Investigation data of Nuo nationality in China

Jinuo is an ancient minority. Jinuo is a self-proclaimed nation. In the past, Chinese transliteration was "Youle", which means "follow my uncle". By extension, it is a nation that respects my uncle. 1979 was recognized as the 56th ethnic group in China. Jinuo people call themselves Jinuo people, which means "descendants of my uncle" or "people who respect my uncle". It is mainly distributed in Jinuo Township, Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and the rest are scattered in the surrounding mountainous areas of Jinuo Township. Mainly engaged in agriculture, good at growing tea. Use Jino language, belonging to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family.

Jinuo people call themselves Jinuo people, which means "descendants of my uncle" or "people who respect my uncle". It is mainly distributed in Jinuo Township, Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and the rest are scattered in the surrounding mountainous areas of Jinuo Township. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Jinuo nationality is about 25,000. Mainly engaged in agriculture, good at planting Pu 'er tea. Use Jino language, belonging to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Jinuo people have their own language, belonging to the Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman language family. Because there are no words, we used to record things by carving bamboo and wood. There is no national script.

Jinuo is an ancient nation. "Keno" is a national saying. In the past, Chinese transliteration was "Youle", which means "follow my uncle". By extension, it means "a nation that respects my uncle". 1June, 979, confirmed by the state, became the 56th ethnic group in China.

The Jinuo township used to be called Jinuo Mountain, and the Qing literature was written as Youleshan, all of which were named after Jinuo, so it can be seen that Jinuo is an ancient local resident. China's record of Jinuo people began in18th century. Because Jinuo Mountain is rich in Pu 'er tea, and Han merchants entered in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the popularization of tea-growing and tea-making technology has had an impact on the social development of Jinuo people. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the Qing Dynasty set up a brick city in Stone Road (now Situzhai) in Jinuo Mountain, with 500 troops stationed. It wanted to build an important town in southern Yunnan here, but it was abolished six years later because of serious miasma. Since then, only the leaders of the Jino nationality have been appointed here as a happy place.

Later, Dai Tusi ruled Mount Keno. During the Republic of China, the local government of the Kuomintang appointed Jiabao as the chief of Mount Keno, and merged with the chief of Mount Keno appointed by Dai Tusi, whose main duty was to pay tribute to the local government of the Kuomintang. From June 194 1 Sunday to April 1943, the Jinuo people, under the leadership of Cao Yao, United the Hani, Yao and Han people and fought bravely against the troops of the local government of the Kuomintang.

The tops of Jinuo women are collarless, the upper part is black cloth or white cloth, and the lower part and sleeves are red, blue, yellow and white cloth or embroidery with red edges. Sew a piece of white cloth about 3 inches square on the back of the coat, and embroider a round sun fancy pattern (which Jino people call the moon flower). Underwear is a kind of pocket tights, the upper part is square and the lower part is diamond. The upper part of the square is decorated with bright stripes, and the lower part of the diamond is embroidered with various patterns. The lower body is covered with a black sewing skirt with a red edge, and a foot of black cloth is tied to the calf. The hairstyle is vertebral bun, on the right side of the back of the head before marriage and in the middle of the forehead after marriage. Wearing a cloak-type pointed hat, this pointed hat is made by folding the vertical line pattern homespun about 60 cm long and 23 cm wide, sewing one side, and folding a finger on the brim when wearing it.

The man was wearing a collarless double-breasted coat, mostly with straight stripes on a white background. The white square cloth on the back was embroidered with the moon flower pattern, and his trousers were knee-wide, and his leggings were tied with white cloth. There are three locks of hair on the head, one in the middle of the forehead and one on each side, but in some villages, only one lock is left, some in the middle of the forehead and some on the head, about an inch long, and the head is wrapped with black cloth more than a foot wide and a foot long.

Jinuo men and women wear ears, and wear bamboo, wood or silver carved ear bells. After the founding of New China. It is out of fashion for men to have three locks of hair and get their ears pierced. Both men and women have the custom of dyeing their hair. The method is to put the burnt pear wood in a bamboo tube and cover it with iron pot pieces. When the tobacco grease on the iron sheet turns into gray-black paint, the teeth are stained with pear-wood tobacco grease. Dyeing teeth is a sign of mutual love and respect. When young men and women are together, girls often bring iron sheets to young people they admire to dye their teeth.

The culture and art of Jinuo nationality are colorful, and there are rich myths, legends, stories and poems circulating among the people. Among the myths and legends, Ma Hei, Ma Niu and the female ancestor Bai Yao are widely circulated. The former narrates the origin of Jinuo nationality, the story of flood and the marriage of brother and sister. The latter narrates that Bai Yao planted tea seeds in Jinuo Mountain after the beginning of the world, which made Jinuo people grow tea for a living. Folk stories include two boys who reflect pure love, Bao Dao and bamboo flute who reflect good deeds and evil deeds, monkeys and people, elder sister and four sisters. Jinuo poetry can be divided into narrative poetry and lyric poetry, which reflect a wide range of content, implicit and true style and rich flavor of life.

Jinuo folk music is also quite rich. Folk songs include narrative songs, folk songs, songs to celebrate new houses, songs to coax dolls, children's songs and so on. The main musical instruments are Kouxian, Bitulu-two-hole flute and erhu, Qike (composed of seven bamboo tubes with seven scales), Saitu (big drum), cymbals and cymbals. Jinuo people like singing and dancing, learning traditional tunes from childhood, and improvising and singing in adulthood. On festivals and some important ceremonies, singing and dancing are generally simple.

Jinuo people also have exquisite embroidery art and bamboo weaving craft art. Jinuo women embroider exquisite patterns on clothes, satchels, handkerchiefs and belts for their lovers, with exquisite workmanship and well-proportioned patterns.

Jinuo people live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in southern China and its vicinity. Jinuo people are mainly engaged in agriculture, and have a long history of growing tea, which is famous for Pu 'er tea.

Jinuo people are used to three meals eclipsed, taking rice as their daily staple food, mixed with corn, melon beans and so on. Jinuo people are very particular about eating rice. They should eat good rice, new rice and old rice, which are mostly used to feed livestock or make soju. Corn focuses on eating green. Generally, glutinous rice is kneaded into a ball by hand for breakfast, and rice wrapped in banana leaves is taken to the ground for lunch, and salt and pepper are added at any time. In addition to rice, there are some dishes for dinner, and domestic livestock and poultry can only be slaughtered at weddings and funerals.

The dishes that Jinuo people often eat are vegetables, bamboo shoots, wild vegetables, poultry and game grown in the garden. There is a saying among Jinuo people, which is called "Daidi, Jinuopan". In other words, Han people like to fry, Dai people like to dip in seasoning, and Jinuo people's dishes are mainly mortar pots. Each family has at least two wooden mortars, one for salt, one for pepper and one for leek. Common condiments are citronella, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Jiang Ye, star anise, mint, ginger, Toona sinensis and so on.

Usually, the source of meat depends on hunting. May-September is the rainy season in Mount Keno every year. Almost all the vegetables here are collected from the mountains, and yam, water celery, bamboo shoots, houttuynia cordata and various fungi are often eaten. Bamboo shoots are the most common. Rich wild game and wild vegetables, together with local unique wild pepper, hemp root, citronella and acid wood flour, enable Jinuo people to cook many ethnic dishes with tropical Shan Ye flavor in different seasons.

There are many ways to eat meat, either dry or raw. When cooking beef and dog meat, put a few yellow fruit leaves to remove the fishy smell, cut raw meat into small pieces, add seasonings such as pepper, salt and star anise, put them in a bamboo tube, roast them on the fire, or chop them into minced meat, put them into seasonings, wrap them with banana leaves, and cook them in a fire pit. This is the most delicious cold food.

Jinuo people cook and eat around the fire pond on the second floor of the bamboo building, which has certain etiquette and attention. When Jinuo people eat, they should first offer some food to their ancestors and kitchen gods on the east side of the fire pit. When eating, the whole family will sit around the table in order, with parents facing the fire pit and guests sitting by the fire pit. Give less food to guests and more diligence to them. Generally speaking, they are not interested in picking up food for guests, because they think that picking up food for guests seems to mean stopping eating after eating these dishes, which is a rude behavior. They think that people have souls, ghosts and ghosts, and Xiaomi also has a soul. So when you eat, you can't put the rice in the retort. Even if your stomach is not full, you should leave some. Otherwise, it will be empty, and the valley will not return, and people will have no food to eat.

Jinuo people generally like to drink, and there is a saying among the people that wine is indispensable for a day. Most of the wine we drink is brewed from rice or corn. In the brewing process, some plants such as lock plum leaves are usually added. This wine is light green and has a natural plant fragrance. It is said to have the effect of strengthening the spleen and strengthening the body.

Mount Keno is a famous tea-producing area. Pu 'er tea, which is famous at home and abroad, is a local specialty. People like to drink old leaf tea. When drinking tea, they usually put the old leaves in the teapot and add water until the soup thickens.

Some Jino women in Maoe, Chema and other villages have the habit of eating a unique local soil, and some elderly women are addicted to eating soil, and they will feel uncomfortable if they don't eat it for a day. Studies show that this kind of clay contains a small amount of elements such as copper, iron, calcium, zinc and so on, which are essential to human body.