Architectural experience of 800-word geography

Architectural culture is rooted in the natural living environment.

Different areas naturally have different natural environments: topography, sunshine angle, sun and moon tides, water and wind, temperature, air pressure, food, land, water quality, vegetation and so on. As the intermediary between man and nature, architecture should not only help to form the external environment of the community, but also help to ensure the indoor environment of human settlements. These buildings, like plants, are rooted in the ground, at the right time and place, suitable for the requirements of the local natural environment, and integrated with nature.

In Southeast Asian and South Asian countries, in China's Hainan Island and Taiwan Province Island, coconut trees are dense and the climate is hot. People use coconut leaves and palm leaves to build thatched huts and cabins adapted to the tropical rain forest, which are ventilated, cool, daylighting and simple, and build tropical rain forest buildings.

In the cold areas of Central Asia, West Asia, and western China, people build stone slabs against the mountains to prevent wind, snow, heatstroke and cold, and build plateau and mountain buildings. For example, China's Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan and other ethnic minorities have built various mountain buildings in the west of China.

In China's Loess Plateau, Mobei Gobi, the rainfall is scarce and the climate is dry. People use hillsides and slopes to dig holes to build houses and build distinctive adobe buildings. The Dunhuang Art Exhibition Hall in Gansu Province buried the building under the hillside with the entrance half open, and there was a retaining wall tunnel on the hillside. The characteristics of adobe architecture were very obvious.

In the eastern United States, Australia and southern China, there is abundant rainfall and mild climate. People use wood and bricks to build shade, ventilation and unique buildings in hot and humid areas according to local conditions.

These buildings have various forms and styles, which are suitable for the natural environment in different regions, and are integrated with scenery, trees and terrain to form various architectural cultures rooted in the natural environment. Architecture should not only be rooted in the natural environment, but also obey the natural environment, which is the basic principle that architects must follow.

Second, the diversity of architectural culture caused by the difference of social time and space environment.

Different regions, different countries and different nationalities have different social and historical forms. European countries, American countries, Asia and Africa and other developing countries have different religious beliefs, different economic development and different cultural customs. The temporal and spatial differences of human settlements in different regions have resulted in the temporal and spatial diversity of architectural culture, which has resulted in ancient or modern architectural cultures such as China, Russian, Southeast Asia, Europe, America and Africa. Ancient Greek architecture in Europe, ancient Egyptian architecture in North Africa, ancient Indian architecture in South Asia and ancient architecture in China are the historical origins of the world's national architectural culture. The formation and development of Catholicism, Jesuits, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and other religions have profoundly affected the countries and regions that believe in religion, and also profoundly affected the buildings in these regions, forming a rich and colorful religious architectural culture.

China has a long history and culture of several thousand years, which is both ancient and broad, and has been influenced by Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Zen since ancient times. Confucianism, in particular, has ruled China for more than two thousand years and is deeply rooted. This kind of culture contains Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Zen and other ideas, which are integrated into one, brilliant and independent of the world's ethnic groups.

Architectural culture can be transformed under certain conditions. Regional and national architectural culture can be transformed into international architectural culture under certain conditions, and international architectural culture can also absorb and integrate new regional and national architectural culture. In today's world, the development and progress of architectural culture includes not only the transformation from the former to the latter, but also the absorption and integration of the former by the latter. Both of them are antagonistic and unified, complement each other, influence each other and develop together. Only by protecting and developing the rich and colorful architectural culture of all ethnic groups and promoting the diversified composition of world architectural culture can we finally establish a "harmonious but different" human society.

Third, the development and integration of Chinese and foreign architectural culture.

Architectural culture is in the global "big culture" system, where architectural cultures of various nationalities and regions flourish and develop, forming a symphony of world architectural culture. The social process of globalization has brought collision and encounter, conflict and blending to cultural exchanges.

For thousands of years, China has been influenced by foreign cultures for a long time. Buddhist culture originally originated in India. With Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, Master Xuanzang in the Tang Dynasty went to India to learn from the scriptures and spread the scriptures. Buddhism has influenced China for more than two thousand years. However, the content of Buddhism, the figure of Buddha, and the shape of Buddhist temple are integrated with China culture, forming and developing China's unique Buddhist architectural culture.

As early as the 1920s, most architects who returned from studying in China in modern times were scholars studying in the United States. Influenced by the western academic architectural culture concept and China's quintessence architectural culture at that time, they emphasized that the key point of the integration of Chinese and western architectural cultures was architectural style, and creatively designed a number of fine works for the first time, which initiated a new era of the integration of Chinese and foreign architectural cultures. For example, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou and the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, designed by the first batch of architects studying in the United States in the 1920s, really had a rock-breaking impact on the architectural circles in China at that time and promoted the integration of Chinese and foreign architectural cultures.

In the early days of the founding of New China, China's regime and mechanism copied the Soviet model, built a number of buildings with Russian architectural cultural characteristics in various parts of China, and formed and developed China's "socialist" architectural culture in the 1950s. Since the reform and opening up, China has once again opened to the outside world, introduced the western economic management model, imitated the "European style" and Hong Kong and Taiwan architecture, and postmodernism almost swept the country, forming and developing the "reform and opening up" architectural culture of China in the 1980s. It goes without saying that the architectural culture of all countries in the world is bound by the local political system, economic situation and technical level at that time, and conflicts, exchanges, influences and blends with each other. However, what kind of blending and communication can have vitality and stand the test of time and space? Only those who have absorbed the essence of eastern and western cultures and merged into their own regional and national architectural culture have strong vitality.

Exploration and pursuit of blending ancient and modern architectural culture

Combine the past and the present, make the past serve the present, and use what? It is necessary to analyze the changes of architectural content between "ancient" and "present". These qualitative changes are the inevitable results of social system, production technology, living habits, working methods, cultural concepts and building materials in the field of architecture. As Mr. Wu Yurong pointed out when evaluating the Eiffel Tower designed by French engineer gustave eiffel: "People try to adapt every art to the new direction of human life development and all human activities to the new emotions caused by the rapidly changing times."

Blending ancient and modern, exploring the combination of traditional architecture and modern architecture. China's traditional architectural culture has many characteristics, such as the overall layout of the building, adapting to local conditions and rich in changes; Architectural modeling, rich and colorful; Space separation, flexibility and diversity; Interior decoration, pay attention to connotation; Color application, rich and colorful; Landscaping is more subtle and vivid, unparalleled in the world. When creating modern architecture, contemporary architects should absorb the rich nutrition of ancient architectural culture, explore and pursue a new direction to adapt to people's life and development by analyzing various contradictions according to the requirements of modernization in many aspects, so that people's architectural activities can adapt to the new emotions brought about by the rapidly changing times.

Since the founding of New China, how many times have there been explorations and discussions about inheriting China tradition, developing national forms and creating architectural artistic beauty? Experienced the nostalgic retro period of imitating the "big roof" in the early days of liberation; It went through the dogmatic stage of criticizing retro-ism and copying Soviet "model". After the Cultural Revolution, he criticized the philosophy of foreign slaves and promoted the poor turn of "dry foundation"; It has experienced the period of advocating the west and popularizing the "European style" in the early days of reform and opening up. After going through the storm, China architects began to embark on the correct road of inheriting tradition, adapting to functions, adopting high technology, exploring the integration of ancient and modern, and realizing the modernization of architectural creation.

The environment and blending of architectural culture discussed in this paper is only a preliminary discussion, and there are still many deep theoretical problems that need further study. Our generation of architects should firmly establish a "scientific view of architectural culture", take China culture as the main body, and accelerate the blending process of architectural culture with the environment, with the nation, with the society and with the times.