Information about Guan Yu

Guan Yu (160 or 162-220), whose real name was Changsheng, later changed to Yunchang, was a native of Hedongxie (Yuncheng, Shanxi). A famous general of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Liu Bei started his army, Guan Yu followed him and was loyal and trusted by Liu Bei. After Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang entered Shu, Guan Yu guarded Jingzhou, and after Liu Bei seized Hanzhong, Guan Yu took advantage of the situation to launch a northern expedition against Cao Wei, flooding seven armies, capturing Yu Ban, and chopping off Pound, which shocked Cao Cao and almost caused him to relocate his capital to avoid it, but when Eastern Wu attacked Jingzhou, Guan Yu was defeated and killed. After Guan Yu's death, he was gradually deified and honored as "Lord Guan" by the people; he was praised by the imperial courts through the ages, and in the Qing Dynasty, he was worshipped as "Loyalty, Righteousness, Divine and Martial Spirituality, Benevolence, Courage, and Wisdom, Guan Sheng Da Di", and was revered as the "Sage of Martial Arts", and the "Sage of Letters", and the "Sage of Culture". The Qing Dynasty honored him as "Sage of Martial Arts" and "Sage of Literature" Confucius. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms honors him as the first of the Five Tiger Generals, and Mao Zonggang calls him the "Yi Jie" of the "three greats of the Romance".

Introduction

According to "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Guan Yu Guan Yu captures the general's picture

Body length of nine feet, beard length of two feet; danfeng eyes, crouching silkworm eyebrow, face such as heavy jujubes, lips such as grease, so that the Qinglong Crescent Sword, crotch Red Rabbit Horse, the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" did not record. The end of the Eastern Han Dynasty under the banner of Liu Bei famous generals, "Three Kingdoms" records, Liu Bei Guan Yu, Zhang Fei "bed is the same bed, as brothers", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the three people described as "Peach Orchard Three Jieyi", Liu Bei's second brother, Zhang Fei elder brother. The story has been recited for generations to come. Guan Yu temporarily living under Cao Cao, because of the front to kill Yan Liang to solve the siege of the White Horse has merit, by Cao Cao on the table as Han Shouting Marquis; Liu Bei Hanzhong King, worship Guan Yu as a former general, fake section battle-axe, the total leadership of the Jingzhou; Guan Yu after his death, by the later master of the posthumous title of Liu Zen, said "Strong Mew Marquis", in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms," is the King of Hanzhong, Liu Bei, the head of the five Tiger Generals. After his death by the civil reverence, has been the object of folk worship, is honored as "Guan Gong", Luoyang Guandi Pavilion specializes in Guan Gong's enlightenment, and by successive dynasties of the imperial court commendation, the Qing dynasty by the emperor Guangxu as "loyal and righteous God Wu Lingyou Renyong Xianwei protect the country to protect the people sincere Suijing Yizan Xuande Guan Sheng Daji ", revered as "Sage of Martial Arts", and "Sage of Literature" Confucius; also known as "Guan Fu Zi"; and finally was named as the "Ancient Buddha of Gai Tian". In Buddhism, he is known as the "Bodhisattva of Jataka". The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes "Warm Wine Beheads Hua Xiong", "Thousand Mile Ride", "Single Sword Goes to the Banquet", "Flooding Seven Armies", and so on. Flooding seven armies" and other good stories, but also "careless loss of Jingzhou", "defeat in the wheat city" and other regrettable things! Note: Guan Yu's original character, may be due to the different versions of data and discrepancies, in the "cloud long" before the "long life" and "long life" this two sayings. According to the record of "Three Kingdoms Zhi-Guan Yu Biography", Guan Yu's original character was Chang Sheng (长生).

Biography

Followed Liu Bei and was highly trusted

Guan Yu (? -220), born in the sixth month of the third year of Emperor Huan Di's Yan Xi reign (160 years), was a famous general in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who fled from his hometown to Liu Bei in the early years of his life due to a criminal offense. In his early years, he fled his hometown to Zhuo County of Youzhou due to a crime. In the first year of the Zhongping era (184), Liu Bei, a member of the Han family, organized a volunteer army in Zhuo County to participate in the war against the Yellow Turbans, and Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were among them. After holding many official positions, Liu Bei defected to his former classmate Gongsun Zan and was appointed Minister of the State of Pingyuan, with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei as the Secretaries of Departments. The three of them were like brothers and often slept in the same bed together. When Liu Bei sat down, Guan and Zhang even went out of their way to guard him. In the first year of Xingping (194), Cao Cao attacked Tao Qian to seize Xuzhou, and Tao Qian asked Liu Bei for help. Liu Bei and Guan Yu led more than 1,000 men to rescue him, and after Cao Cao's troops retreated, Liu Bei was given the command of Xuzhou under the repeated concessions of Tao Qian and others. In the first year of Jian'an (196), Liu Bei was attacked by Yuan Shu and Lu Bu and lost Xuzhou, so Guan Yu followed Liu Bei to Cao Cao. In the third year of Jian'an (198), Liu Bei and Cao Cao **** captured Lu Bu in Xiapi and captured Xuzhou. Guan Yu and Liu Bei then followed Cao Cao back to Xuchang, where Cao Cao appointed Che Hu as Xuzhou governor. Liu Bei was ordered by Cao Cao to intercept Yuan Shu in Xuzhou. Liu Bei took advantage of the opportunity to attack and kill Che Hu, and ordered Guan Yu to guard Xiapi and lead Xuzhou, while Liu Bei returned to Xiaopei.

Beating Yan Liang in battle, he served Cao Cao

In the fifth year of Jian'an (200), Cao Cao attacked Liu Bei, and Guan Yu was defeated and captured alive, and had no choice but to surrender, which Cao Cao did, appointing him as a general. After Yuan Shao sends his general Yan Liang, along with Chun Yu Qiong and Guo Tu, to attack Liu Yan, the governor of the Eastern County, at Baima, Cao Cao personally leads his troops to the rescue and orders Zhang Liao and Guan Yu to be the vanguard. When Guan Yu saw Yan Liang's banner, he charged his horse and killed him in the midst of ten thousand troops, and returned with his head, leaving the Yuan generals unstoppable. The siege of Baima was lifted, and Guan Yu was made Marquis of Hanshou Pavilion. Although the record of "Chopping Yan Liang" in "Records of the Three Kingdoms" has only 19 words, it is one of the few records in the official history of the ancient martial arts generals in single combat. At the time, Cao Cao asked Zhang Liao to test Guan Yu with a favor in order to see if he had any intention of staying long. Guan Yu sighed to Zhang Liao and said, "I know that Cao Gong treats me with great love, but I have been favored by General Liu Bei and have sworn **** to die, not to turn my back on him. I will not stay in the end, and will leave after I have done my duty for Lord Cao." Zhang Liao made it clear to Cao Cao, who knew Guan Yu would leave, but instead rewarded him heavily and tried to keep him, but Guan Yu did all he could to seal Cao Cao's reward, left a letter of farewell, and returned to Liu Bei. Cao Cao's left and right wanted to hunt him down, but Cao Cao believed that each man was his own master and prevented him from doing so. Folk culture calls this story the "Thousand Mile Ride".

Liu Bei joined Liu Biao and set up an army in Xinye. In the 13th year of Jian'an (208), when Cao Cao came south, Liu Bei fled south and sent Guan Yu on hundreds of ships to Jiangling to meet him, but Liu Bei was chased by Cao Cao's army on the way, and fortunately Guan Yu sailed to Hanjin and took a ship together to Xiakou. After Liu Bei and Sun Quan defeated Cao Cao, Cao Cao left Cao Ren to defend Jingzhou, so Liu Bei attacked Cao Ren with Sun Quan's general Zhou Yu, and ordered Guan Yu to cut off Cao Ren's back. After Liu Bei obtained the four counties of Jingnan (Changsha, Zuoling, Wuling and Guiyang), Guan Yu was promoted to be a Yuanxun, and was appointed as the governor of Xiangyang and general of the Dangkou army, which was Cao Cao's sphere of influence, and was guarded by Le Jin, so Guan Yu was stationed in the northern part of the Yangtze River. After Liu Bei's pacification of Shu, he appointed Guan Yu as the governor of Jingzhou, authorizing him to take charge of the part of Jingzhou controlled by Liu Bei, including the four southern counties of Jingzhou and Jiangling, the seat of the southern counties borrowed from the Eastern Wu, and the nearby Public Security, with Guan Yu de facto guarding five counties of Jingzhou (Nanshun, Changsha, Zuoling, Wuling, and Guiyang). In the twentieth year of Jian'an (215), Sun Quan knew that Liu Bei had captured Yizhou, and wished to take back Jingzhou. Liu Bei, however, said, "When Liangzhou is obtained, Jingzhou will be returned." Sun Quan was so resentful of this that he sent Lu Su to demand Jingzhou. The generals of Sun and Liu met in front of the battlefield and argued with each other, but eventually they did not get along. Sun Quan ordered Lu Meng to prepare for an attack on the southern part of Jingzhou, Lu Su sent more than 10,000 men to hold Guan Yu in Yiyang, and Liu Bei brought troops from Yizhou to reinforce him. At that time, Guan Yu claimed to have 30,000 men and chose 5,000 of his own to cross the river from the upper reaches. Wu general Gan Ning led 1,000 of his men to guard the river, but Guan Yu did not cross the river when he learned of this and camped on the other side of the river in a place that became known as Guan Yu Se. At this time, Cao Cao was advancing on Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, and Liu Bei quickly made peace with Sun Quan, agreeing to equally divide Jingzhou, but the relationship between the two sides had deteriorated. Sun Quan hated Liu Bei and Guan Yu.

Submerging seven armies and shaking China

In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Liu Bei claimed the title of King of Hanzhong, and appointed Guan Yu as a former general, with a false battle-axe. In the same year, Guan Yu attacked Fancheng in northern Jingzhou, and Cao Cao sent his general Yu Ban to lead seven armies (about 30,000 men) to rescue him. Heavy rains caused the Han River to swell, and the seven armies led by Yu Ban were trapped by the water, and the men went to high ground to avoid the water, while Guan Yu saw the opportunity to take advantage of the situation and attacked on a large boat, which is known as the "flooding of seven armies". Cao Cao's first general Yu Ban, who was poor, surrendered to Guan Yu, while Pang De was captured by Guan Yu and executed for not surrendering to him. Guan Yu further besieged Cao Cao's general Cao Ren in Fancheng, and dispatched another army to surround Xiangyang. Cao Cao's appointed assassin of Jingzhou, Hu Xiu, and the governor of Nanxiang County, Fu Fang, both surrendered to Guan Yu. At the time, many of the rebels in Cao Cao's county had already been under Guan Yu's remote control, and many of them were trying to lure Guan Yu to their aid, so Cao Cao almost moved his capital to avoid Guan Yu's influence.

The end of the road for heroes, the end of the road

In October of the 24th year of the Jian'an era (219), Cao Cao wanted to move the capital to avoid Guan Yu, but Sima Yi, Jiang Ji, and others discouraged him from doing so, arguing that Sun Quan would not want to see Guan Yu's success, and that he could promise to grant Sun Quan Jiangnan as a condition for attacking Guan Yu from the back of his army. At the same time, Cao Cao mobilized Xu Huang, Zhang Liao and other generals, as well as Pei Qian (裴潜), the assassin of Gunzhou, and Lv Gong (吕贡), the assassin of Yuzhou, to lead an army to rescue Fancheng, and prepared to conquer Guan Yu himself. Sun Quan ordered Lu Meng to be the commander-in-chief to attack Jingzhou, and personally led his troops as backup. The major towns of Jing, Jiangling's general Mo Fang (Liu Bei's brother-in-law) and Public Security's general Shiren surrendered without a fight because of their enmity with Guan Yu, and Lv Meng captured all the counties of Jing without much effort. Xu Huang, who rescued Fancheng, was initially afraid of Guan Yu and thought it would be difficult to fight against him, but later Cao Cao sent Xu Shang, Lv Jian and other generals, as well as twelve battalions of troops, including Yin Zhuan and Zhu Gai, to reinforce Xu Huang, who ultimately defeated Guan Yu's army in the battle of the siege of Fancheng. At this time, Guan Yu was aware of the change in the rear and withdrew to the south, but the navy still controlled the Han River. Guan Yu's army, whose family members were in Jiangling (the capital of Nanxian County), learned that Jiangling had fallen to Sun Quan, and the soldiers gradually dispersed and retreated to Mecheng. In December, Guan Yu led dozens of riders to flee, breaking through to Linchuan (present-day Nanzhang County, Xiangfan City, Hubei Province), which is only one to two dozen miles away from Yizhou, where he was caught in an ambush by Pan Zhang's general, Ma Zhong, and killed along with his son, Guan Ping, in Linchuan.

After his death, Guan Yu was highly revered

Sun Quan gave the head of Guan Yu to Cao Cao, who buried him as a vassal in Luoyang, usually considered to be Guan Lin, although it has been argued in modern times that Guan Yu's tomb in Guanzhuang Village is the place where Guan Yu's head is buried, and that Guan Lin is only a place of worship built during the Wanli period. [4] Meanwhile, Sun Quan buried Guan Yu's body as a vassal in Danyang, the Guan Mausoleum, also known as the Danyang Dawang Mound. The Shu-Han regime built the Tomb of Guan Yu in Chengdu, which is the Tomb of Guan Yu in Chengdu, to invoke the spirit of sacrifice. Guan Yu's hometown, Xiezhou, Shanxi Province, later built the Guan Di Temple, which is considered to be the place where Guan Yu's soul returns. It is believed to be the place where Guan Yu's spirit returned. Therefore, it is also said that Guan Yu, "with his head resting in Luoyang and his body lying in Dangyang, returned to his hometown (or 'returned to Shanxi')". Sun Quan's sneak attack and Guan Yu's murder also symbolized the complete breakup of the Sun-Liu alliance. In the first year of Zhangwu (221), Liu Bei, the first lord of Shu Han, went on an eastward expedition to Wu in the name of avenging the death of Guan Yu. He made a special trip to the Dawang Mound to pay homage to Guan Yu and built a Guan Yu Shrine on the Yuquan Mountain. After that, the Shu Han army was defeated by Sun Quan's army led by Lu Xun in the Battle of Yiling, and Shu Han lost control of Jingzhou completely. In September of the third year of Jingyao (260), Liu Chan, the later lord of Shu Han, posthumously honored several important ministers with the title of "Marquis of Strong Mew".

Three Kingdoms Zhi-Shu Shu-Guan Yu Biography

Guan Yu's character, Yun Chang, was originally Chang Sheng, a native of Hedong. He died and ran to Zhuo County. The first lord in the countryside, the masses, and Yu and Zhang Fei for the defense of the insults. The late lord was the minister of the plains, and Yu and Fei were the ministers of other departments. The late lord shared the same bed with them, and they were as kind as brothers. They were as kind as brothers, and they sat in the same bed and served the late lord all day long, following him around and not avoiding difficulties and dangers. The first lord of the attack and kill Xuzhou slash Shi Che Han, so that the feather guard Xiapi city, line governor of the matter, and the body returned to Xiaopei. The old version of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in Guan Yu

Jian'an five years, Cao Gong's eastern expedition, the first Lord ran to Yuan Shao. Cao captured Yu and returned to him, and made him a partial general, which was a great honor. Shao sent General Yan Liang to attack Liu Yan, the governor of East County, in Baima, Cao Gong made Zhang Liao and Yu as the vanguard of the attack. Feather looked to see Liang banner cover, horse stabbing Liang in the midst of ten thousand people, beheading his head back, Shao all generals can not be, and thus lifted the siege of Baima. Cao Gong immediately appointed Yu as the Marquis of Hanshou Ting. At the beginning, Cao Gong Zhuang Yu as a person, and observe his heart and mind without the intention to stay, said Zhang Liao said: "Qing try to ask the feelings." Both Liao to ask the feather, feather sighed and said: "I know very well that Cao Gong treats me thick, but I received General Liu's generous kindness, swore to *** death, can not back. I will not stay, I want to when the effect to repay Cao Gong is to go." Liao Yu said to report Cao Gong, Cao Gong righteousness. Feather killed Yan Liang, Cao Gong knew he would go, heavy reward. Fei was rewarded with a large amount of money. Fei gave all the money he had, and then he wrote to Cao to say goodbye, and then ran to Yuan's army. Left and right want to chase, Cao Gong said: "they each for their own master, do not chase also." (1) "Shu record" said: Cao Gong and Liu Bei siege Lu Bu in Xiapi, Guan Yu Kai Gong, Bu make Qin Yilu line to seek help, begging to marry his wife, Gong allowed. Pro break, and repeatedly open to the public. Gong suspected that it has a different color, first sent to meet to see, because of their own stay, the feather heart is not self-sustaining. This is no different from what the Wei Spring and Autumn Annals said. (2) "Wei Shu" cloud: to feather lead Xuzhou. (3) "Fu Zi" said Liao want to white Taizu, afraid of Taizu kill feather, not white, not the way of the king, is sighing: "Gong, the father of the king also; feather, brother ear." So white. Taizu sighed and said: "The king does not forget the original, the world of righteousness. Degree when can go?" Liao said: "Feather by the grace of the public, and will be effective to repay the public and then go." (4) I thought that Cao Gong knew that Yu did not stay and his will, to go and not send chase to fulfill its righteousness, since there is not a king and hegemony of the degree, who can be to this? I am very happy to see you, Mr. Cao. From the first lord on Liu Biao. Table died, Cao Gong set Jingzhou, the late lord from Fan will be south of the river, don't send Yu hundreds of ships will be Jiangling. Cao Gong chased to Dangyang Changsaka, the late lord diagonal fun Hanjin, suitable and Yu ship value, *** to Xiakou. Sun Quan sent troops to support the late lord refused Cao Gong, Cao Gong led the army back to return. The late lord collected all the counties in Jiangnan, and was honored with the title of Yuanxun, with Yu as the governor of Xiangyang, General Dankou, stationed in the northern part of the river. The late lord settled Yizhou in the west and appointed Yu as the governor of Jingzhou. Feather heard Ma Chao came to surrender, the old non-former, feather book with Zhuge Liang, asked "super talent can be compared to who class"? Liang knew that the feather protect the former, was answered: "Meng Qi both capital civil and military, male martyrs, a world of talent, branding, Peng's disciples, when the benefit of the German parallel drive to compete with the first, but not yet the beard of the absolute Yiquan also." Feather beauty beard, so bright said beard. Feather province book was pleased to show the guests. (1) "Shu Ji" said: the beginning of Liu Bei in Xu, and Cao Gong **** hunting. Hunting, the crowd scattered, feather advised to kill the public, ready not from. And in the summer mouth, floating in the river islet, feather anger said: "In the past few days in the hunt, if the words from the feather, can not today's difficulties." I said: "is also for the country at the time of the ear of pity; if jump to auxiliary positive, and know that this is not for the blessed evil!" The new version of the "Three Kingdoms" in the Guan Yu

Chen Songzhi thought that after the preparation of the alliance with the understanding of Cheng, but the matter of leakage does not harmonize with the evil ear, if for the country to cherish the Cao Gong, it is so say what! Feather if there is this advice and prepare to refuse to go from the person, will be Cao Gong heart relatives, real busy have disciples, things do not stay structure, not make times to do; Cao although can be killed, the body will not be exempted, so to plan to stop, why cherish there! The past, so please for elegant words. Feather was hit by a stray arrow, through its left arm, after the wound is healed, every cloudy and rainy, bone often pain, the doctor said: "arrowheads are poisonous, poisoned into the bone, when broken arm for trauma, scrape the bone to remove the poison, and then this disease is eliminated ear." Feather then stretching arm to make the doctor split. When the feather is appropriate to invite the generals to eat and drink relative, arm blood flow away from the surplus in the plate, and the feather cut scorching drinking wine, words and laughter. Twenty-four years, the first lord for Hanzhong king, worship feather for the former general, fake section battle-axe. In that year, Yu led the crowd to attack Cao Ren in Fan. Cao sent Yu Ban to help Ren. In the fall, there was a heavy rainfall, and the Han River overflowed, and the seven armies under the supervision of Yu Ban were all lost. He beheaded General Pang De, and the generals of Liang, Jia, and Lu Hun. The thieves in Liang, Jia, and Lu Hun all received the seal of Yu and became his supporters, and Yu shook China with his power. Cao Gong suggested to migrate to Xudu to avoid its sharpness, while Sima Xuanwang and Jiang Ji thought that Sun Quan would not want to see Guan Yu's ambition. Can send people to persuade the right to tiptoe behind, Xu cut Jiangnan to seal the right, then the Fan siege since the solution. Cao Gong from it. First of all, the right to send an envoy for the son to ask for feather female, feather scolded and insulted its envoy, not allowed to marry, the right to be furious. And the South County governor Mi Fang in Jiangling, General Fu Shiren Tun public security, all suspected of feather light themselves. Feather out of the army, Fang, Ren supply of military funds, not all save, Feather said, "but also when the rule of", Fang, Ren Xian fear uneasy. So Quan lured Fang and Ren into a trap, and Fang and Ren made people welcome Quan. Cao Gong sent Xu Huang to rescue Cao Ren, Yu could not overcome, led the army back. Quan had already taken Jiangling and captured all the wives of Yu's soldiers, so Yu's army was dispersed. Quan sent his generals to attack Yu, and beheaded Yu and Zi Ping in Linchuan. (1) the canon said: Yu surrounded Fan, Quan sent an envoy to help, edited to make the speedy advance, and sent the chief book first fatal in Yu. Feather wrath of its drowning late, but also since the ban, etc., is scolded said: "Quarry son dare to, such as making Fancheng pull, I can not destroy you evil!" Quan heard, knowing that he light himself, pseudo handwritten to thank Yu, allowed to go. I thought that Jing, Wu, although the external amicable, but the internal guessing defense, so the right to attack the feather, submerged division secret hair. According to Lu Meng's biography: "ambush elite troops in? Ten billions? Deer, so that the white sculling, as merchants clothing." In this case, the feather does not seek help from the right, the right must not say that the feather should go. If you are allowed to assist each other, why do you hide your traces? (2) Shu said: feather and shake host love, remote **** language, but said life, not military. In a moment, the shake dismounted and declared: "Guan Yunchang head, a reward of a thousand kilograms of gold." Feather horror, said shang: "big brother, what is the word evil!" Shake said: "This country thing ear." (3) Shu said: Quan sent generals to attack Yu, won Yu and Zi Ping. Quan wanted to live feather to enemy Liu, Cao, around said: "wolf son can not be raised, after will be harmful. Cao Gong not immediately remove it, take the big trouble, is the proposal to migrate to the capital. How can I live now!" He was beheaded. Chen Songzhi according to the book of Wu: Sun Quan sent Pan Zhang reverse broken feather walk, the feather to the beheading, and Lin frustration to Jiangling two or three hundred miles, not allowed to kill the feather from time to time, the party to discuss its life and death? And cloud "right want to live feather to enemy Liu, Cao", this is not, can be the mouth of the absolute wisdom. Wu calendar said: the right to send the feather head in Cao Gong, to the vassal rites buried his remains. Posthumously Yu said strong Mu Hou. Zi Xing heir. Xing word An Guo, less have order to ask, Prime Minister Zhuge Liang deep ware different. Weak crown for the service center, in the supervision of the army, died a few years old. Son Tuan heir, Princess Shang, officer to Huben Zhonglang general. When he died, he had no son, and he was succeeded by his son, Yi, who was a concubine of Xing. (1) Shu said: Yu first out of the military siege of Fan, dreaming of pigs eroding his feet, said Zi Ping said: "I'm in decline this year, but shall not return!" Jiangwang Chuan said: Yu good Zuo's biography, satirical recitation of all the mouth. (2) Shu record said: Pound son will, with Chung, Deng, Shu, Shu broken, all the Guan family.

Character Evaluation

Three Kingdoms

The author of Three Kingdoms, Chen Shou, commented, "In the movie Red Cliff, Guan Yu

Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are both said to be the enemies of 10,000 men, and they are the world's tigers. Yu served Cao Gong, Fei righteousness release Yan Yan, and has the style of a national scholar. However, Yu is rigid and self-possessed, and Fei is violent and graceless, taking defeat by shortness, and this is also the common practice of reasoning." Wen Chou: "Guan Yu is very sharp." Lv Meng: "He is a long and studious man, reads Zuo Zhuan and Zhu Liao all catchy, and has a heroic spirit, but his nature is quite conceited, and he is good at bullying people." Lu Meng: "Although the east and west is a family, and Guan Yu is a tiger, the plan can not be determined?" Zhuge Liang's book with Guan Yu: "Meng Qi is both literate and martial arts, androgynous, a world's best, tattooed, peng's disciples, when and yi de and compete with the first, but not yet and beard's outstanding escape group." Guo Jia and Cheng Yu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "Enemies of Ten Thousand Men" Liu Ye called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "Bravery Champion of the Three Armies" Zhou Yu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "Generals of the Tiger and Bear" Fu Gan called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "Brave and righteous" Fu Gan called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "Brave and righteous" Fu Gan said: "Brave and righteous" Fu Gan said: "Brave and righteous, they are all ten thousand enemies, and they are the generals." Yang opera's "season Han auxiliary ministers praise" in praise of Guan Yunchang, Zhang Yide: "Guan, Zhang majestically, born in Kuangshi, help wings with the upper, strong and majestic tiger. Clan screen left and right, flying electric hair, to help the difficult, praise the Lord Hongye, like Han, Geng, the voice of the two virtues. The rude treatment, and cause evil thoughts, condolences but light consideration, fall body Kuang Guo. "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei became synonymous with bravery and good fighting in later times: Liu Ya's biography in the Book of Jin: "Jin Liu Ya, every attack on the thief, the trap firm and destroy the front, Jifang compared to Guan Yu and Zhang Fei." Wei book Cui Yanbo biography: "Cui Gong, the ancient Guan Zhang also." Reference can be made to the part of the twenty-two histories of Zhaji by Zhao Yi, Volume VII of Guan Zhang's courage, which organizes in detail the information that the ancients used Guan Yu, or Guan Zhang are used as a synonym for courageous generals.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Guan Yu

At the end of the Han Dynasty, he was unrivaled, but Yun Chang was the only one who stood out from the crowd, and his divine power was able to stimulate the martial arts, while his elegance was even better known as a man of letters. His heart is like a mirror in the sky, and his righteousness in the Spring and Autumn Annals is like a cloud, so he is notorious for being the best of all time, but for being the best of three! With a red face and a red heart, he rides the red rabbit and chases the wind, never forgetting the Red Emperor. The green lamp to view the green history, the battle of the green dragon and the moon, the hidden micro place is not ashamed of the blue sky.

Evolutionary hymns

Man Jie can only chase ancient Xie Liang, the people of the world to worship Han Yun Chang. The first day in the peach garden was a day for brother and brother, and a thousand years for emperor and king. So far, the temple looks full of the world, the ancient wood and the cold crows a few sunset!

Couplets praising

The tea couplets of the master in the day "hundred tea couplets" in a couplet, which has the next couplet is to praise Guan Gong's "righteousness". Guan Gong's righteousness through the ages, this couplet with "Wang Wang Daji" to describe, can be said to be appropriate. The full couplet reads as follows: "002 of the Hundred Tea Couplets" Han Xin points out the troops, more good Guan Gong is righteous, Wang Wang Daji

The influence of Guan Yu on the later generations

The image of Guan Yu in the opera

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms appeared in the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and then circulated to the mid-Ming Dynasty, which had a great influence on the social strata, and the image of Guan Yu's loyalty and righteousness penetrated y into the hearts of the people. The rulers of all dynasties strengthened their feudal rule by building temples to Guan Yu. Along with the status of Guan Yu in the official religion, it is also increasingly popular among the people. As early as in the Ming Dynasty, Guan temple has been "put all over the world" said, 'its word in Beijing can also, drums and bells heard, and years have increased, and months have increased. To the Qing Dynasty, the temple of Guan more, more "the world Guan Di Temple, buy sound more than 10,000 places" said, the so-called "now and the South Pole Ridge Table, the North Pole Seiguan, where children and women, there is no not shocked by the spirit of its power. Sheng incense, will be immortalized with heaven and earth". Emperor Yongzheng also thought: "from the capital city to the mountains and the sea invite the village market poor and remote area, the people from the chaste ministers and sages to look up to the virtue and righteousness of the disciples, down to the stupid fools and women, children and pawns of the lowly, where the Chong decorative temple appearance, running around praying, respect thinking about looking at, Rinran as if he had seen". "Yun Chang really righteous also!" Cao Cao's words reflect the righteousness of Guan Yu, and now all the "associations" worship Guan Yu.

Appearance

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes Guan Yu's appearance as "nine feet long, with a two-foot beard, a face like a heavy jujube, lips like grease, danfeng eyes, and silkworms on his eyebrows, with a dignified and imposing appearance". Its Danfeng eyes and silkworm eyebrow is rare in the world, phoenix eyes, silkworms like fog, aggressive, domineering. It is said that his Danfeng eyes open, is to kill. Guan Yu has a beautiful beard, ten thousand enemies, loyalty and righteousness; good read Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, can recite like a stream. When he surrendered to Cao's camp, although he was treated with honor, he still had his heart set on Liu Bei. He treated his soldiers well. More had scraped the bones to cure the poison, the cause of Guan Gong attacked Fancheng when the battle Pound, Pound feigned to make the drag knife plan, but secretly put a cold arrow, wounded his left arm, thereafter, Guan Gong beheading Pound imprisoned in the forbidden, attacking Cao Ren when, for the guards of the city of arrows, shot in the right arm, the arrowheads have medicine, the poison has been into the bone, the right arm bruise and swollen, can not be movement, the famous doctor Hua Tuo came to diagnosis and treatment, said that the bone scrape to remove the poison to be cured, Guan Yu that is to extend the arm to Hua Tuo medical treatment, began to scrape the bone, blood flowed in the pot, and Guan Yu, the doctor said that the bone scrape to remove the poison can be healed. The blood flowed into the basin, but Guan Yu on the one hand, eating meat and drinking wine, on the other hand, playing chess with Ma Liang (the tent under the tent to see, all cover their faces), the demeanor is calm, seems to have no feeling of pain.

Editing family members

Since the official history of the Three Kingdoms and other records do not have much information on Guan Yu's family members, the basis for this part of the content is mostly from local records, folklore, and the "Sheng Di Lineage Kaoshi"[1] (Guan Sheng Di Jun's Lineage Kaoshi), and so on.

Grandfather

Guan Yu's grandfather's name was Guan Xuan (关审), his name was Qizhi (问之), and his name was Pan Pan (磐石). He was born in the second year of Emperor Yongyuan's reign, and lived in Baochi Li, Changping Village, Xiezhou. Records say that he was a "good Taoist" and used to train his son in the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Annals, and he died in the second year of Emperor Huan's Yongshou's reign, at the age of sixty-eight.

Father

Yu's father, Guan Yi, was called Daoyuan. Sex to filial piety, after the death of the father trial, in the tomb of the hut mourning for three years, in addition to the mourning, in the Huan emperor Yan Xi three years gengzi June 24, gave birth to Guan Yu.

Wife

"Guan Di Poetry Bamboo Tablet" of various versions (8) Yu grew up and married Hu as his wife, the Lingdi Guanghe first year of the Wuwu May 13th gave birth to a son Guan Ping. (The name Hu is believed to be Hu Dingjin or Hu Jinding)

Children

Guan Ping, Guan Yu's eldest son, was named Tanzhi (in local history and folklore), and followed Guan Yu on his campaigns, where he was beheaded together with Guan Yu in Linchuan. (In the play, he was Guan Yu's son, Guan Ding's second son, and Guan Ning's younger brother) Guan Xing, Guan Yu's second son, was called An Guo. Guan Xing, Guan Yu's second son, the word An Guo. He was already famous, both in literature and martial arts, and was highly respected by Zhuge Liang, and after he was crowned, he served as an attendant and supervisor of the army, and died a few years later. Guan's (folklore has it that his name is Guan Yinping, in the Three Kingdoms series of games such as the name Guan Feng), Guan Yu's daughter, Sun Quan had proposed to his son, was rejected by Guan Yu, and insulted the envoys (the history of Guan Yu did have a daughter, but his name was added by the descendants, do not see the history of the record). Guan Suo (this is a character in the opera, not in history), Guan Yu's third son, the word Weizhi (folklore). Guan Yu after the loss of Jingzhou in Baojiazhuang recuperated, Zhuge Liang's southern expedition to Mengwu only returned to the army, as a pioneer.

Sun

Guan Tong, son of Guan Xing, wife of the Princess, officer to the Huben Zhonglang General, died, no children. Guan Yi, son of Guan Xing, inherited his position after Guan Tong's death. Pei's note in the Records of the Three Kingdoms says that after the fall of Shu Han, Pang De's son, Pang Hui, killed all the Guans to avenge his father's death, and Guan Yu's lineage has been broken. But the credibility of this account is controversial. Later generations of Xiezhou, Dangyang, Luoyang and other places Guan clan, often claiming to be the descendants of Guan Yu, but more than no trace. Did not shake the will of Guan Yu "in Cao camp heart in the Han", when the whereabouts of Liu Bei wanted to say goodbye to Cao Cao, Cao Cao will be hanging high "avoid" sign refused to meet, so it was drawn with ink "rain and wind bamboo poem Figure So he drew a poem in vermilion ink, using bamboo as a metaphor for his aspirations and hiding a poem in the painting, which reads as follows: "I do not thank you for your thoughts, but I am known as an independent artist. Don't be afraid of the fading of the lonely leaves, it will not wither for a long time. [2] After the bamboo poem was completed, Guan Yu hung up his seal and sealed the gold, immediately protected his sister-in-law and left Xuchang overnight to find Liu Bei, and after five passes and six generals, the three brothers were finally together again. When Cao Cao heard that Guan Yu had taken the pass and cut down the generals, he admired Guan Yu's loyalty and righteousness even more, and ordered the painting of Guan Yu to be engraved on a stone monument. Nowadays, there are many places in China where there are inscriptions of Guan Yu's painting of rainy and windy bamboo. [3]

Editing the status of saints

The embodiment of loyalty and righteousness

Gong Guan is a kind of culture; some people say that he is a kind of spirit. Otherwise, why are there so many Guan Gong temples in China and even overseas. In all the domestic Guan temple building, so far the best preserved five or six: Shanxi Guan Yu hometown Changping Guan Di Temple, Henan Luoyang Guan Lin, Hubei Dangyang Guan Mausoleum, Jingzhou Guan Di Temple, Henan Xuchang Bailing Bridge Guan Di Temple and so on. The largest and most magnificent, is located in Guan Yu's hometown - Shanxi Province, Yuncheng City, Xiezhou City, west of the Guandi Temple, which is still intact a national largest Guandi Temple. Inside the temple, there are more than 300 buildings and pavilions***, which is one of the tourist attractions. It is called the first Guan Temple in the world. Not only that, in addition to the land in China, in Japan, Southeast Asia and overseas Chinese, the worship of Guan Yu style has never ceased. In Taiwan, which has a population of more than 20 million, there are as many as 8 million Guan Gong followers, and almost every family has set up incense cases for Guan Gong, set up tablets, and hung up holy statues. Taiwan's annual sales of Guan Gong statues, far more than their most revered deity Mazu. The United States "Longgang General Association" is a worship Guan Gong as the ancestor of the civil organization, there are more than 140 chapters, all over the world where the Chinese live. In Southeast Asia, countries compete to set up temples to worship Kwan Kwong, with Thailand being the most popular. In Japan, as early as the Qing Dynasty, there is a temple of Guan Di; some years ago there was a new temple of Guan, which is said to be the largest overseas temple of Guan. Mr. Davidk jordan (Chinese name David Jiao), a professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, San Diego, and a doctor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, once made a very interesting remark; "I respect this great god of yours, who deserves the respect of all. His benevolence, righteousness, wisdom and courage are still relevant until now; benevolence is love, righteousness is credibility, wisdom is culture, and courage is not being afraid of difficulties. If all of God's people were like your God of Guan, our world would be a better place." The words of this American scholar are insightful. Cohesion in the body of Guan Yu and for all the world **** Yang's loyalty, righteousness, faith, wisdom, benevolence, courage, implies the traditional Chinese culture of ethics, morality, ideals, permeated with Confucianism's Spring and Autumn Essence, and for the Shakti, Taoism teachings convergence of the values of life, in essence, is the pugilistic sun and the moon, the atmosphere of the soul of the China and the world.

Edit this section of the beliefs of future generations

Official beliefs

Emperors of all dynasties have Guan Yu as the embodiment of loyalty and righteousness to become the material for the education of loyalty and patriotism beliefs, and the process of its "Hau and King, King and Emperor, Emperor and Sage, Sage and Heaven" please refer to the following table: Dynasty Emperor Time Seal Guan Yu

The Song Emperor Chong Ning Yuan, the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. Northern Song Dynasty Song Huizong Chongning yuan (1102) Zhonghui Gong Northern Song Dynasty Song Huizong Chongning three years (1104) Chongning Zhenjun Northern Song Dynasty Song Huizong Daguan two years (1107) Wuan Wang Northern Song Dynasty Song Huizong Xuanhe five years (1123) Yiyong Wu'an Wang Southern Song Dynasty Song Gaozong Jianyan two years (1128) Zhuangmu Yiyong Wuan Wang Southern Song Dynasty Song Xiaozong Chunxi fourteen years (1187) Zhuangmu Yiyong Wuan Yingji King Yuanyuan Taiding Emperor Tianli eight years (1335) Hin Ling Yi Yong Wu'an Ying Ji King Ming Ming Shenzong Wanli forty-second year (1613) single sword to vampire, God's might far Zhen Tianzun Guan Sheng Emperor Ming Ming Si Zong Chongzhen three years (1630) true Yuan Hinying Zhaoming Yihan Tianzun Qing Qing Shizong Shunzhi nine years (1652) loyalty and righteousness Shenwu Guan Sheng Emperor Qing Shizong Yongzheng three years (1725) three generations of dukes, St. Zengyo, Kwang Chiu Dukes Sheng Zu, Yu Chang Gong, Sheng Kao, Cheng Zhong Gong Qing Emperor Gaozong Qianlong first year (1736) Shanxi Guan Fu Zi Qing Emperor Gaozong Qianlong thirty-one years (1767) Ling You two words Qing Emperor Renzong Jiaqing eighteen years (1813) Ren Yong two words Qing Emperor Xuanzong Daoguang eight years (1828) Loyalty Divine Wushu Spirit Wushu Ren Yong Weixiang Guan Sheng Da Di Guan Yu statue of Guan Yu holding a green dragon crescent blade, Guan Yu's shrines and temples are all over the world, as the most numerous shrines and temples among the deities in China. Guan Yu's temples and shrines are scattered all over the country, making him one of the most numerous gods in China. Ancient worship of the god of war is the "Lord of War" Chi You. In terms of official worship, the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there will be a martial arts temple, but the main sacrifice is the Zhou Dynasty general Jiang Ziya, and Guan Yu is from the sacrifice. As late as the end of the Song Dynasty, folk worship Guan Yu's temple has been "county, state, county, townships and townships between wells are" (Hao Jing "Lingshuan set"). Yuan dynasty court although Lamaism, but did not clamp down on people's beliefs, so the folk of Guan Yu's faith has increased, the emperor of the Yuan dynasty and had sent an envoy to the sacrifice. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the temples dedicated to Guan Yu have not only spread all over China, but also to Mongolia, Tibet, the Korean Peninsula and even overseas. Today only in the old Beijing city, there are more than a hundred temples dedicated to Guan Gong or both for Guan Gong. Because Guan Yu is not only worshipped by Confucians, but also by Taoists and Buddhists, he is a deity that cuts across the three major Chinese sects of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. However, the Confucian Guan Yu embodies more of Guan Yu's true colors. As Guan Yu's status became more prominent, he was honored as the "King of Wushu" and the "Sage of Wushu," alongside Confucius. Because Guan Yu is so prominent, in addition to the military, martial arts teacher worship him as a god of industry, even tracing the gold industry, cigarette industry, incense and candles industry, education industry, fortune tellers and other irrelevant industries also respected Guan Yu, so he also turned into a god of wealth, and one of the five Wenchang.