Ancient Chinese Seafarer Manning

I. The initial establishment of the Chinese seafarer system before the Sui and Tang dynasties

(1) The social background of the early seafarer's emergence and development

1. The development of water transportation before the Sui and Tang dynasties.

The development of water transportation is the basic background of the development of seafarers, with the introduction of the two lines of transportation and sea trade: from the Qin Dynasty, "flying ruminants and pulling corn" to the Han Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasty, the Grand Canal excavation and prosperity, river crews are gradually becoming a system; from the exploration of overseas trade in the period of the Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty, to the opening up of the Qin and Han Dynasty ocean shipping routes, and then the Three Kingdoms, the two Jin Dynasty, the North and South Dynasty, and the interaction with overseas neighbors, and then to the three Kingdoms, the two Jin Dynasties, and the North and South Dynasties. Overseas neighboring countries, to the establishment of the Sui and Tang sea routes, the initial formation of offshore ocean crew system.

2. Manufacture and evolution of marine tools

The evolution of marine tools and shipbuilding technology is the basic conditions for the development of seafarers, from the primitive society of canoes, to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of large sailing ships, from the Qin and Han Dynasties of the tall ship to the Sui and Tang Dynasty sea ship of the world's leading ship, shipbuilding scale is gradually expanding, the more advanced tools for navigation, the demand for crew members increased dramatically, and at the same time, the division of labor is also more and more clear, for the crew of the sea, and the crew is also the most important thing to do. Also more and more clear, for the crew to create the conditions for the growth of the team.

3. Accumulation and progress of navigation technology

From the point of view of navigation technology, although this stage is in the fuzzy navigation stage, with the gradual maturity of astronomy, geography, hydrography and the accumulation and summary of the related knowledge, the navigation area is gradually expanding, and the technical crews who are responsible for navigation can be separated from the general crews, and their roles are more and more important, and the accumulation and progress of navigation technology becomes the key to Chinese seafarers' career. The accumulation and progress of navigation technology has become an important driving factor for the career development of Chinese seafarers.

(2) The initial establishment of the traditional seafarer system

1. The earliest shipmanship and crew.

Early ships were powered by manpower, and the original crafts such as rowing, bracing, pulling fibers, making sails, and steering were the main means to move the ships, which gave rise to the earliest crews.

2. The clear division of labor of the ship operator.

With the continuous development of navigation tools and shipbuilding technology, on the basis of the primitive ship art, ship operation and driving techniques continue to increase and update, so the division of labor of the crew is also more clear. To the "Taiping Yuban" in the Warring States period of the Wu State large wing warship crew division of labor, for example, has been "warrior", "rowing", "poopdeck", "long hooks and spears and axes manipulated by ""the chief of the mandarins" and other duties.

3. The gradual formation of the seafarer's career system.

From the primitive society to the Sui and Tang dynasties, the traditional sailing era seafarer system of important role - the development of the seafarer, Penny, oarsman, helmsman, etc..

(3) The Sailing Activities of Chinese Seafarers in the Age of Fuzzy Sailing

The brilliant achievements of Chinese seafarers in the Age of Fuzzy Sailing highlight the invaluable spirit of the early seafarers who braved the hardships and dangers and were courageous to explore under the condition that the technological security was still weak.

1. Overseas migration. Primitive ancestors migrated to the South Pacific islands, Yin people sailed across the Americas, Xufu east to Japan.

2. Overseas strategy. Warring States Yue people across Taiwan, Qin Huang Hanwu tour of the East China Sea, the Sui Dynasty Chen Ling hit the flow of demand.

3. Overseas contacts. Three Kingdoms Zhu Ying, Kang Tai mission to the South Seas, the Tang Dynasty Jianzhen eastward.

4. Maritime uprisings. Western Han Lu mother revolt, Eastern Han Zhang Bolu revolt, Eastern Jin Sun En, Lu Chuan revolt, etc., while reflecting the development of civil navigation and crew.

II. Professional Development and Refinement of Chinese Seafarers in the Song and Yuan Dynasties

(1) The Era Background of Seafarers' Professional Development

1. Prosperity of Overseas Trade.

The Song and Yuan governments formulated policies and laws conducive to overseas trade, and set up the municipal import agency to manage overseas trade. Since then, Chinese sailing ships spread overseas, and the "Maritime Silk Road" became an important channel for trade between the East and the West, and the number of seafarers not only increased sharply, but also their careers were developed and refined.

2. The development of river navigation.

Song Dynasty inland waterway transportation in the Tang Dynasty on the basis of the general program and added the direct program, inland waterway transportation is very developed.

3. The development of the sea waterway in the Yuan Dynasty.

The development of the sea waterway in the Yuan Dynasty was a big change to the traditional river waterway transportation, and a number of sea waterway crews were produced in the offshore transportation mode.

4. The refinement of shipbuilding technology.

Song and Yuan ships had advanced technology, complex structure and huge body, which required more crews and more detailed division of labor than the previous generation.

5. The breakthrough in the improvement of navigation technology.

The application of the navigational compass made the ancient Chinese navigation from the fuzzy stage to the quantitative stage, the navigation area is farther, the safety has been greatly improved, the influence and role of the Chinese crew is greater.

(2) Refinement of seafarer's occupation centered on sea trade and shipping

1. Overseas trade crew in Song Dynasty.

Centered on the head of the platform, vice just, chores, fire chief, divided into two categories of trade business and ship-handling business, the crew's sources of diverse channels, the "shares" of the hiring method to form a unique interest groups, conducive to the stability and development of the crew team.

2. Song dynasty river transportation crew.

Low-level officials under the leadership of the civil transportation system, the tip of the work, pulley hand, recruiting head *** with the responsibility, and there are strict legal provisions.

3. Yuan dynasty ocean-going crew.

With the Song dynasty seafaring crew system, and has developed, added some new seafaring duties, laid the foundation of the ancient crew system.

4. The Yuan dynasty sea trade crew.

The leasing of private ships and private transportation under the supervision of the government produced a number of semi-professional crews.

(C) Song and Yuan Dynasty maritime achievements and major maritime figures

Song and Yuan Dynasty is the first peak of ancient Chinese navigation, not only the inland navigation developed, more importantly, the sea trade flourished, the main maritime figures and seafarers in the creation of these maritime achievements in the important role. Including:

1. the two Song and Goryeo's maritime intercourse.

2. Maritime contacts between the Song and Yuan dynasties and Japan.

3. The opening of Song and Yuan ocean routes.

4. Song and Yuan major maritime characters: Xu Jing envoy to Goryeo, Zhu Qing, Zhang Xuan open sea canal, Yin Mingliu open new shipping routes, but also black lost in the South Seas and so on.

Three, the Ming and Qing Dynasties (early and middle) of China's traditional sailing seafarer system

(a) the unprecedented prosperity of the early Ming navigation business

1. Shipbuilding boom and the refinement of navigation technology.

The early Ming seafaring career reached its peak in the background factors, the government shipyards throughout the country near the sea near the river, Nanjing alone has a treasure shipyard, yellow shipyard, Longjiang shipyard, horse shipyard, fast shipyard, etc., the ship type complete, advanced technology.

2. The early Ming Dynasty sailing feat - Zheng He went to the West.

Highlighting the role and value of the crew of Zheng He's voyage to the West.

3. The crew and management of Zheng He's fleet.

The number of crews of Zheng He's fleet; crew establishment and composition; crew division of labor and management; Zheng He's contribution to the perfection of the crew system.

(2) The development of seafarers in the Ming Dynasty under the policy of "Prohibition of the Sea"

1. The impact of the policy of "Prohibition of the Sea" on private navigation and its restrictions.

Zhu Yuanzhang's "Strike the market, the sea ban"; Zhu Di in the preparation of the official navigation at the same time on the civil navigation "to comply with the Hongwu regulations prohibit the rule"; from the early years of Zhengtong to Zhengde five years of the "ban, open "swing; from Zhengde six years to the end of the Jiajing to prevent Japan on the grounds of strict prohibition of the sea; Longqing limited open prohibition.

2. The formation and growth of the smuggling trade and seafaring syndicates.

Small-scale casual traders and large-scale smuggling syndicates; smuggling activities of representative figures such as Wang Zhi, Wu Ping, Zeng Bian, Lin Daoqian, Lin Feng, and Zheng Zhilong; the wide area reached by the private maritime trade; and the highlighting of the development of the private shipping trade and its crews.

3. Cao grain military transportation and the management of the "transport Ding".

The Ming Dynasty saw the implementation of military management of grain transportation, which was under the jurisdiction of the central Cao Division, and the organization of which adopted the system of guards and the system of the "armor", running in teams to ensure the smooth flow and safety of the transportation. The Carrier became the first professional crew in fact. In order to maintain the amount of active troopers, the Ming government formulated the principles and measures for signing and replenishing troopers, and the number of troopers reached more than 100,000 in the heyday of the Cao Transportation.

4. The contribution of seafarers to the defense of the sea against Japanese invasion.

In the Ming Dynasty's anti-Japanese struggle, the ordinary crew played a huge role, Qi Jiguang's standard configuration of warships, "each ship a catching a thief, rudder two, two dazzling hand, a trigger, a fight, a bucket on the hand, two hand, on the use of the armor of the chief of the five, ten soldiers per armor," a variety of ships have a variety of configurations, the crew of the various duties, coordinated combat, to ensure that the anti-japanese war, and to ensure the protection of the sea. The crew of each ship had their own duties and cooperated with each other, which ensured the victory of the anti-Japanese struggle.

(C) the Qing dynasty in the early part of the traditional sailing seafarer system is perfecting

1. The Qing dynasty's ban on the sea and open.

The early Qing dynasty in order to prevent the Zheng group's policy of moving the sea; Kangxi after the opening of the ban on private trade restrictions: ① restrictions on the sea personnel ② restrictions on the export of goods ③ restrictions on the sea vessels ④ restrictions on the sea vessels equipped with weapons; outdated foreign trade policy.

2. The tortuous development of private shipping and seafarers.

The Nanyang trade of the Zheng group, the prosperity of private trade with Japan and Southeast Asia, and the coastal sandboat transportation industry after the Kangxi ban was lifted.

3. The development and changes of the flagmen of the shipping industry.

The Qing dynasty inherited the Ming system of shipping, and implemented militarized management, maintaining the scale of nearly 100,000 professional sailors. These people formed various gangs for the sake of survival. Their initial purpose was clearly mutual ****helpful, but after the middle of the Qing Dynasty, they gradually turned to exclusionary and destructive, thus bringing quite serious harm to the vast areas on both sides of the canals.

4. The establishment of the pilotage system and the generation of full-time pilots.

Pilotage in China has a long history, the Southern Song Dynasty on the Chuanjiang River to guide the direction of the "beckoning head"; the Yuan Dynasty in Jiangyin set up the "shallow pointing leader", for the shipment of "grain" to guide the channel. The Yuan Dynasty set up the "Shallow Pointing Leader" in Jiangyin to guide the way for the ships carrying "grain" to avoid the reefs and shoals; the Ming Dynasty stipulated that all the tribute ships sailing to Nanjing, after entering the Yangtze River, would first moor at the "Liuguo Wharf" in Taicang, be checked by the Chinese officials, and then be guided to Nanjing by the "Shallow Pointing Leader". After being inspected by Chinese officials, the ships were then guided to Nanjing by the "Shallow Guide". During the Qianlong period of the Qing dynasty, Guangzhou became the main port for economic trade between the world and China, and there were many foreign ships in and out of Guangzhou port, where there was a group of groups specializing in providing pilotage services for foreign merchant ships entering and exiting the port, and the ancient pilotage system was established here. The creation of specialized pilot enriched the seafarer system.

5. civilian seafarers in the military navigation and official navigation in the important role.

Military navigation in the technical crew and the role; political navigation, such as the mission to the Ryukyus and other dependent countries on board the seal boat the role of the crew.

(D) China's ancient seafarer education

1. Started in the military seafaring seafarer education.

Ming dynasty sailors stationed along the coast and inland waterways in key areas, "there is a random response to the police, there is nothing to cast the teachings"; the Qing dynasty's military seafaring education further, the formation of the sailors regular drills institutionalized and "teachings" full-time.

2. Civilian seafarers "apprenticeship" education.

From the end of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the southeast coast of the emergence of many generations of maritime and maritime trade business family, through the recruitment of apprenticeship, son-in-law or adoption of adopted son of the way to pass on skills or business.

3. The educational philosophy and value of the Boatmaster's Rope and Ink.

Among the works of the Ming and Qing dynasties that have the nature of nautical education tools, Lin Junsheng's "Boatmaster's Rope and Ink" is the most important. The main content of the six parts, including "catching things" and "all the soldiers" is about military technology education, and "helmsman matters", "dazzle hand The "helmsman matters", "the fight hand matters" and "anchorage hand matters" are about the technical education of navigation.