What great contributions did ancient Chinese military thought make to the development of military thought?

Ancient Chinese military thought refers to the systematic rational understanding of various classes, nationalities, political groups, their militarists and military scientists on a series of military issues such as war and army in ancient China. It is the theoretical sublimation of people's military practical experience in each historical period of ancient China. It gradually deepened with the advancement of society, the development of army construction and war practice, and the improvement of human cognitive ability, which in turn guided the military practice of each period and had a profound impact on the progress of social material and spiritual civilization. It is a precious heritage in the treasure house of Chinese and even world military thought.

The formation and development of ancient Chinese military thought was influenced by many factors. The frequent and intense war practices in Chinese history, which were huge in scale, vast in space, and varied in form, were the main driving force behind its development. China has experienced a unique form of slave society, feudal society, thousands of years of highly centralized power system, mainly agricultural, with nomadic pastoralism, handicrafts and commercial economic structure, mainly Han nationality, multi-ethnicity **** the existence of the national composition, morality, the courage to resist aggression and oppression, love of peace, the importance of strategy, honor and cohesion of the national psychological quality of a long period of time ahead of the science and technology, to the The long period of leading science and technology, the struggle and fusion of the ideas of the sons of Zhou, who were long in rational generalization and dialectical thinking, the geographical environment of plains and deserts, rivers, lakes and seas, and high mountains and steep hills, and the complex climatic conditions, etc., all determined and influenced the development trend and characteristics of the military thought to varying degrees. The main carrier of ancient Chinese military thought was the book of war. It appeared early, large in number and variety, rich in content and strong in philosophy. A large number of chapters on military affairs scattered in other canonical books, and the records on military figures, wars, military systems, etc. in history books are also rich in military thought. The formation and development of ancient Chinese military thought has experienced four historical periods of emergence, formation, enrichment and improvement, and systematic improvement.

⒈ budding period. About the 21st century BC to the 8th century BC, that is, Xia, Shang, Western Zhou period. China as early as the end of primitive society produced inter-tribal warfare, people also began to have some preliminary thinking about military issues. The Xia Dynasty formally established the slave state, and war became the highest form of class struggle. The army became an important part of the state apparatus. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were already divisions, brigades, pawns, two and five, etc. Bronze weapons were widely used in the military. Famous battles included the Battle of Gan, the Battle of Mingzhi, the Battle of Mukeno, and the Zhou Gong's Eastern Conquest, etc. The combat styles included foot and vehicle battles, and most of them were frontal encounters in the "Tang Tang formation". As a conceptual form of military thinking also began to emerge, in the oracle bone inscriptions, gold and "Shangshu" and other ancient historical materials and about the Western Zhou period, "military records", "military policy" and other military books are reflected.

The main contents of military thinking in this period are: ① In the view of war, emphasizing the fate of heaven, justice and protection of the people. The Shangshu's "Gan Oath", "Tang Oath", "Thai Oath", etc. all put forward the fate of heaven as the reason for military campaigns, "respect for the punishment of heaven", "hanging the people to conquer the crime", "protection of the people" phase call. Military decision-making and action should be based on the sky and fortune-telling to determine the fate. ② military governance emphasizes the QiZhong to law, "the division out to law, lawlessness is also fierce" ("Yi - Division"); "ShangHuanHuan" ("ShangShu - Pastoral Oath"), in order to become the mighty masters; strict rewards and punishments, "with the life of the ancestors, not with the life of the killers in the community" ("ShangShu - Gan Oath"). ③ war guidance, to the heavy rites, faith and benevolence as the dominant ideology, advocating "to rites for solid, to benevolence for victory", "not poor can not", "into the columns and drums" ("Sima Law"); war practice has been noted to win the war with the scheme. Battle of Mingjiao, the battle of Makino, have taken the Yin storage of its strength, to fight with the country, cut the wings of the enemy, the use of spies, reconnaissance of the enemy, grasp the opportunity to attack the heart and other strategies. The military record", "military policy" in the "when the return", "see can and advance, know the difficulties and retreat", "the first people have to take the heart of the people, the next people to be its decline", "geography for the treasure" and other strategic ideas recorded. ④ In the battle command, attention has been paid to the cooperation between the vanguard and the main force, the vehicle soldiers and the apprentice soldiers and the application of the formation. Due to the simple style of war in this period, the scale is relatively small, short duration, people's understanding of the military has not yet been able to form a systematic theory.

⒉ Formation period. From about the 8th century BC to the 3rd century BC, that is, the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period. China was transformed from slavery to feudalism, and society was in great turmoil, great change and great development. The wars of rivalry, annexation and unification were intense, and the number of soldiers increased; the application of iron weapons became more and more widespread, and there were advances in military technology and fortification; on the military system, infantry, cavalry and navy were gradually separated into independent types of soldiers, and infantry, cavalry and vehicles fought together in a variety of forms; the military system broke with the "soldiers and civilians", and the system of conscription and county levy system appeared; the complexity of the command of war and the high demand for a full-time general and commander-in-chief; and a hundred schools of thought competed with one another in academics, etc., which promoted the military science of ancient China. The development of ancient Chinese military science was promoted. The birth of a large number of military books represented by Sun Tzu marked the initial establishment of the theoretical system of ancient Chinese military science. Gradually deepen the understanding of war during the spring and autumn period, people have realized that "the division straight for the strong, flexing for the old"; "the martial arts, banning violence, ji soldiers, to protect the big, set the work, the people, and the people, and the rich wealth is also" ("Zuo Zhuan - Xuan Gong 12 years"); "the military, the country's major events, the place of death, the way of life, the way of survival, can not not be ignored" ("Sun Tzu" - "counting"). During the Warring States period, military scientists further distinguished war as "righteousness" and "unrighteousness", pointing out that: "forbidding violence and saving chaos is said to be righteousness" ("Wu Zi - Tugu Guo"), "righteousness is the head of the army" ("Sun Bin Art of War - The Next Series - General Righteousness"), and thus determined their basic attitude towards war: "killing people, killing can be; attacking the country and loving the people, attacking can be; to stop the war with the war, even though the war can also be" ("Sima Law - Benevolence of the book"); "Soldiers, so to punish the riot, prohibit injustice" ("Yuliao Zi - martial arts"). The origin of the war, put forward "the soldiers from the people on the carry on, and the beginning of the people" ("Lu Shi Chunqiu - Meng Qiu Ji") point of view. The cause of the war, that due to the people of the people, the wealth and goods are few, the matter of labor, the supply of thin, so the people fight and not immune to chaos, has been noted from the socio-political, economic life to explore the cause of the war. On the understanding of the relationship between war and politics, economy, geography and the factors of victory, it was pointed out that the safety and security of the country "lies in the virtue but not in the danger" ("Records of the Grand Historian - The Biography of Sun Zi Wu Qi"); "the method of war must be based on the victory of the government" ("The Book of Shang Junshu - Methods of Warfare"); "to use martial arts as a plant, and to use literature as a seed" ("Yülizi - On the Order of Military Service"); "heavenly time is not as good as geographical location, and geographical location is not as good as people's harmony" ("Mencius - Gongsun Chou"); and "the military should care about good attachment to the people" (Mengzi - Gongsun Chou). The military should be concerned with "good attachment to the people" ("Xunzi - Discussion of Military Affairs"). During the Warring States period, the militarists further put forward the requirements of military reform, advocating the abolition of the Shih Ching Shih Lu system, rewarding military service, emphasizing cultivation and war, stressing the importance of enriching the country and strengthening the army, and "revealing the cultivation and war warrior" ("Han Fei Zi"); they regarded enrichment of the country as the basis of strengthening the army and the first and most urgent thing to do, that is to say, "the basis of the armored army must be preceded by the fields and houses" ("Guan Zi - Extravagance"). Some thinkers, represented by the Legalists, advocated war for the sake of unification, which played a positive role in social progress.

The formation of a systematic theory of army building is prominently reflected in the aspects of generalship, law and teaching. Sun Tzu" puts forward the general must have "wisdom, faith, benevolence, courage, strict" conditions, the organization of the army, the duties of the generals, armaments, supplies, expenses, etc., there are strict requirements, the management of the "order to the text, the same as the martial arts", the "soldiers who practice" as an important condition of victory or defeat, etc., laying a foundation for the theory of the army in ancient China. Later, the military theorists of the Warring States period further enriched its theoretical content. Wu Zi" demanded that generals and marshals should have the qualities of rationality, preparedness, fruitfulness, precaution, and covenant; "Wei Yao Zi" strongly criticized the system of world generals, and proposed that generals and marshals should have the comprehensive cultivation of Wei, Hui, Ji, Battle, Attack, Defend, and No Faults, etc.; "Six Towers" not only examined the conditions of generals and marshals individually, but also emphasized on the complementary and enhancement of the quality of the overall commanding authority; "Han Fei Zi" advocated that those with actual battle experience should be selected from the grassroots for the generals and marshals; And so on. In terms of the military legal system, there appeared a lot of regulatory literature on combat, internal affairs, discipline and so on, reflecting the ideological characteristics of ruling the army by law and winning by governance. At the same time, it emphasizes the principle of benevolence, the use of grace and authority, and the strictness of reward and punishment, and believes that "a good general is only love and authority" ("Yuliao Zi - Attacking Authority"); it is necessary to love and care for the soldiers and soldiers, and to be willing to suffer and to ****; the reward does not exceed the time, and the punishment does not move the columns; and it is necessary to "punish the upper pole, and to reward the lower pass" ("Six Towers - Generals' Authority"), and the army shares the same desires. In the education and training of the army, it is proposed that "the method of using soldiers, teaching and warning is the first" ("Wu Zi - the rule of war"); to "teach because of the convenience, only benefit" ("Guan Zi - the art of war"); simple recruitment of good materials, materials and people to select pawns, according to the courage, skill, respectively, grouped, and according to the level of training; equipment to be well equipped, etc. In essence, this is the best way to promote the development of the army. In essence, this is a theory of military construction adapted to the characteristics of the army at that time, mainly based on the rule of law thought of Legalism and absorbing some components of the theory of Confucianism and benevolence.

Proposed a series of war guidance and principles of operation of the Spring and Autumn period of the war guide, has been able to successfully develop and use of military and political strategies, put forward, such as "respect for the king and the barbarians", "Wei not track and Zhao Wende", "to observe the provocations and move", "both the weak and attack the obscurity", "to rule the country in the right to the strange use of the army," "to do its yangjie, Ying our yinjie and take it away," and other valuable guiding ideology of the war. The concept of trust and righteousness was gradually replaced by "between battlefields, we do not hate fraud and falsehood". Sun Tzu summarized the past war practices and military theories, and believed that a good warrior must understand and grasp the "five things" of Taoism, heaven, earth, generalship and law, attach importance to strategy, and emphasize "temple calculation" and "planning before fighting". Pointed out the military "tricky way", "fraudulent" characteristics; put forward the "no war and give up the army" of the "total victory" strategic thinking and the guiding principle of quick victory in the attack; emphasize the initiative, confuse the enemy and the use of military force due to the situation; put forward to the people but not to the people, show the shape, let the potential, I am dedicated to the enemy, the main speed of the military, the main rapidity, the odd and the positive are born together, avoiding the real to hit the false, attacking the unprotected, the enemy to win the basic principles. During the Warring States period, there was a new development in the ideas of strategy and communication, focusing on the strategy of alliance, spreading out and dividing the hostile forces; emphasizing the necessity of attacking but not defending, the first mechanism of the enemy, and the flexibility of response; and generating and developing the principles of cavalry warfare, urban warfare, and warfare under different geographic and meteorological conditions. Wu Zi", "Six Towers" and "Sun Bin's Art of War" on the status, role and characteristics of cavalry have been summarized with the nature of experience and theoretical generalization, of which "ten victories", "nine defeats" and "ten advantages with cavalry" have been more systematic. On the methods of "attacking a city and besieging an area" and "rescuing a defense", there are discussions on the use of equipment, gathering troops to attack a city, eliminating its paths, blocking reinforcements and attacking weaknesses, defending against dangers, defending against the danger, and corresponding to the Chinese and foreign countries, and so on. Mozi" in the "preparation of the city gate" and other late work of the Mozi specializing in the defense of the law, the defense of the city facilities, layout and equipment production, use, etc. are detailed, the core idea is "city repair, guarding equipment, woodcutting corn enough, up and down the family".

Laying the foundation of ancient military philosophical thinking Sun Tzu opposes the agnosticism of war, believes that the war can be forewarned, the first to calculate, the first to win, puts forward the viewpoint of "know the enemy and know yourself, a hundred battles will not be in danger"; focusing on the personnel, opposed to the "take in the ghosts and gods", "like in the matter of", "check in the degree of"; pay attention to the "wisdom" to make the "force" and tend to benefit and avoid harm; pay attention to the overall connection between the multi-faceted observation of the war, to understand the many contradictions and confrontations in the military field, as well as to the "wisdom", to avoid harm; focusing on the linkage of the war, and realize that the military field of the many contradictions and conflicts in the military. The military field of many contradictions and transformation of the phenomenon, put forward the virtual reality, odd and positive, shape and name of a series of military theory to reflect the nature of the object of knowledge, scope and content of the category. During the Warring States period, the military scientists paid more attention to the exploration of the "way of war" (the laws of war), which was regarded as the basis for deciding whether to win or lose a war. At the same time, the military field of the contradictory relationships, military and political, military and economic relations are also more extensive and in-depth understanding.

3 enrichment and improve the period of the 3rd century BC to the middle of the 10th century AD, that is, from the Qin unification of China after the two Han, the Three Kingdoms, the two Jin Dynasty, the North and South Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, centralized feudal system in the division and unification of the historical process of the further development of the perfection of the socio-economic, cultural and scientific technology is also constantly developing. There were new advances in military technology, with an increase in the variety of iron weapons and improved lethal performance; military transportation, city building, and shipbuilding also saw greater development. In the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was invented and began to be used in war. Cavalry and navy played a significant role in the war. The military system of each dynasty changed, the armed forces system was basically formed, roughly by the central army, the local army and the border guards composed of three major parts, centralized power in the emperor. In the late Northern Dynasty, the governmental military system was perfected by Sui and early Tang, which became a military system combining soldiers and farmers; conscription and enlistment and other military service systems were implemented one after another. The scale of war increased, the time was prolonged, the area was wide, large-scale cavalry group combat, cross river combat, water combat, and land and water combat more. The Han Dynasty paid attention to the collection and organization of military books, and divided the military into four categories: military power and strategy, military situation, military yin and yang, and military skills. This period of military thinking in the inheritance of pre-Qin tradition, focusing on the practical application of the content is richer, the level of further improvement.

Attaching great importance to strategic planning in the several wars to unify China, some outstanding politicians, militarists showed superior strategic thinking and decision-making ability. Chu-Han war, Han on the operation of the base, collect people's hearts, divide the other side, for allies, as well as the front to adhere to, behind the enemy attack, the two flanks of the strategic use of the hold is very successful. In the war of unification of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the western and eastern attack, first Guandong, after Longshu, from near to far, the strategy of individual attack. Three Kingdoms, two Jin Dynasty, North and South Dynasty, in the multi-polar struggle, the use of alliance war ideas vivid, prominent. Zhuge Liang's "United Wu against Cao", Sun Quan's "United Wei against Shu", Cao Wei's disassociation between Wu and Shu, sit on the mountain and watch the fight, etc., in different situations, respectively, and each has its own effectiveness. Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Pairing" puts forward the strategic idea of separating the situation, establishing the foundation, repairing the political affairs internally, harmonizing with the Rongs externally and fighting against the enemy in alliance. Sui, Tang and the Five Dynasties, Sui first take the north and south attack, and then take the north against the south of the strategy, the Turkic "away from the strong and the weak", the fight against the smooth; on the Chen military and political means and the use of real and virtual combination, tired of the enemy, waiting for the opportunity to kill the enemy in one fell swoop. All these show the flexibility of strategic use. Li Yuan group for the unification of the whole country to take advantage of the situation to borrow strength, to flexion for stretching, taking advantage of the weakness of the customs, living in danger to raise the prestige, the first urgent and then slow, each hit the group of strategies, success. Zhou Shizong Chai Rong's "ten years to open up the world, ten years to raise the people, ten years to peace" strategic planning, is also not lost in knowledge. These strategic thinking and decision-making reflects the actual starting point, mastery of the overall situation, far-sighted multi-accounting, flexible use of *** with the characteristics of the military. Huangshi Gong three strategies", "Huainanzi - military strategy training", "strategy" and other military works specializing in strategic thinking, so that the development and implementation of the art of strategy is more profound and systematic, while the "noble strategy is not cheap war", "planning in a tent, the decision to win thousands of miles away", "success or failure care about the wisdom of the", "to the plan instead of war when ten thousand," and so on, have become a popular emphasis on the use of strategy quotes.

The guiding ideology of national defense presents new features according to the political situation of the unification and the surrounding situation, the Qin Dynasty, the construction of the Great Wall, reflecting the terrain, "the use of the risk of the plug", "limit the foot of the Hu Ma", to the wall of the horse, the border of the defense of the idea. After the formation of large-scale cavalry groups, the Han Dynasty turned to the "ride against ride" strategy to combat the powerful Xiongnu cavalry, from pure defense to offensive defense. The Han Dynasty also implemented the military border measures on the basis of the Qin Dynasty's migration of people to the real border, forming a new form of combining military and agriculture to strengthen the border. Qin and Han Dynasty, attach importance to the construction of military transportation, the formation of the capital as the center, the trunk line of the longitudinal, to the remote areas of the transportation network, improve the mobility of the army. In the early Han Dynasty, the "civil and military" strategy of governance and military strength, the "barbarians to attack the barbarians" of the Xiong Nu policy, the Sui and Tang dynasties will be divided into a number of military strategic areas, the adoption of a heavy head and light foot, the deployment of the principle of the Chinese and foreign forces, etc., have had a greater impact on the later generations.

The guiding ideology of combat has a new development Emphasis on the use of cavalry mobility characteristics, the use of multi-road attack, fast to control the enemy, long-distance raids, the pursuit of the war, focusing on the use of multiple types of troops; large-scale riverine combat, land and water with the multi-way diversion of the attack; the status of the city war is prominent, and the attack and defense of the fortresses have become the key to the success or failure of the war. Li Shimin's "long-lasting to defeat" and the siege of the city to fight the reinforcements, a two-pronged approach has a far-reaching impact. In the field battle, more attention was paid to the detailed investigation of the terrain, gathering rice for the mountain (i.e., the prototype of the sand table), and the use of troops because of the ground. The Art of War of Wei Gong puts forward the idea that quick decision and durability should not be neglected. In connection with the practice of war, the "Question and Answer of Emperor Li Weigong of Emperor Taizong of Tang" elaborates more systematically and dialectically on the categories of reality, oddity and correctness, attack and defense, emphasizing that "to cause others but not to cause others" (i.e., to seize the initiative in war) is the essence of the Art of War, and pointing out that "attack is the opportunity to defend", and "defense is the plan to attack". Tai Bai Yin Jing emphasizes that the victory or defeat in war depends on people's strategy and the country's wealth and strength; it puts forward the idea that "the victory over the attack of the form of the matter and the use of God, the change of reality and the work of God and the use of the form", which clarifies the dialectical relationship between the "form" (material) and the "God" (spirit), and develops the theory of Sun Tzu about the "form".

Singing Systematic Perfection From the 10th century to the middle of the 19th century, after Liao, Song, Xixia and Jin regimes stood side by side, and the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, ancient Chinese military thought was further systematized and perfected. During this period, the central authority and the northern ethnic groups established by the local authorities for a longer period of time in a parallel state, both fighting, but also integration, China's political, economic and scientific and technological, military in the new historical conditions has been a greater development, the right to command and use of the military is highly centralized. With the invention of firearms and its large number of equipped troops and used in actual combat, firearms troops became an independent military. The scale of combat was expanding and the style of war was more diversified. With the prosperity of martial arts, "Seven Books of Martial Arts" became the required reading for generals and military students, and the doctrines of science and psychology, which emphasized on spiritual sensitization, penetrated into the field of military governance. With the "General Summary of Martial Arts", "Military Records" as the representative of some large military books have come out one after another, a clear distinction between military categories, systematic organization of military information. About military training, military figures, military system, guarding the city, formation, car camps, firearms, military history and geography, coastal defense and border defense and other thematic military books emerged in large quantities, reflecting the extensive and in-depth study of military theory and military technology, but also added more valuable military thought content.

To highly centralized military power for the purpose of military construction Song Dynasty rulers in view of the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, the clan towns embrace the military cuts, the power of the history of the fall, the force main military power is highly centralized to the military administrative power to the Privy Council, the military command power to the "three divisions", "three marshals", mutual restraints, the centralization of power in the emperor. The rulers of the Ming and Qing dynasties also enshrined the principle of centralization of power. The high degree of centralization of military power is conducive to national unity and social stability, but the early Song dynasty by the emperor personally made the array, and sent out the array to supervise the marshal of the practice of war and defense against the basic principles of the situation, but also easy to bind the marshal of the subjective initiative to play, resulting in the soldiers will not be familiar with each other's ills, weakening the troops of the fighting force.

The practice of military training, training will be increasingly deepening the idea of systematic with the gradual development and improvement of martial arts, martial arts education, training and education of generals institutionalized, systematized, and attach importance to the selection of training and military education. Yue Fei of the Song Dynasty was strict in governing the army, and believed in reward and punishment, and his army took "freezing to death without tearing down the house, starving to death without capturing and looting" as its credo. The Ming Dynasty Qi Jiguang's "New Book of Discipline and Effect" and "Practicing Soldier's Record" insisted that the formation should be combined with the law of the army, and put forward a complete set of relatively applicable principles and methods of training generals and soldiers, believing that "the key to practicing soldiering is to train the generals in the first place"; practicing the generals should not only be enrolled in the Ziang of the Wushang (military school) but also exercise in the real world; the training for the soldiers is to carry out the principle of selecting and practicing in a balanced manner, and to advocate that the soldiers are to be chosen by the countryside and the people with honesty and to reject the greasy people, focusing on practicing the courage and the courage of the men and the men. The training of soldiers carries out the principle of both selection and practice, and advocates that soldiers should choose honest people in the countryside and discard the people in the marketplace.

Strategic thinking is more rich and systematic, and the "Military Records - Strategy Examination" is based on the principles of "non-strategic Frecord" and "non-strategic Frecord", and selects military strategies from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Yuan Dynasty. The "Records of Reading History and Fangyuyu Jiyao" systematically discussed the influence of mountain and river situation on war. In the strategic attack, the northern peoples generals generally pay attention to play the cavalry maneuverability, good at field battles, and advocate the attack of quick decision. Such as the Liao Dynasty female military Xiaochuo's long-distance drive, pressing the heart of the strategy; Mongolia Genghis Khan and Kublai's long-distance detour, sudden attack, the middle of the breakthrough, and the false road to the Southern Song Dynasty's strategy of eliminating the Jin; Jin commander Nurhachu faced with a strong army, to take the "by the way a few ways to come, I'm only a way to go" and other strategies, all from different perspectives for the ancient Chinese strategy to add a new content. Zhu Yuanzhang, in the process of seizing power, also adopted Zhu Sheng's policy of "building high walls, accumulating grain, and claiming the title of king slowly", and then adopted the strategy of first cutting off the wings and then attacking the center of the heart, gradually eliminating the group and establishing the Ming Dynasty. In the strategic defense, the Southern Song Dynasty put forward the idea of relying on rivers, fences, three layers, the main points of the combination of point, line and surface defense. The Ming Dynasty gradually formed the idea of border defense with the Great Wall as the backbone, keeping plugs due to dangers, choosing points and dividing them into pieces (the establishment of nine towns), wide front and great depth, with key points and levels, and combining the maneuvering of elite troops and city guards. In response to the new situation of Japanese invasion from the sea, the book of "Preparing for the Sea" puts forward the combination of land and sea, district, multi-layer, the main points of defense, emphasizing the implementation of the whistle in the ocean, hitting in the sea, consolidating the coast, and guarding the main city of the idea of sea defense. All these have further enriched the ancient Chinese strategic thinking.

The wide application of firearms to promote the development of combat guidance ideas in the early Ming Dynasty, the establishment of a special force based on firearms - Shenji battalion, followed by a large number of firearms equipment troops, firearms and cavalry, infantry, and formed into an army of the car battalion. In combat, the role of firearms was emphasized, and there were changes in formations and methods of warfare, as well as the idea of firearms first and the cooperation of all types of troops. The "Cart Battalion Knocking and Answering Compilation" was devoted to the combat characteristics and methods of firearms troops, adapting the principle of using fire in the use of carts and fire in the use of overlapping formations, so as to make the carts, cavalry, and infantry alternating and cooperating with one another, and to ensure that the firepower was carried forward. The development of firearms has also caused changes in the theory of offense and defense of the city, the city fortifications layer increase, pay attention to the riding wall, the enemy platform fire intersection, and constructed attached to the city of the enemy platform, the platform to protect the Singijeon, Singijeon to protect the city to protect the city people.

Compared with countries around the world, China's ancient military thinking formed early, fast development, the content of the profound. Its system was established in the pre-Qin period, the successive dynasties have been enriched and developed, including the rich practice of ancient peasant uprisings and theoretical sublimation, all with distinctive Chinese characteristics. It advocates the importance of prudent warfare in the concept of war, the righteousness of soldiers, and the use of war to stop war; in national defense construction, it advocates rewarding cultivation and war, enriching the country and strengthening the army, thinking of danger in times of peace, and being prepared for any danger; in the guidance of strategy and combat, it emphasizes the importance of planning first and then fighting, knowing the enemy and knowing oneself, determining the strategy according to the situation, "total victory", the use of the civil and the military, the use of stratagems and the use of communication, no fear of deception in war, the use of surprise to achieve victory, the use of the real to attack the virtual, each one of them to attack and break, the creation of a form of potentiality, the movement of the enemy, the cause of the enemy, I am dedicated to the enemy and the enemy, and the pawns To strike the enemy, surprise, attack the unprepared, to wait for labor, good choice of war opportunities, the army is precious, flexible; in the military ideology requires to rule for the victory, the system must first set, the military power is expensive one, the teaching precepts of vegetarianism, the gas and art, rewards and punishments are strict, the grace and authority of the same, to motivate and train the sharp, elite weapons, generals and commanders, wisdom and courage, the top and bottom of the same, the three armies are unanimous; in the logistical support on the advocate of the collection of wealth and accumulation of power, sufficient food and strong troops, take for the country, In terms of logistic support, it advocates the accumulation of wealth and strength, sufficient food and strong troops, taking food for the country and food for the enemy; in terms of military service, it insists on the idea of placing soldiers in the people and reforming the system according to the situation. Ancient Chinese military thought is an excellent cultural heritage of mankind, in the world history of military thought has a wide range of influence and prominence, not only in the history of the military struggle to guide people have a huge role in today's people from all walks of life in China and foreigners are still praised, with an important ideological value.