The historical evolution of the dry bar.

The historical evolution of Yunnan ethnic residence, southwest frontier Yunnan, geographical and climatic diversity, ethnic mixed, living customs and the mainland differences in Yunnan ethnic residence since ancient times to the present day and the mainland Han are different, and has experienced a long history of evolution.

Yunnan all nationalities of residential, largely from the nesting and cave dwelling. There are many records about nesting and cave dwelling in ancient Chinese history. Zhuangzi: "the ancient beasts more and less people, so the people are nesting to avoid it, day picking up oak millet, twilight living on the wood, so the name of the day 'have nests' of the people." Han Fei Zi. Louse" cloud: "the ancient world ...... constructed wood for the nest, to avoid the group ...... number of the day 'have nests'." Taiping huanyu ji" volume 161, Lingnan Road, Hezhou custom is "more wood for the nest, to avoid miasma".

The ancestors of all ethnic groups in Yunnan entered the Neolithic Age about 2,000 years ago after living in primitive caves and nests, and built wooden houses, earthenware palms and bamboo buildings.

The bamboo building has a long history, and it was developed from the primitive nesting. The cultural site discovered at the entrance of Jianchuan Sea around 1150 B.C. has clear traces of bamboo building. In addition, from the unearthed cultural relics in Dianchi and Erhai areas, it is found that the houses are mostly built in two types of wooden structures, namely, the "dry-rail type" or the "well-dry type". Xiangyun County, Dabona village unearthed "copper coffins" is according to the "dry type" of the shape of the casting of the house. According to historical records, before the Yuan Dynasty, the Dai residence are "dry rail" bamboo buildings. This dry bar type of residence, very suitable for southern Yunnan Province, tropical, subtropical hot and humid climate, its upstairs people, downstairs raising livestock and stacking debris, cool and dry, very comfortable.　The dry-fence dwelling is still widely used in Dai, Jingpo, Wa, Jinuo, Brown, Hani, De'ang, Lahu and Lisu ethnic groups. Bamboo buildings have been changed since the Yuan Dynasty with the expansion of folk cultural exchanges. Part of the Dai residence by the Han, Yi, Hani influence some changes, such as Dehong's "Dai Na" (dry Dai) will be converted into a dry bamboo building with earth walls, grass roofs, bungalows, Yuanjiang, Xinping and other places of the "Dai Na" by the Yi, Hani influence converted to the earth palm house.

"Well dry" houses, also known as "wooden houses", it is built by a log according to the "well" shape of the composition of the house, closed and solid, suitable for high-altitude areas of the ethnic groups living. From the jinning shizhai mountain in kunming city unearthed "on the warehouse map" carving image, there has been "well dry" room, that at least in the period of the warring states, dianchi region of the burning tribe has been living "well dry" houses.

From the beginning of the 13th century AD, that is, from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, Yunnan has formed three types of dwellings with unique local ethnic styles: the wooden frame and flat roof "Tupa house" and the above-mentioned "dry-rail type" bamboo buildings and "Jinggan type" wooden houses. The first one is the "Tudao house" with wooden frame and flat roof, and the above-mentioned "dry-rail type" bamboo house and "well type" wooden flute house. The first type was developed and molded from the Neolithic house styles of Dadunzi in Yuanmou and Baiyang Village in Binchuan County. The second and third types are modeled in the bronze artifacts excavated in Dabona Village in Xiangyun County and Shizhai Mountain in Jinning.　These three kinds of residential architecture have a long history, existed and developed in all historical periods. To modern times and modern, wooden frame flat roof earth palm house development for Hani, Yi and other ethnic groups of earth palm house; dry type development for the Dai, Jingpo, De'ang, Brown, Geno and other ethnic groups of bamboo buildings; well dry type houses are still used by the people of the mountainous areas of the dense forests. Three Kingdoms, two Jin Dynasty, North and South Dynasties period, with the mainland Han people moved into Yunnan and further economic and cultural exchanges, the mainland architectural styles and technologies continue to be imported into Yunnan. After the Nanzhao, Buddhism was prevalent, and Buddhist architecture had a profound impact on local architecture in Yunnan. Therefore, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yunnan's architectural culture has changed a lot, the mainland cultural styles and local traditions mingled, and produced a new residential building technology and characteristics, and with the development of the times increasingly deepened. In zhaotong after haizi excavation of the eastern jin dynasty mural tomb, painted a house, tile roof, arch, eaves and teeth high, obviously imitation of the mainland han style architecture. No such houses in Yunnan before the Western Han Dynasty. It can be seen, yunnan building in the east han after a breakthrough in the development of wooden frame has been by the right type column, well dry, dry column type to wear bucket type, lifting beam type, arch type development, although this kind of building is not yet a large number of people, only the rich family, the local family name to build, but it appeared in yunnan, shows the progress of the construction technology, because the wear bucket, lifting beam type, the arch type of use, in the selection of materials, design, operation, etc., the technical requirements of a higher level. Higher.

Bricks used in residential construction is another manifestation of the progress of construction technology in Yunnan after the Eastern Han Dynasty. In Yunnan zhaotong, ludian, daguan, yanjin, qujing, luliang, chenggong, jiangchuan, yaoan, xiangyun, etc., have unearthed a lot of east han and two jin period of the tomb, there are tomb passage, tomb room, coupon roof (or four corners of the save the tip of the roof), mostly with brick masonry.　These bricks include green bricks, printed bricks, printed bricks, and portrait bricks, which are quite well fired. Printing pattern has diamond, chevron and several other patterns. Portrait bricks have images of cows, carriages, figures and so on. Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, white mud wells on the portrait brick has a carriage ride, before and after the four people traveling, some riding horses, some holding weapons, vivid image. Printed bricks with chronology and inscriptions, gray, black, convex surface with printed text, most of the positive characters, a few printed into the reverse. There are also white tiles with lotus pattern and dripping water with scrolling clouds. In Dali, Weishan, Yaoan, Chuxiong and other places have excavated this kind of tiles with characters and printed tiles, which were used to build houses. Weishan Teenage Yutu Mountain is a city site in the era of Nanzhao King Hinaolu, these tiles for the construction of ridge WeiTu city houses used. Dali jinshuo island excavation tile is the royal family of nanzhao in jinshuo island construction villa used. Tile on the firing age and the name of the craftsman, some of the text pattern has been difficult to recognize. It can be seen that the traditional well-dried houses without tiles have been changed and developed into brick houses such as those on the mainland. Nanzhao, Dali era of building houses with tile, and since then the homes are also basically tile roof.

Nanzhao, Dali era, whether in the residential, palace, temple, Buddhist temple, pagoda cave building, have reached a considerable level. In order to adapt to the political, economic and military needs, Nanzhao, Dali are built and expanded a number of towns, especially during the reign of the Court Logic Phoenix, there is a "Nanzhao Dehua monument" celebrated its achievements "set up a risk of defense, by virtue of the defile up the city of the solid". According to the Tang Fan Zhuo "barbarians book", the important towns at that time are Taihe City (now near the village of Taihe), Yang Thoa City (now Dali), Longwei City (now Xiaguan), Longchengkou (now Shangguan), Dali City (now Xizhou), Dengchuan City (now Dengchuan Deruan village), Baiyacheng (now Maidu Hongyan), Tieqiao City (now Lijiang Tacheng), Yongchang City (now Baoshan), get Dong City (now Yao'an), to the east of the city (now Kunming), Yinsheng City (present-day Jingdong), etc. Some of these towns were built in the Dali era.

Taihe city was originally a "river barbarians" town, 737 AD, Nanzhao King PiLuGe occupation of this city, PiLuGe son GeLuFeng to expand for the Nanzhao king, until 779 AD is MouXun move capital YangThoBaCheng until. Taihe City to the Yuan Dynasty still exists, when Guo Songnian's "Dali travel records," said: "people off fifteen miles, the peaks are listed, before and after the reference, there is a city under it, is the day of the city of Taihe, week more than forty miles." Visible scale is not small. This city was abandoned after the Ming Dynasty, the remains still exist. According to the archaeological survey, there are still north and south of the old city wall, the north wall west of Cangshan Buddha peak, east to the Erhai side, the total length of 4 kilometers; South wall east to the Erhai side, west to the foot of Cangshan Wuzhi Mountain, the total length of about 3 kilometers. The city walls are all made of earth rammed layer by layer. The street layout and house buildings of Taihe City do not exist today. Tang Fan Zhuo "Book of Barbarians" Volume 5 said: "Cang Mor are all base stone for the high more than ten feet high, stretching for miles and miles. "Nowadays, the houses in Taihe Village and the neighboring areas are mostly built with stone walls, preserving the architectural tradition of "building with stones".

YangThoBaCheng from the iso MouXun as the king of Nanzhao through 163 years, to the Dali state is still used as the capital, to the Yuan dynasty changed to "Dali military and civilian general administration". Ziji Tongjian said it was "15 miles long". Yuan Guo Songnian "Dali travel records" said: "Yang Tho baa city, Nanzhao big Yamen. On the heavy building, left and right there are steps, two feet high more than urns, with green stone for stone steps. Two or three miles in front of the building. South city gate opposite, too and the thoroughfare also. From the downstairs door line 300 paces to the second door, door house five. Westward door building more than a hundred paces to the third door. The door was lined with halberds, and there was a heavy building on top. Into the door is the screen wall. Another hundred paces to the hall, the steps are more than ten feet high. Heavy house system like a spider's web, empty without pillars, both sides have a doorway. Below the clear pool. Small hall after the hall. After the small hall is the Nanzhao residence." This rough description shows us the spectacular design of the city of Yang Tho, sophisticated architectural pattern.

With the cultural exchanges and the expansion and increase of the Han population after the Yuan Dynasty, there are more and more Han-style residential buildings in Yunnan, and in the towns and cities of Kunming, Yuxi, Qujing, Zhaotong, Chuxiong, Baoshan and other places, Han residential buildings have become the mainstream.　The general pattern of the residential buildings is: wooden frame, three openings, before the Xia gallery, building, earth walls, double slope tile roof, before the heavy eaves, after the single eaves, after, left, right is a hard mountain closed, before the eaves of the building for the wooden windows, heavy eaves under the porch for the wooden doors and windows. On this basis and developed into a "triple courtyard", "three two ears", "a seal type". To the Qing Dynasty, Yunnan Province, the city, prefecture, state and county buildings are closer to the mainland Han-style architecture. The city buildings are spectacular, there are bell tower, drum tower, Temple of Literature, Yamen and so on. With the development of industry and commerce, there are also many lines of clubs, markets, stores, residential. According to the Qing Dynasty, Mr. Luo Yangru's "According to me to know the set" said: the mid-Qing Dynasty during the Daoguang period, Kunming, "inside and outside the city, the residents of about thirty-four or fifty thousand," "* * * there are more than one hundred and fifty large and small streets, large and small alleys four hundred and sixty", "the people of Kunming City, salty. "The people of the city of Kunming, salty gathering outside the city, especially outside the South Gate", "houses lined up than the clouds, goods piled up mountains and the sea", and so on.

In the Han concentration of towns, markets, residential both distinctive mainland Han style, but also local characteristics.　For example, Yunnan Dianchi area of Han dwellings basically formed a "seal" of the popular style. Characterized by: courtyard, two-story building, the plane nearly square, like a seal. Specific structure is: Maosi feet, adobe or rammed earth walls, wooden frame, tile roof; the main room is three or five rooms, the roof of the front slope long, short back slope, the front is also a double-slope building; the main room across the room, that is, between the two compartments is higher than the eaves of the compartments of the wall, wall Phi tile, in the middle of the open door. This forms a square courtyard like a seal, which is conducive to burglary, wind and earthquake resistance, suitable for the people's living habits, both urban and rural areas. This "a seal" residential architecture is also adopted by the Dianchi region of Yi, Hui and Tonghai County of Mongolia.

After the Qing Dynasty with the development of the economy, the same as the mainland of Yunnan's towns and cities have changed a lot, but in the vast countryside and ethnic areas of the traditional residential architecture of the various ethnic groups are still retained for a long time. With a long history of tradition, "dry bar", "well dry" and soil palm house is still the most Yunnan ethnic local characteristics of traditional architecture residential.