its organization . organization came from King Numa Pompilius.

The arrangement of religious ceremonies was entrusted to the priests. Arrangements for religious ceremonies were entrusted to groups of priests. At the top of the hierarchy were the rex sacrorum, the kings of the rites, who were chosen to undertake the performance of formerly imperial patriarchal . The top of the hierarchy was the rex sacrorum, who were chosen to undertake the religious activities performed by the former emperors. Next came the priests (flamens), ***15 in number, three principal priests (the priests of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus) and twelve secondary priests who were responsible for the cultic activities of particular deities; sixteen high priests, headed by the supreme priest, supervised the . . . rites of worship; the Vestal Virgins, headed by the Virgo Vestalis Maxima, the priestesses who consecrated Vesta, the goddess of the hearth, initially four, then increased to six; and the Augurs, diviners, who interpreted signs and omens. Greek influence can be seen in the establishment of a priestly council. Greek influence can be seen in the establishment of a council of priests, the Decemviri, who were responsible for deliberating on the Libri sibillini, the collection of prophecies from the soothsayers of Cuma. Libri sibillini, a collection of prophecies from the soothsayers of Kumar. It is rumored that she sold this . sold to the ancient emperors of Rome. These books were consulted in difficult situations, such as natural or social . natural or social calamities, or for the interpretation of or for explaining unusual events. The last of these is the Epulia. Finally, there was the Epulos, which was responsible for organizing the pope. organizing the sacred feasts held during religious ceremonies. Sacred Banquets held during religious ceremonies.

The private sphere of religious . The private sphere was very important and was essentially linked to the many gods that guarded the family. The home contained an atrium, a building dedicated to the worship of the gods. In the earliest period, the atrium contained a fireplace, of which the goddess Vesta was the guardian. Subsequently, this part of the area contained small shrines to the lararium, which were used for the worship of other protectors of the house and the family: the god of the house, Lari, is represented as several youths in short, loose-fitting tunics with waistbands, and is placed on either side of the lararium in the process of pouring the sacrificial wine from the horned containers. Genius, a kind of male guardian angel of the family, is represented as a male figure wearing a wide tunic covering his head; Penates bears the responsibility of protecting the closet, where the family provisions are stored; and Mani is worshipped as the ancestor of the family. All the important events of family life . events - births, deaths, marriages - are celebrated with specific religious . . ceremonies in which all members of the family participate. The family ceremonies were run by the father (pater familias), and his wife and children could offer . His wife and children could help by handing him the sacrificial vessels, or by a dedicated person. . utensils, or he may be assisted in special ceremonies by dedicated persons, such as priests or later assistants in charge of slaughtering the sacrificial animals.

As just mentioned, the Romans were equally happy to accept the worship of foreign deities, from cities they had conquered or destroyed. The Romans believed that they could not have won decisive victories without the permission of the patron gods of the cities with which they were at war. Therefore, the Romans offered sacrifices to these deities, invited them to leave the besieged cities, and then transported them to Rome, where they could enjoy sublime glory.

The first Eastern deity to be accepted by Rome was the Phrygian goddess Cybele, the mother goddess, goddess of mountains and wilderness nature, and ruler of productivity and fertility. A temple was dedicated to her on the Palatine Hill in 191 BC. For E . and the goddess Isis are well known. The belief in Isis is very famous. There was a temple dedicated to her in Pompeii, filled with beautifully colored frescoes, sacred objects, and works of art suggesting the worship of the goddess. All the decorations are now housed in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples. National Archaeological Museum. There is a famous fresco from Herculaneum depicting the ritual worship of Isis. A priest holding a baton leads the . A priest holding a baton leads the assembly. A priest holding a baton leads the choir of the assembly, the members of which are arranged in two lines on the steps in front of the temple, and at the announcement of the sistra, a bell-like instrument peculiar to the worship of Isis, at the top of the steps, the chief priest comes out to show the vessel containing the holy water of the Nile. Water vessel.

Equally widespread was the worship of the Indo-Iranian deity Mitra, who was well known among soldiers and merchants. Mitra is often depicted as slaughtering a bull, an act that symbolizes the new birth. Numerous places of worship from Roman times have been preserved. These sites were usually ground . Underground or semi-underground . Underground, reminiscent of caves, the birthplace of the gods people believed in.

Similarly, there are dedications depicting hands making blessing gestures, typical of the worship of the Phrygian or Thracian deity Sabazius, a god of plants, who was well known in Greece as early as the 6th century B.C., and who came to the West during the Roman era, similar to Zeus or Dionysius.

Augustus the Great was interested in reviving the ancient traditions of the Roman religion. The ancient traditions of the religion were taken very seriously. After attaining the throne in 27 B.C. After his accession to the throne in 27 B.C., his cult of his own personality influenced later emperors, thus laying the foundation for a firm belief in his and his family's . The foundations of his faith in him and his family were laid. The foundations of faith in him and his family were laid. As a result, Augustus established the cult of Genius Augusti, a tutelary deity, and appointed special priests, the Augustals, to perform the rituals. To commemorate . Augustus the Great, contests were instituted, temples dedicated to him were built, and he was given divine honors after his death. Augustus' successors continued the tradition, and deification - equating the emperor with the gods - became more frequent by the day. Nero insisted on the deification of himself as A. Bo. Lo, while Commodus chose Heracles.