Who are the little intellectuals?

Little intellectuals 1. What is an intellectual?

I often hear people make fun of scholars and say that "the more knowledge, the more reactionary."

Think carefully, there are many things worth discussing, for example, what is an intellectual and worth thinking about. What kind of scholars are intellectuals? How are intellectuals classified? Why is the more knowledge, the more reactionary? In this case, it is better not to have knowledge.

On the other hand, we are building a knowledge-based society. How can you not need knowledge? If you want knowledge, you naturally need the carrier of knowledge. Isn't the carrier of knowledge an intellectual? Not only that, but also "harmony". The so-called "harmony" means that no matter how much knowledge you have, you should not be reactionary.

So, what is an intellectual? In my opinion, it is an individual or group who has received a certain degree of education and takes mental work as the main body. I don't usually like to define anything, so what I define is neither fish nor fowl.

However, at the end of 2004, Ji, an author with the same voice as the commentator of Liberation Daily, published an article in the newspaper entitled "On Intellectuals in communist party", which was later reprinted by People's Daily. He said, "Intellectuals are part of the working class, part of the people and a group under the leadership of the Party. This definition is more * * than mine.

It is very simple, because there are intellectuals in the history of China, and the history of China is certainly much longer than that of the Party. That's right. His flattery is really unlike an intellectual.

So what kind of scholars are intellectuals? According to the number of reading, it should be divided into big intellectuals, middle intellectuals and small intellectuals. Therefore, academicians, doctors and masters should be regarded as great intellectuals, and by analogy, bachelors can be regarded as medium intellectuals, and those who have studied under bachelors are small intellectuals.

But why do you still feel that this is not the case? For example, politicians have also read books, even doctors. Naturally, they also have a lot of knowledge and mainly do mental work, but they obviously do not belong to the category of intellectuals, so my definitions above and below are also nonsense. Because just like * * * in mathematics, only the intersection between them is said, and the part without intersection is left out, so it is really a very troublesome thing to classify intellectuals.

But I remember a philosopher in the west once classified intellectuals. He divided them into three categories: one is the aides, whom Gramsci called "the stewards of the ruling group"; One is technical intellectuals, that is, technical experts; One is humanistic intellectuals. The first two are easy to understand, because we can combine the history and reality of our country. For example, the ancient popular "cultivating scholars" is actually an aide, and his aides and scholars are intellectuals. To put it bluntly, the modern aides are secretaries and research centers, and their characteristics are still inseparable from the word "support".

It belongs to the same category as "walking in the study" mentioned below. Technical intellectuals are undoubtedly real intellectuals. They are all engaged in high technology. For example, Zhang Heng and Li Bing in ancient times are now academicians of the Academy of Engineering, and they have made real contributions to society.

Therefore, such intellectuals are always worthy of admiration. It's just that humanistic intellectuals are complex and need to be further divided.

I don't take the liberty to divide humanistic intellectuals into the following categories: romanticism, archaeology, hermit, walking in the study and brain-born. Let the boys analyze them one by one: the first type is romantic.

This is easy to understand. Such intellectuals just don't ask the times. "There are flowers in spring, moons in autumn, cool breeze in summer and snow in winter." If you have nothing to worry about, it will be a good time on earth. "

Ancient intellectuals such as Li Bai, Li Shangyin, Liu Sanbian and Tang Bohu were all of this type. They are either dissatisfied with the powerful people and wander between mountains and rivers, or forbidden to play in brothels by the powerful people, or naked in downtown areas, or addicted to chess, calligraphy and painting, hiding in Shan Ye temples. Uneven, with a realistic view of this kind of people, is decadent or boring.

But they think that life is short, such as fleeting moments, laughing and cursing, singing wine, or sighing at the stars in the sky. Although it is not beneficial to society, it is also harmless.

Followed by archaeological intellectuals. Archaeological intellectuals are still different from other intellectuals. They can't control modern times. Because they don't make trouble, they will be labeled as "Rightists", so they will sink into the pile of old papers. For example, they are famous for textual research in the early Qing Dynasty. Why? I'm afraid of literary inquisition, so I do archaeology, but it's still dangerous to take an examination of the antiques in my own country, so I take an examination of foreign antiques and introduce some foreign things, which is far from China.

However, such intellectuals are not without thoughts, but are afraid, but they still have compassion in their bones, so they either borrow the ancient irony to the present, or borrow the foreign irony to moisten it with a gentle breeze and drizzle. This kind of intellectual is respectable, but it is also regrettable.

Isn't it? Still the hermit type. There are many hermit intellectuals in ancient and modern China and abroad.

This is called hitting you, I let you, I want to be happy, I want to disappear. Take Laozi's thought as its purpose.

This kind of intellectuals have experienced the stage of speaking and learning, and they know that the times and things are not easy. The reason for retiring is that it is not fun, such as Tao Yuanming who loves Lao Lin like a bird, Fan Li who enters the West Lake like a fish, and Wang Guowei who enters the Summer Palace Lake at worst, and so on.

Second, I won't take you to play, because it's too famous to be eliminated, so I'd better let you retire. Turn a big hide into a small hide in the wild.

In the end, the ending is not bad. There are many such classifications, so I won't list them one by one.

Once again, it is "walking in the study". This kind of people are also intellectuals, many of whom are great scholars, and they are euphemistically called "the Great Tibetan Dynasty". They take the imperial edict as the carrier to promote social change.

No wonder they are ambitious. For example, Confucius said, "A scholar should be resolute and have a long way to go." . But also "cultivate one's morality, keep one's family in order, govern the country and level the world."

I really blame the emperor for being too wise, and the scholar can be used by me. Why not? Emperor Taizong was overjoyed when he took part in the imperial examination: "All the scholars in the world are in my urn." . But scholars are willing to be driven away. They call it "a scholar dies for a confidant."

This seems to be the highest goal of scholars. For example, today's two.

2. What is a "little intellectual"

Little intellectual, on the whole, she is not a petty bourgeoisie. I don't know what petty bourgeoisie is, but she is definitely different from petty bourgeoisie intellectuals. If you are the same, you always hit me with bricks.

Little intellectuals, to put it bluntly, are the kind of trivial things that can't give up lofty literati in their bones, but they can't get rid of daily necessities. If you give her two thousand dollars, she will be in a hurry with you. Even if she can't cook at home now, you might as well take off her old hat when it snows, and she will feel very happy.

She has no money, but she is a scholar and an intellectual. Nowadays, singers and movie stars are not intellectuals. They have no education. Although she is very atmospheric, maybe they can call her an artist. It is better to pay more attention to the little intellectuals around you. Only they are our original creators.

3. What is an intellectual

According to the western modern intellectual theory, people who can be called intellectuals must also go beyond their own individuals and small groups and express their concern for the interests of the country, society and the world.

Intellectuals are generally called "the conscience of society" because they have always been the defenders of basic human values. On the one hand, intellectuals criticize unreasonable phenomena in society according to these basic values, on the other hand, they strive to promote the realization of these basic values in the whole society.

The concept of intellectuals came into being in Europe in the19th century after the Enlightenment. Kant has a simple description of intellectuals: "Have the courage to use reason in all public affairs".

Within this definition, modern western scholars generally believe that there were no real intellectuals in western society before the Enlightenment. Scholars in ancient Greece often divided the world into two worlds: representation and ontology. They only care about the noumenon and ignore the appearance. They are spiritual aristocrats, who only care about the eternal truth ontology, without building a bridge from ontology to reality.

Marx said: The task of philosophers is not only to explain the world, but to change it. This reflects the difference between modern intellectuals and traditional philosophers in ancient Greece.

In western history, intellectuals have no relationship of inheritance and continuity, but there are many faults in their development. Intellectuals are only the product of western modern times.

In China 2,500 years ago, the "scholar" advocated by Confucius basically possessed all the conditions of a modern intellectual. For 2,500 years, this tradition of China intellectuals has not been broken, and there is a clear and complete inheritance relationship. There is no difference in behavior between Confucius tradition and modern western intellectuals.

The ancient intellectuals in China insisted on the idea of "ruling the country and leveling the world", which was the ultimate outlet of all knowledge and theories. They believe that all knowledge should have practical significance, and the mission of intellectuals is to influence the operation of society and participate in social practice. Moreover, Confucianism, represented by Confucius, also inherits the basic moral requirements of "self-cultivation and family harmony". This fine tradition of China intellectuals is-"the sound of wind and rain, the sound of reading, the sound of listening.

Family affairs, state affairs, and everything. "Therefore, the morality and code of conduct of intellectuals should not be lost. It is really not easy to be an intellectual.

4. Why do small intellectuals guard against rulers and big intellectuals guard against people?

This is determined by vision,

Small intellectuals usually only see that rulers will oppress, exploit and even hurt people, and only see the destructive power of rulers.

The great intellectuals, however, see what kind of harm will be caused if they incite the people. Think about what happened in Hong Kong in recent months, the yellow vest in France last year, and the May storm further away.

Another point is how the Nazis came to power. It was the German people who put them on the throne of power with their votes. So what kind of people will eventually produce what kind of * * *, just like the rise of populism led to Trump coming to power.

Therefore, great intellectuals will be more alert to the people and pay more attention to guiding them.