Detailed information of Hani ethnic group

The Hani people, known as the Akha people in Southeast Asia, speak the Hani language, which belongs to the Yi branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and the modern Hani people use the newly created pinyin script based on the Latin alphabet.

The Hani ethnic group is mainly distributed between the Yuanjiang and Lancang rivers in Yunnan Province, China, and live in the counties of Honghe, Jiangcheng, Mojiang and Xinping, Zhenyuan, and the northern mountainous areas of Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam.

According to the 2010 Sixth National Population Census, the total population of Hani ethnic group in China is 1660932.

Basic introduction Chinese name ：哈尼族 Alias ：和人？ Population: 1.630 million (2010 census) Language: Pinyin? Beliefs ：Multi-gods and ancestor worship Distribution ：Yunnan, China, Myanmar, Burma and other northern mountainous areas? Alias: Akha Name, History, Population, Distribution, Settlement, Economy, Culture, Beliefs, Costume, Language, Literature, Astronomy and Calendar, Art, Architecture, Music and Dance, Customs, Traditional Festivals, Family, Family Name, Household Name, Marriage Customs, Manners, Food and Drink, Characters, Name There are many clans of the Hani ethnic group, and there are a variety of self-professional names. Among them, there are six self-named units: Hani, Kabul, Yaoni, Haoni, Biyo, Baihong, and so on. There are also inconsistencies in the names used by the Hani people within their own ethnic group and by other ethnic groups to the Hani people. For example, the Hani of Yuanyang called each other Nuomei, Nuobi, each and so on; Ya Ni called each other Jue Wei, Jue Jiao, the Han Chinese also called it Ai Ni; called Haoni for Budu, called Oh Nu for the West Moro and so on. In Chinese historical records, the historical names of Hani are: He Yi, He Barbarians, He Nai, Wo Nai, Wo Nai, Wo Nai, Wo Nai, Wo Nai, Ruo Nai, Ah Nai, Hani, Good Nai, Ah Mu, Luo Maen, Nuo Bi, Lu Bi, Ka Dui, Bi Yew, Hao Nai, and Dui Ta etc. Most of these names are the same as the present ones. It can be seen that most of these are similar or identical to the current self and mutual names. Hani Although there are many self-proclaimed and historical names for the Hani people, their sound and meaning are basically the same. The main self-proclaimed names are Hani, Haoni, Hei Nai and Hei Nai, whose Ha, Ha, Hei, and He are all derived from the sound of "and", and whose meaning is "and people". Historical name and Yi, and barbarians, and mud, Wo mud, nest mud, good offices mud, Russia mud, mud, Hani, Luo Maine (self-proclaimed and mud), Nuo Bi (self-proclaimed Hani), etc., its Wo, nest, good offices, Russia, A, Ha, from the "and" sound, the meaning of the "and people". It can be said that the Hani ethnic group in more than two thousand years, basically has a unified name that is "and people". After 1949, according to the opinion of the majority of the people of this ethnic group, "Hani", which is the self-name of the largest number of people, is the unified name of this ethnic group. History The Hani, along with the Yi and Lahu, originated from the ancient Qiang. The Qiang were originally nomadic on the Tibetan Plateau. Between 384 and 362 B.C., the Qin Dynasty expanded rapidly, and the nomadic groups of ancient Qiang living on the Tibetan Plateau were attacked and dispersed, resulting in the evolution of a number of Qiang names. The "Heyi" was a branch of the southward migrating tribes of the ancient Qiang people, and when they settled on the banks of the Dadu River, they began farming in order to adapt to the geographical environment and conditions of the local flat dams and "self-growing grains". After settling on the banks of the Dadu River, the Hani tribe was forced to leave the farming settlement and migrate again due to wars and other reasons, and entered the subtropical Mourning Mountains in Yunnan. According to historical records, the 3rd century BC activities in the south of the Dadu River "and Yi" tribes, is today's Hani ancestors, from the 4th century AD to the 8th century of the early Tang Dynasty, part of the Hani ancestors migrated to the west of the Yuanjiang River west of the Lancang River area. In Tang literature, the Hani ancestors were called "He Barbarians". In the middle of the 7th century, the great chiefs of the "He Barbarians" paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty included the names of the "He Barbarians" in the imperial edicts given to the chiefs of the various ethnic groups in Yunnan, and recognized them as vassals of the Tang Dynasty. "After the establishment of Nanzhao and Dali local authorities, among the 37 barbarians in the eastern part of the country, the "Guan Gui Situo Department Among the thirty-seven barbarian counties in the eastern part of Nanzhao and Dali, the "Guan Gui Situo Department", "Xishidian Department", "Companion Xilu Deng Department" and "Tie Rong Dian Department" are all located in the Red River area where the Hani ethnic group lives today. In the 10th century (during the Dali period), the Hani people paid tribute to the Dai feudal lords and began to enter a feudal society. After the Yuan Dynasty conquered the "Dali" regime, it set up the Yuanjiang Road Military and Civil Administration under the Yunnan Province. The Ming Dynasty implemented the Tusi system in the minority areas of Yunnan, and the tribal leaders of the Hani tribe were granted the title of Tusi by the Ming Dynasty and were subject to the rule of the officials they belonged to. Qing dynasty in yunnan implementation of land reorganization, abolition of some of the hani area of the land official, the system of the exiled officials instead of part of the local land division system, but the SiTuo, xiDi, fall fear, ZuoNeng, wajhuang, naji, treat goshka and other places of the land official is still retained, the land division is still these areas of the rulers. In 1853 (Qing Xianfeng three years), the Hani poor farmers Tian Sirang (also known as Tian Zheng, Tian Yizheng, Mojiang County people) in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement under the influence of the gathering of more than 3,000 Hani, Yi, Brown poor farmers in TuanTianXiang green leaf Aubi village held a revolt, and quickly occupied the middle part of the mourning mountain area. In 1856, Tian Sirang led by the insurgent army and Yi Li Wen led by the insurgent army *** with the joint war, the insurgent army in the economic implementation of the "common people originally cultivated the land of the landlord, all to the common people all, do not pay the rent, the tax 20%, barren not to pay" of the land program, get the poor peasants of all ethnic groups of the embracing. In 1895, France forced the Qing *** cede the southern part of the Mourning Mountains, "fifteen fierce" in the fierce clam, fierce Lai, fierce shuttle, fierce Wu, Wu Tak and other five "fierce" areas. In 1900, Mengzi's Han, Hani, Yi and other ethnic groups rose up against, burned the invaders in Mengzi opened the foreign customs. France used this as an excuse to send troops to invade the fifteen fierce in the fierce Ding (now Jinping County, Long shoulder area), Hani and the people of all ethnic groups repelled the invasion force. In 1917, Yuanyang County Manglang and Jinping County Mangding area of nearly two hundred villages broke out Hani, Miao, Yi, Dai and other ethnic groups united uprising, the leader of the insurrectionary army is Yuanyang Hani poor peasant women Lu Meibei. In 1925 and 1935, France twice sent troops to invade Honghe, Luchun, Jinping, Jiangcheng and other places, by the Hani and the people of all ethnic groups of the heroic counterattack. After the establishment of the Republic of China, the national *** in the southern bank of the Red River in the Mourning Mountains area gradually reorganize the land, the implementation of district, township, township system. But the Tusi district is still "the place where the stream officials do not enter", the Tusi system is still intact. After the founding of New China in 1949, the feudal lord system of Tusi was abolished. In April 1951, the central nationalities delegation to visit the red river area, brought the party central committee of the warm concern for the people of all ethnic groups, so that the Hani people were greatly encouraged. In 1951, the Central Ethnic Visiting Mission helped to set up the Mengzi Prefecture Ethnic Democratic Union *** and the Yuanyang County Ethnic Democratic Union ***. At the beginning of 1952, the bandits and secret agents entrenched in the Hani area were basically purged, the social order was stabilized, and democratic reforms began to be carried out to develop production and creativity. In 1952, the State Council of the Central People's Government promulgated the "Outline for the Implementation of Regional Ethnic Autonomy", and in the same year, the "Honghe Hani Autonomous County People's Committee" was set up in the Hani area, as well as the "Yuanyang County People's Committee" at the district and township levels. Taihe Hani and Yi and Dai Joint Autonomous Region People's ***", "Yuanyang County Malizhai Hani Autonomous Township People's ***". In 1953, Xishuangbanna "Gelang and Hani Autonomous Region" was established. On New Year's Day in 1954, the Honghe Hani Autonomous Region was established. In 1957, Honghe Hani Autonomous Region and Mengzi Prefecture merged to establish the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture. Population Distribution The Hani population of Yunnan Province is 1.63 million (2010), the second largest ethnic minority population in Yunnan Province. The Hani are mainly found in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Pu'er City, and Yuxi City. Hani distribution The Hani population of Honghe Prefecture is 789,700, accounting for 17.5% of the total population of Honghe Prefecture; the Hani population of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture is 21,543, accounting for 19.01% of the total population; the Hani population of Pu'er City is 454,666, accounting for 17.88% of the total population of Pu'er City; the Hani population of Yuxi City is 130,279, accounting for 5.66% of the total population of Yuxi City. The Hani ethnic group is also found in Kunming, Chuxiong and Qujing. The Hani population of Chuxiong Prefecture is 6,176, accounting for 0.2% of the total population of Chuxiong City; the Hani population of Qujing City is 2,114, accounting for 0.04% of the total population of Qujing City. Areas of Concentration Autonomous Prefecture: Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture Autonomous Counties: Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Yuanjiang Hani and Yi Dai Autonomous County, and Zhenyuan Yi and Hani Lahu Autonomous County. Economy The Hani are mainly engaged in agriculture, and are adept at growing tea. The Hani people have a long history of growing tea. The Nannuo Mountain in Gelang and Xishuangbanna is an important production area for the nationally famous "Pu'er Tea", and the production of tea in the Hani area accounts for one-third of the output of the whole province of Yunnan. Before the founding of new China, the Hani ethnic area of low productivity, mainly grain farming, primitive, traditional agriculture is very common, backward production, industry is very weak, there are only a small number of mining and handicraft workshops of clay mining and metallurgy. Since the establishment of New China, Hani farmers have changed sloping land into terraces, changed dry land into paddy fields, built reservoirs, and expanded the irrigated area according to local conditions. The degree of agricultural mechanization has been greatly improved, and grain processing mechanization has been realized in most places. Smelting, mining, machinery manufacturing, chemical industry, building materials, energy, textiles, plastic products, cigarettes, food processing and other industrial sectors have been established, and the city of Wuxu in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is the "Tin Capital" of the country. Culture Beliefs The religious beliefs of the Hani people are mainly multi-god worship and ancestor worship. It is believed that there are powerful gods of heaven and earth, gods of the earth, gods of the dragon and trees, gods of the village and gods of the family, etc., which must be sacrificed regularly for blessings. For the various ghosts and gods that bring diseases and disasters to people, they should be restrained and driven away through sacrifices and witchcraft. The Hani tribe in Xishuangbanna has to sacrifice "Long Ba Men" (i.e., the gate of the village) every year. Hani In the Hani society on the south bank of the Red River, there are primary and secondary gods and ghosts. The main gods are the God of Heaven, the God of the Earth, the God of the Mountain, the God of the Walled City, and the God of the Household. These deities are not to be neglected and should be sacrificed regularly. The "Dragon Tree" is considered to be the protector of mankind and is worshipped every year. Each village has a public **** of the dragon tree, some places such as the southern bank of the Red River along the family's own dragon tree. In Xishuangbanna Hani area, the annual sheep day is a taboo day, encountered unlucky things, such as the village dead, wild animals into the village, the dog climbed the roof, a fire and so on are also considered to be a taboo day, you must stop production, sacrificial activities, in order to avoid the calamity to come. At the beginning of the 20th century, Christianity was introduced into some Hani areas, and Buddhism was also spread in some areas, but not many people believed in the religion, and the influence was not great. 1949 years later, the above religious activities have been gradually reduced. Clothing The Hani people like to use navy blue cloth to make clothes. Bleaching and dyeing of the cloth is done by putting indigo dye into a container, adding water and wine to dissolve it, and then dyeing it seven or eight days later. After dyeing, the cloth is soaked in glue made from cowhide and rinsed with water to dry in the sun. In some areas, the clothes are washed and re-dyed once to ensure that the colors are vibrant. Hani Clothing Hani men wrap their heads in black or white buns, the elderly wear melon-skin hats, and wear lapel tops and long pants. They wear cloth shoes or wooden shoes made of wooden boards and brown ropes. Hani men in Xishuangbanna wear a right-breasted jacket with two rows of large silver bubbles along the lapel. During annual festivals or on dates with girls, young men put beautiful feathers or flowers on their heads. Lancang area of men wrapped in black cloth wrapped head, wearing a lapel shirt, lapel inlaid with two lines of silver coins, embroidered geometric shapes on both sides. Women's costumes have their own characteristics. Red River region wearing a right lapel collarless blouse, silver coins as buttons, wearing pants, wearing a dress with a shawl, some also tie flowers around the waist, playing flowers tied legs. In the clothes of the shoulders, lapels, cuffs and trouser legs, are set with several colorful lace, shoulders are to pick flowers to do the edge. They wear high pointed embroidered shoes. Women in Xishuangbanna and Lancang wear knee-length folded skirts and leg protectors. Usually barefoot, festivals love to wear embroidered shoes. Women store their hair in plaits, and young girls often wear plaits. Older women put their braids on top of their heads, wrap their heads with black or blue cloth, or wear homemade hats. Hat inlaid with small silver bubbles, material beads, or hanging down a lot of silk thread woven tassels. Some also like to use silver chains and strings of silver coins, silver bubbles for chest ornaments, wearing earrings and earrings. Women in Lancang like to wear big silver earrings. Festival of Hani women in the indigo-colored scarf, with colorful silk thread embroidered with beautiful patterns and patterns, forehead and head also hang a bunch of colorful celluloid. The chest of the jacket is decorated with silver bubbles, silver buttons, hanging an octagonal silver plate in the middle, the calf should be wrapped in a piece of embroidered cloth, which is tied with a pair of red wool made of pompoms. Hani boys grow to a certain age, to remove the hat on the head, instead of cloth wrapped head, at the same time will be stained red teeth, said he has become a man, can talk about love. Hani girls use lard to wipe their hair, combed into a sagging single braid. Girls to a certain age, but also to dye red teeth, tie the lapel, wearing silver jewelry, which shows that she has matured, can participate in the "string girl". Hani adult women braided double braids, and the braids wrapped around the head. Mojiang part of the young girl tied white or pink waist, after marriage to blue waist, tied waist of high and low is to distinguish whether the woman is married to the sign. Ye Che is a branch of the Hani ethnic group, Honghe County Ye Che women generally wear white pointed hats, wearing indigo folio short-sleeved cloth coat, no collar, no buckle, by a wide five-color belt waist. Clothes are worn one by one, as few as seven or eight pieces, as many as ten pieces, the length of the clothes can be seen outside the number of pieces. The Ye Che people believe that the more pieces of clothing, the more beautiful the clothing, the more it shows the wealth of the family. They wear black shorts with appropriate pleats on the leg opening, the number of pleats roughly equal to the number of tops, and all below the thigh ***. Language Language The Hani language belongs to the Yi branch of the Tibetan-Burmese language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and is close to the Yi, Lisu, Lahu and Naxi languages. The Hani language is divided into three dialects: Ha (Ni) Ya (Ni), Bi (Yoyo) Ka (Duo), and Hao (Ni) Bai (Hong), and the distribution of the dialects is comparable to the distribution of the relevant self-proclaimed units. There are large differences between the dialects. Hani is characterized by loose and tight vowels, with no difference in length; rhymes are mostly unitary, and compound rhymes are mostly borrowed. The Hani people living in Xishuangbanna mostly speak the Ya Ni sub-dialect of the Haya dialect. As a result of long-term interaction with other ethnic groups, the Hani people speak Chinese, Dai and other languages. Script Before 1949, the Hani did not have their own script, and in some places, they used to carve wooden knots to keep track of things. 1957, China *** helped the Hani create a kind of pinyin script based on the Latin alphabet, which was tried out in the Hani area in 1958. 1981, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, with the help of the Institute of Ethnic Languages of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, created a pinyin script in the form of the Gelang and the Suhu Yaokou in the Hani Township. Hani ethnic township Suhu Yakou Laozhai's language as the standard tone, to modify, supplement and adjust the trial implementation of the Hani script, developed a set of Haya dialect Ya Ni sub-dialect of the script program in Xishuangbanna trial implementation. Literature Among the Hani people in the Mourning Mountains of Yunnan Province, the Hani migration epic "Hani Apei Congpopo" (Apei: ancestor, Congpopo: moving from one place to another, which also means fleeing from difficulties) has been passed down, recording the long and winding process of migration of the Hani people. The traditional literature of the Hani people is oral literature, which has been preserved and enriched through generations of oral tradition. Myths, legends and "epics" are the oldest part of Hani literature. The Book of Genesis explains the origins of heaven and earth and the causes of rivers and mountains. The "Heshin Brothers and Sisters Passing on the Human Seed" is a story about human beings continuing to reproduce after a severe river disaster, and there are also the "Song of Sacrificing the Dragon and Spring Rules", "Calling for the Souls of the Valleys", "Old Man's Burial Song", "Song of Begging for Daughter-in-Law", etc., which reflect the Hani people's religious concepts of worshipping many gods and the customs of the ethnic groups, and they are the important data to understand the ideologies and customs of the Hani people. Astronomical Calendar In the Mourning Mountains, the Hani people divide the year into three seasons, "Zao it" for the cold season, "Wodu" for the warm season, and "Hot Wodu" for the rainy season, with each season lasting four months. The cold season is equivalent to the late fall and winter of the summer calendar; the warm season is equivalent to the spring and early summer of the summer calendar; the rainy season is equivalent to the summer and early fall of the summer calendar, reflecting and adapting to the seasons and phases of the Hani agro-ecological terrace farming. In addition to the division of "three seasons", the Hani people have the division of climatic calendar. The physical calendar divides the year into 12 months, according to the law of climate change, vegetation change, animal (mainly birds, insects, etc.) to determine the month and arrange farming activities. Hani's agricultural calendar is basically the same as the summer calendar, according to the nature of the sky and the mourning mountain area of the weather change cycle chronicle, each year is divided into 12 months, to the moon cycle chronicle, 30 days a month, 360 days a year; Hani's day, named after the 12 Chinese zodiac signs, the projection method is the same as the summer calendar. Hani calendar, is the gradual development of natural ecology, the gradual realization of the laws of nature. According to the research, the Hani people had practiced "thirteen months calendar", that is, the year is divided into 13 months, two of which are 15 days each. The Hani people also practiced the "October calendar", i.e., the year was divided into 10 months, with 36 days per month. The above-mentioned "December Calendar", "Thirteen-Month Calendar" and "October Calendar" all have 360 days per year, which is slightly different from the 365-25 days of the current Gregorian calendar (solar calendar). The Hani people do not solve the problem by leapfrogging every other year; instead, they set three days in May and three days in October to celebrate the New Year, making the year 366 days long. Art Architecture The Hani people choose to live halfway up the mountain, and all Hani people's homes are built with auricular rooms, and buildings with double auricular rooms form quadrangle courtyards. The ear-room building is flat-roofed. The roof of the house is covered with coarse wood, and then cross-paved with fine wood and straw, on top of which soil is rammed (nowadays, cement is mostly used to smear the roof) as a sunbed. Sunbathing, drying clothes, enjoying the cool, children's games, and women's spinning and weaving were often carried out on the sundeck. The sunbed has become an important place for people's productive labor, daily life and leisure activities, and is an important part of terraced agriculture and home life. Hani Architecture The ear room is generally used as housing for unmarried children. Hani society prevails young men and women social freedom, where adult young men and women whose free social parents do not interfere. In some places, when the children are adult and unmarried, they will build a small house next to the house for their children to live. The ear room is used as a pestle and mortar, or as a guest room, or stacked with agricultural tools and other sundries. In the area of Mojiang, there are mostly earth-based buildings with flat roofs and connected rooms. Xishuangbanna Hani people live in the bamboo and wood structure of the building, next to the lanai. Music and Dance The Hani people are good at singing and dancing. Musical instruments include the three-stringed, four-stringed, Bawu, flute, ringing gimbal, gourd sheng and so on. "Bawu" is a unique instrument of the Hani people, made of bamboo pipe, six or seven inches long, seven holes, blowing the end of a duck's beak-shaped flat head, deep and soft tone. The dances include "Three-string Dance", "Hand Clapping Dance", "Fan Dance" and "Wooden Bird Dance", The dance includes "Three-string Dance", "Hand Clapping Dance", "Fan Dance", "Wooden Sparrow Dance", "Lezuo Dance" and "Hulusheng Dance". Popular in the Xishuangbanna region of the "winter wave Saga dance", dance posture, fast-paced, strong atmosphere, with a strong ethnic characteristics, is a popular form of dance. Hani Dance The traditional sports of the Hani people include rope swing, playing gyroscope, pole climbing, crossbow shooting, grabbing and pulling bamboo sticks, pole vaulting, scorned hat dance, tug of war and so on. Customs Traditional Festivals June Year (Bitter Zaza): a traditional festival of agricultural production among the Hani people, during which cattle (yellow oxen) are killed and sacrificed to the gods of heaven, land and ancestors. Beef is distributed equally and life is organized collectively. In May and June, the village is prone to diseases and the fields are susceptible to insect pests, so the wells are cleaned, pine-mine torches are lit at night to illuminate the house and drive away evil, and torches are inserted into the fields and roadsides to send away the gods of pestilence. Bitter Zaza festival to carry out a variety of cultural and sports activities. Hani Festival Yai Bitter Zaza: a traditional festival of the Hani people around Xishuangbanna, from the first cattle day of the sixth lunar month of each year (the auspicious day of the Hani people), the festival period of 3-5 days, during the festival, people have stopped the production of labor on the mountain, eating and drinking in the home, or go out to visit friends and relatives. During the festival, horse racing, playing gyro, jumping bamboo tube dance and other activities. Live Seser: The Han Chinese call it the "Yellow Rice Festival" or "February Year", and the Hani people use this festival to sacrifice the messengers of the god of the sky, Cangmao Mi, the cuckoo bird and the "pen bitter" bird, so the festival is held on the occasion of hearing the cuckoo bird and the "pen bitter" bird, so the festival is held on the occasion of hearing the cuckoo bird and the "pen bitter" bird. Therefore, the festival is held on the first call of the cuckoo bird and the "pen bitter" bird, and the festival ends on a day. Zalet: It is the biggest festival of the Hani ethnic group, which is also called "Yilai and Shi", i.e. October year, because it is held in the tenth month of the Chinese lunar calendar, and lasts for six days before and after the festival. New Year's Day, each cottage to **** kill a pig. No matter how big or small the pig is, the meat is distributed evenly according to households. October Year: the Hani ethnic group to the lunar calendar in October for the first year, the October Year, is the New Year. Festival period of five or six days, as much as half a month. People who have the means to do so kill pigs and pound glutinous rice. Friends and relatives visit each other, and those who are interested in marriage take advantage of this festival to ask the matchmaker to marry them, and the girls who are married off go back to their mother's house for a visit. Hani Festivals Gatangpa Festival: It is the main festival of the Hani people in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. "Gatangpa" is a Hani language, which means the revival of everything or the renewal of everything. The festival is held from January 2 to 4 every year, during which there are recreational programs showing the Hani ethnic style, such as the long bamboo pole dance and competitions such as swinging and shooting crossbows. New Rice Festival: Every year on the 24th day of the 6th lunar month, it is the "New Rice Festival" of the Kado people in Mojiang Hani Autonomous County. On this day, the Kado people will be harvested new grain pounded into new rice made into rice "taste new", which is believed to enhance physical fitness, at the same time, but also expressed the celebration of the "five grains", "six beans" harvest. Mother's Day: Every February of the lunar calendar, the first day of the ox, is the Yunnan Hani tribe branch of the Cardo people's "Mother's Day". Legend has it that a long time ago, a Kado mother worked hard to raise her son to adulthood. When the son grew up, he beat and scolded his mother, causing her to commit suicide. Later, this young man in order to express his remorse, so that the day of his mother's death as a memorial to his mother's "Mother's Day", has been inherited to this day, has become a traditional holiday. Old Man's Day: On the 15th day of the Lunar New Year every year, young Hani men and women dressed in traditional costumes celebrate the Old Man's Day with unique dances and sumptuous feasts for the old men and women in the villages. Family The Hani family is patriarchal, with the man in charge of production and selling livestock, and the woman in charge of household chores, such as raising livestock and cooking. If a woman has many sons, her status in the family is basically equal to that of her husband. After marriage, the heirs live in the son's house or in a separate house. After the death of the father, the eldest son moves into the mother's house to exercise parental duties and to look after the elderly, while the second son and the youngest son are separated from each other and start their own families after marriage. In the past, no son-in-law could be recruited without a son, but now son-in-laws can be recruited, and intermarriage with other ethnic groups is also possible. In the Red River area, major festivals (including funerals), men and women are not allowed to eat at the same table (special circumstances, the longest male in the family passed away, then the longest female in the family will replace it, major festivals need to be the eldest first words of blessing and the first food), the youngest heir to eat with the women, in the case of many guests, the first row of chairs for all males, such as not enough, second generation of women in the family generally stand and eat. Surname The ancient Hani people had a first name but no last name, and used the system of connecting the name of the father and son, i.e. the last word of the father's name was the first word of the child's name. If the father's name is Songshan, son named Shan Da, grandson named Da Piao, and so on, the formation of a generation of the family even the name of the genealogy, recognizing clans, relatives, rely on the recitation of genealogy, daughters are also the line of the father's son even the name, but can not be included in the genealogy, if a certain generation of unnatural deaths, twins, and physiological defects in the person, do not even the father's name, shall escape one generation, and re-take the name of the list of generations. JIWEI branch is the child born on the day of the genus of the name, such as born in the cow day, take the name cow xx, born in the chicken day, take the name chicken xx; JI sat branch is generally with "Mo batch" with the name, such as the eldest son died, the following son's name "batch of repair"; the child was born in the road between the road, the road with the name, such as the road, the road, the road is not included in the genealogy, but not even the father's name, must escape one generation to take the name of the new generation. The child was born between the road, the road with the name, such as Ga (road) South; wife during pregnancy, the husband died outside the abnormal, the baby was born with "Luo" with the name. The modern Hani tribe each branch have their own surnames, the Hani language called "Agu", but this kind of surname is not commonly used, also not with the name. It is only used when it is necessary to prove one's clan affiliation. There are many types of family names, such as "Dangshen Agu", "Fish and Bird Agu", and "Dang and Agu", which are generally the names of the ancestors of each branch of the clan. Hani names are divided into breast name, small name and big name, and different names are used for different occasions. Large only in the recitation of genealogy, to the child named or more solemn ritual ceremonies to use, with the most common is a small name. Nowadays, Hani people also take Han names. It is now customary to use the name "Yang" for "Dangshen Agu". "Sen first Agu" with "Li" and so on. But take the name of the Hani tribe, still maintain the traditional "father and son with the name" custom. House form of Hani villages are generally dozens of families, as many as three or four hundred families. In the Mourning Mountains on the south bank of the Red River, the Hani ethnic group builds houses with earth and wood structures known as "Tuzhaofang". This kind of housing has solid earth walls and a thick grass roof. This grass roof not only protects from wind and rain, but more importantly, it keeps the house warm in winter and cool in summer, and ventilates and dries out the air. Generally, it is a three-story house. Due to the greater humidity in the Lamentable Mountains, the ground gas is serious, the first floor of the house directly on the ground is not suitable for human habitation, and is mostly used for keeping livestock; the second floor is inhabited by people. People live in the room layer has a fire pit, in the floor with soil built into a square, some people also built in the fire pit side of the stove, for cooking with. The layer of the wall partitioned out several rooms for people to live, generally for the owner of the couple and young children live. The third floor, stacking food and storage food, the layer is for the top floor, mushroom-shaped roof so that it has good ventilation, food and other items are not easy to be wet and suitable for preservation. Hani Houses Marriage Customs The men and women of the Hani branch of the Ye Che people living on the Red River often choose their lovers by pairing up for a feast in the year of abundance, usually before the pairing up for a feast, the male side in the female side of the promise, the young man to raise money and ask the master chef to kill the cockerel, cook the fat meat, stir-frying, playing wine, soak the glutinous rice to be prepared. At night around 10 o'clock to start the feast, the participants about 10-30 people, onlookers bustling. The lights are brightly lit and the table is filled with various dishes. First, a boiled rooster is placed on the table, head up, and two chicken testicles and a live crab are hung on the rooster, with the "head boy" and "head girl" seated from the chief, and the rest of the men and women seated in pairs in turn, followed by toasts and songs, and then dispersed only when the fun is over. At this time, the young men wrapped glutinous rice and vegetables in banana leaves and gave them to the girls to eat on the way home. If men and women are in love with each other, they can agree on a time for the next meeting. The locals call this courtship "Abbado", and it is held during the agricultural leisure time. Hani wedding customs young men and women can socialize freely before marriage, talk about love. Marriage to obtain the consent of parents, many areas of arranged marriages. Mojiang Bijiao people have "stepped on the road" betrothal custom, that is, both men and women are in love with each other, by the two sides of the old man with the road, if the road did not encounter rabbits, wolves and other beasts, even if the betrothal. Two or three days after the wedding, the new daughter-in-law back to her mother's home, until the time to plant rice seedlings back to the husband's home. The Red River area of the second day of marriage back to the door after the fall of the husband's family. Hani Marriage Customs The marriage system of the Hani people is monogamous, which is more strict in Xishuangbanna. It is generally believed that polygamy is not in line with the customs of the Hani people, abandon their wives and marry again to be condemned by public opinion, but also to the former wife and her uncle's family to send gifts to compensate for the wrong, after many years of marriage and take a concubine is allowed to be infertile boy. Daily etiquette Hani people have always been hospitable, as long as there are guests, are to be treated with wine. After the guests are seated, the host should first honor a bowl of rice wine, three large pieces of meat, called "drinking stewed pot of wine". The hospitality of the guests is characterized by large quantities of food and sincerity and affordability. During the feast, they often drink and sing continuously. When the guests leave, some of them will also send a big piece of poi and a package of cured meat wrapped in banana leaves, crispy meat, tofu rounds and other food Lu. Xishuangbanna's hazy ni people, feast guests have men and women table habits. According to the traditional custom, there are men's room and women's room at home. Only men can dine with guests at the same table, women generally do not accompany guests. Eating seats to the side near the fire as the first, the chief generally by the elders sit. In the men's room meals, the chief by the male elders sit, in the women's room meals, the chief by the female elders sit. Hani Diet Dietary habits The Hani people eat two meals a day, mainly rice, corn as a supplement, like to eat dry rice, poi, rice threads, rolled noodles and pea cold noodles, will be thinly chopped, and rice, ginger, star anise, grass nuts together with porridge, love to eat glutinous rice poi, wrapped in plantain leaves and cured meat to eat together. Hani diet Hani people love to eat meat, pigs, cows, sheep, chickens, ducks, chunks of food, big bowls of wine is the master of hospitality, guests from the idea of the way, we gathered together, as happy as possible. The village has a family to kill pigs and slaughter chickens or do what delicious food, male and female elders of all households are invited to **** food, and the liver and other most tender and delicious parts of the salary to the old man to enjoy. Hani people eat fresh leftover pork, beef made of flavorful fire-smoked bacon and dry bar, year-round reserves to treat guests. Hani people like to drink wine, wine festival is special. Such as mother festival, old man festival, yellow rice festival, naming festival, dragon festival, recognize uncle festival. There will be wine at every festival. The most interesting is the "Abado" wine and song love feast. Special Diet Changjie Banquet: In Hani language, it is called "Ziudu", which is translated as "Sacrificing the Dragon", "Changjie Banquet" or "Unity Banquet of the whole village". "The whole village unity wine feast. "Long Street Banquet" in the lunar October of the Hani New Year period, lasted three days, the cottage farmers are divided into three sets of turns to host - each family to do a table of exquisite food and wine, even the tables and chairs together with the lift out to the center of the street, set up more than a hundred meters of the center of the street feast, the whole cottage public election of a The whole village elected a respected old man to preside over the dragon ceremony. Long Street Feast Storm pickled plantain heart: Hani language known as Alo Oh cut. When cooking, the young stem heart of wild plantain is finely sliced, added with appropriate amount of salt and diluted rice, and put into a tile altar to marinate for 1~2 days, which is for consumption. Bee Pupa Sauce: A snack of Hani tribe, it is made by chopping bee pupa finely and mixing it with seasonings to form a sauce. Boiled Snake Balls: A Hani flavor dish, made of snake meat mashed and squeezed into balls which are first fried and then boiled. Olive Fish in Clear Soup: a traditional Hani flavor dish made of olive tree bark and small white fish. Other Hani specialties include stir-fried suede meat with pickled bamboo shoots, provincial meat floss sauce, crab stew with egg white, bamboo chicken, fried bamboo worms, and so on. Characters Tian Sirang: formerly known as Tian Yizheng, also known as Tian Zheng, "Sirang" is his nickname. During the reign of Xian Tong in the Qing Dynasty, Hani insurgent army leader, he Lang Hall (Mojiang) farmers.