Bureaucracy was proposed by whom

Bureaucracy is a system of administrative power established according to the principles of division of functions and positions and hierarchical management, a term first coined by the French scholar V. de Gournay in 1745 to describe the Prussian form of government. Later it was understood as an administrative system composed of bureaucrats in a pejorative sense, and at the beginning of the 20th century the German sociologist M. Weber used the term bureaucracy as a synonym for "rational social system". He proposed that there are three kinds of authority ruling human society: traditional authority, authority of extraordinary charisma, and authority of law and reason, and believed that the latter two kinds of authority are based on the bureaucratic system. In modern administrative science, it has also been argued that bureaucracy is a formal administrative system organized in sections.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, bureaucrats were mainly created through the system of "Shixing Shilu" (世卿世禄). During the Warring States period, the system was gradually abolished, and the election of officials underwent a fundamental change. Before the unification of the Qin Dynasty, "the only way to advance in the civil service was to open up fields and win over the enemy", and winning over the enemy was the main way to do so. After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, most of the officials were appointed out of military service. In the Han Dynasty, the court, in order to meet the needs of the authoritarian centralized feudal state, established and developed a whole set of election system for the election of ruling talents on the basis of the Qin Dynasty. This set of systems, including the examination, the emperor's recruitment, the public office and the state and county, the minister recommended, the examination, Renzi, Na Zi and a variety of other ways, is not limited to a way, but also can be used interactively. Later, China's ancient official selection and respectively appeared in the Wei and Jin period of the "nine products in the system" and the Sui and Tang Dynasty goblet system of science and technology. These selection system of political, economic, cultural and other aspects of the development, played a role, but at the same time also showed a variety of shortcomings.