Talking about a Minority in Northeast China

Heilongjiang province is a frontier province where many nationalities live together. There are 53 ethnic minorities in the province with a population of nearly 2 million, accounting for 5.26% of the total population of the province. Among them, there are 1 0 ethnic minorities living in this province, such as Manchu, Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Daur, Xibe, Hezhe, Oroqen, Ewenki and Kirgiz. Among the 10 ethnic minorities living in the world, Manchu, Korean, Mongolian and Hui have a population of over 65,438+million, Daur has a population of 43,000, and the other five ethnic groups have a population of less than 1 10,000. Hezhe nationality is 39 10, and Oroqen nationality is 387 10, accounting for 52% of the population of Oroqen nationality in China.

Oroqen, one of the 56 ethnic groups in China. It is mainly distributed in Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Zhalantun City, Molidawa Banner and Arong Banner in the northeast of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tahe, Huma, Xunke, Jiayin County and Heihe City in Heilongjiang Province. The word "Oroqen" has two meanings: "people who use reindeer" and "people on the mountain". The Oroqen people have their own language, and Chinese is widely used. Believe in Shamanism and worship natural objects. Before the founding of New China, the Oroqen nationality was still in a primitive society, and there was no social division of labor within the society, only the natural division of labor among men, women and children. Social production is dominated by collective hunting, supplemented by gathering and fishing. After 1950s, with the support of the government, the Oroqen people began to go out of the forest to engage in farming and industry.

The literature of Oroqen nationality is mainly oral creation, which is passed down from generation to generation through word of mouth. There are myths, folk songs, proverbs and stories.

Myths and legends: The earliest oral creation forms are historical myths and legends about the Oroqen nationality, many of which are about the origin of human beings. For example, Endori created the origin of the Oroqen nationality and the nine surnames. There are also legends praising heroes and collective victory over nature or evil forces, such as those of Mao Kedaihan and alatan Bhutto. In addition, fairy tales about animals occupy a more important position, such as the legend of bears and the legend of flying birds.

Story: Folk story The Oroqen people are called "Neimu Nahan" in English, and some places are called "Nimu Khan". Folk tales are the most popular, numerous and influential genre in the oral literature of Oroqen nationality. Representative works include The Story of Ou Xinbo, Ai He, The Snake King's Daughter, Lungi Mountain, Ayijilun and so on.

Proverbs: Olunchun proverbs are short and clear, and the language is concise and easy to remember. For example, "If you are not afraid of difficulties, you are afraid of laziness", "Oaks fall all over the ground, wild boars gather", "Ants move their nests, and the flood is even greater", "Men are not afraid of heights, and women are not afraid of precision work" and so on. , involving all aspects of life.

Riddle: It is a form of oral literature that Oroqen people, especially teenagers, like. Most of its contents are based on daily production and life, especially the traditional hunting life. For example, "There is no water under the birch boat, colorful clouds float in the birch boat-cradle", "The old man is worried about pulling his ears-hanging the pot", "A small hill is round and round, and a pair of deer are lying on both sides-ears", "There are clumps of tree monsters, with roots and branches-ponytails" and so on.

The Oroqen people are best at handicrafts, that is, boxes, baskets, barrels, boxes and portable birch boats made of a large number of birch bark. And carved and embroidered various exquisite patterns on it, which fully reflected the traditional characteristics of their hunting culture.

Birch bark products: Oroqen people live in Xiaoxing 'anling, where birch trees are everywhere. The industrious Oroqen people have lived up to the gift of nature. Through their dexterous hands, birch and birch bark have become all kinds of birch utensils, birch boats and other production and living utensils and handicrafts, forming a simple and elegant birch culture.

Every early summer, birch trees are full of water, which is the season for Oroqen people to peel birch bark. They selected thick, straight and smooth birch trees, cut a circle at the upper and lower ends of the trunk with a knife, then drew a knife vertically between the upper and lower pairs, and slowly tore off the rectangular birch bark along the trunk with both hands. Take the peeled birch bark home, scrape off the skin and the epidermis on the surface, put it in a flat place, and press it with wood for three days, and it will be flat.

The Oroqen people, regardless of gender, age, and age, are skilled craftsmen who make birch products. Each of them can sew all kinds of necessities with the thread twisted by birch bark and ponytail or roe deer and tendon, and carve all kinds of patterns on it. Large birch products include suitcases, buckets and baskets. Medium-sized pots, hat boxes, sewing boxes, small barrels for collecting and storing wild fruits, etc. The small ones are bowls, cigarette cases and medicine boxes. In addition to ordinary daily necessities, Oroqen people can also use birch bark to build ships. Birch boats are long and narrow, generally less than 1 m wide and about 5 meters long. It is made of pine with two upturned skeletons, and the big birch bark without holes is used as the bottom and side of the ship. The whole ship doesn't need an iron nail, but it is cut into nails from pine to reinforce all parts. This kind of boat can take two or three people and paddle with one paddle. When rowing, the sound is extremely low, and rowing out for hunting is conducive to getting close to prey and catching wild animals. Birch skin products are simple to make, durable, waterproof and collision-proof, and easy to carry.

Sculpture: There are mainly three kinds of birch carving, wood carving and bone carving, among which birch carving is the most unique. Its patterns include moire, palindrome and various flower patterns. Some of these patterns are painted on birch bark with bone needles, and some are cut from thin birch bark and pasted on it, and then carved in relief. After the patterns and patterns are carved, paint them with red, yellow and black. Wood carving mainly carves patterns and patterns on wooden objects. For example, clouds are carved on saddles and deer whistle, and patterns are carved on wooden pots and bowls. Bone carvings are rings, chopsticks and buttons carved from animal bones.

Embroidery: There are two main embroidery methods of Oroqen nationality. One is to directly embroider flowers of various colors on leather products, and the other is to cut leather into various patterns and sew them on leather products. Embroidery patterns include group patterns, angular patterns, wave patterns and individual Hua Niaowen. Early embroidery used bone needles and threads made of deer and roe deer tendons. Since modern times, iron needles and colored silk threads have been used.

The Oroqen people's costumes are mainly robes, including fur robes, fur coats, leather pants, leather pants, leather boots, leather socks, leather gloves, leather vests and scalp hats. The most distinctive is the scalp cap.

The Oroqen people are good at singing and dancing. They sang and danced at the same time, showing the rich content of work and life.

The Oroqen people attach great importance to etiquette, and it is a tradition to respect the old and love the young. No matter what the occasion, we must let the old people sit in the right position. Old people have to open a cup when drinking, and only when the old man raises a knife and moves chopsticks can other people move. The Oroqen people are hospitable and guests come. In addition to good wine and meat, guests should also give away their own local products when they leave. Oroqen people are hospitable and simple, and hunters bring meat back. Whether they know each other or not, as long as you say you want some meat, the host will give you the hunting knife at once, and the guests will help themselves. The host is very generous.