Concoctions of Lateral Cypress Leaves

Source of herbs: The leaves of cypress are the dried branch tips and leaves of cypress Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, family Cypress. It is mostly harvested in summer and fall and dried in the shade.

Ancient concoctions Song Dynasty, there are roasted ("Sheng Hui Fang"), nine steamed and nine exposed ("Certificate Class"), rice slop soaked ("General Record"), fried yellow ("Woman"), burned ash to preserve the sex ("Zhu's") and other concoctions. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there were methods such as boiling ("Rumen") and soaking in wine ("Danxi"). In the Ming Dynasty, it was steamed and roasted in wine ("Pu Deng Fang"), fried ("Zangmu"), and stir-fried in salt water ("Baoyuan"). In the Qing Dynasty, there were concoctions such as nine-steaming and nine-sunning ("Dacheng"), frying to mince ("Discerning the Meanings"), soaking in wine and roasting ("Fengyuan"), and frying black ("Huiyi").

Modern concoction method

1, lateral cypress leaves: take the original herb, remove impurities and hard peduncles.

2, lateral cypress leaf charcoal: take the net lateral cypress leaves, placed in the frying container, heated with a fire, frying until the surface is burnt brown, spray a little water, extinguish the sparks, take out and cool.

Traits of the tablet lateral cypress leaves for irregular multi-section branch leaves, the surface of green or yellow-green, brittle texture, gas slightly fragrant, bitter and astringent taste. The charcoal surface of Phellodendron Bark is burnt brown and slightly shiny.

Quality standards of cypress leaves impurities shall not be more than 6%, moisture shall not be more than 11.0%, the total ash shall not be more than 10.0%, alcohol leachate shall not be less than 15.0%. Containing quercetin shall not be less than 0.10%.

The purpose of the concoction of cypress leaves is bitter, astringent, cold in nature. It belongs to lung meridian, liver meridian and spleen meridian. It has the functions of cooling blood, stopping bleeding, and producing hair. Raw lateral cypress leaves to clear heat and cool the blood, cough and expectorant power is superior. It is used in various bleeding cases of blood heat, cough and phlegm, damp-heat and hair loss. After frying the charcoal, the cold nature tends to calm down, specializing in astringency and stopping bleeding. It is often used in various hemorrhagic cases in which heat is not prevalent.

Clinical application

1. Used in raw form

(1) Blood-heat paranoia: It is often used together with Sheng Dihuang, Sheng Huo Ye and Sheng Ai Ye, with the effect of cooling blood and stopping hemorrhage, and is used for vomiting and epistaxis caused by blood-heat paranoia, such as Si Sheng Wan ("Woman").

(2) Coughing and asthma: often used with almonds and Qianhu to enhance the effect of relieving cough and phlegm, and can be used for coughing and asthma with phlegm-heat obstructing the lungs. It can be used to treat chronic bronchitis.

(3) alopecia, premature whitening of hair: cypress powder, and sesame oil application. Or fresh with 60% ethanol soaked, rubbed scalp, can stop itching hair. Side of cypress leaves can be taken internally to black hair.

2. Preparation (charcoal)

(1) cold bleeding: often used with mugwort leaves, dry ginger, etc., with warm menstruation to stop bleeding.

(2) Hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis: often used together with artichoke, artichoke, and mao root, it has the effect of cooling the blood, astringent and stopping bleeding, and can be used for hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis and other symptoms of blood heat, such as ten ash powder ("Xiu Yue Lu Bon Jing Hou Lu").

(3) Blood in stool: often used with Sophora japonica, it has the effect of stopping bleeding and regulating intestines, and can be used for blood in stool, blood in intestinal wind, blood in dirty poison, etc. It can also be used in the treatment of blood in stool, blood in intestinal wind, and blood in dirty poison. With lotus leaf, raw rhizome, Bacopa monnieri cream, water decoction, can cure blood in stool ("National Compendium of Chinese Herbal Medicine").

(4) Leakage: with the combination of Sequence, Agaricus, roasted turtle shell, calcined red stone resin, etc., can cure weak vital energy, leakage of blood in the collapse, years of unresolved, such as Cypress Leaf San ("Woman").

Modern research on cypress leaves contain volatile oil, oil containing cypress alkene, cypress ketone, cumin ketone, pinene, stigmasterol, etc.; also contains chanterellin, quercetin, poplar bark, cypress biflavonoids, spicebush biflavonoids, quercetin and other flavonoids. In addition, the plant oil also contains fatty acids and their esters; leaves also contain potassium, sodium, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and zinc and other trace elements. Pharmacological experiments and clinical observations have proved that, in addition to its hemostatic, antitussive, asthmatic, expectorant and sedative effects, the leaves of Cyperus rotundus have inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Caterpillars, dysentery bacilli, typhoid bacilli, diphtheria bacilli, Streptococcus b, anthrax bacilli, etc., and it is a better treatment for leakage, whooping cough, herpes zoster, burns, mumps, and alopecia etc. The alcohol extract of Cyperus rotundus contains fatty acids and their esters. Alcoholic extract of side effects leaves contains strong anti-inflammatory components, and its mechanism of action is related to the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism. The ethyl acetate extract of lateral cypress leaves can inhibit the contraction of tracheal smooth muscle caused by acetylcholine and potassium chloride, and this inhibition may be related to the influence of Ca2+ transmembrane transport. Concoction has a certain effect on its physicochemical properties, pharmacological effects.

Some people have compared the chemical composition of the raw and charcoal products of cypress leaves. The results show that, the side of cypress leaves fried charcoal, volatile oil content compared with the raw product greatly reduced (100% of the content of the raw product, charcoal products fell 42.11%); water-soluble leachate, charcoal products than the raw product slightly increased; tannin content compared with the raw product did not see a significant increase. This indicates that the increase in the astringent and hemostatic effects of the charcoal is not due to the increase in tannin. In thin-layer chromatography, there were 7 spots in the raw product and only 5 spots in the charcoal product under natural light; under ultraviolet light, there were 7 fluorescent spots in the raw product and only 3 spots in the charcoal product, and the spots were different in color, intensity and Rf value. It indicates that some of the chemical components of the leaves of Lateralia spp. have disappeared after frying the charcoal, and some of them have been transformed into new components. The content of quercetin was related to the processing temperature and concoction method. When the baking temperature was at 100℃ and 150℃, the quercetin content of the concocted products was one ten thousandth; when the baking temperature was more than 200℃, quercetin was not detected in the concocted samples. The HPLC method was used to determine the quercetin in the different side of the leaf concoctions, and it was also concluded that the concoction temperature and time had a great influence on the content of quercetin, and the quercetin was damaged to different degrees by the influence of the temperature in the process of concoction, in which the content of quercetin was changed in the following order: raw products > wine steamed products > fried yellow products > fried products in vinegar > fried products in brine > fried charred products > steamed products > fried charcoal products, fried charcoal products in brine > fried charcoal products, steamed products > fried charcoal products, fried charcoal products, steamed products > fried charcoal products, fried charcoal products, steamed products >. The quercetin in the fried charcoal product is almost lost. The charcoal product produced a new component quercetin compared with the raw product, and it was hypothesized that it might be the quercetin glycosidic bond broken to produce the glycogen quercetin, and its content with the increase of heating temperature, the first gradually higher, and then gradually lower; when the heating temperature was fixed, the content of quercetin with the prolongation of the stir-frying time, it also was the first increase, and then lower. The content of quercetin can obviously indicate the degree of preparation of the charcoal, quercetin can be used as an index component for the determination of the content of the charcoal of the leaves of Juniperus communis. The contents of total flavonoids, tannins, trace elements and thin-layer characterization were also used as indicators to compare the raw, roasted and charcoal products of the leaves of Pterocarpus indicus. The results showed that the contents of flavonoids and tannins were: raw product> baked product> and charcoal product. Calcium content was: charcoal>; raw>; baked. The content of trace elements of each artillery product was different. Thin-layer qualitative experiments showed that the chemical composition of the artillery products has undergone qualitative changes. The baked product and charcoal product did not contain rutin, and the charcoal product only showed one spot. It was also reported that the contents of the main components of the leaves of Lateralis were changed after being concocted by different methods. The contents of total flavonoids and volatile oils were related to the degree of concocting, and the heavier the degree of concocting, the lower the contents of both. The experimental results also showed that the tanning content could be increased by moderate preparation, but decreased by too much charcoal preparation. GC-MS was used to analyze the volatile oil composition of raw, baked, and charcoal from C. spp. The compounds 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene (4.95%) camphene (5.24%), β-2-oxoethylene (7.67%), and β-juniperene (2.86%) were disappeared from both baked and charcoal products; the content of β-humulene (6.44%), and 1,8-terpineadiene increased in baked products; and the content of β-humulene (6.44%), and 1,8 terpene diene increased in charcoal products; and the content of β-humulene, 1,8 terpene diene increased in charcoal products; the content of β-humulene, 1,8 terpene diene increased in charcoal products. (6.44%), and 1,8-terpinadiene increased; N-docosane and y-eudesmol were added to the charcoal product, and 1,8-terpinadiene and chamazulene increased in the charcoal product.

Taking the antiemetic effect of the charcoal of Lateralia as an index, the orthogonal test method was used to optimize its concoction process. The results showed that the carbon of Sidebar should be concocted by calcination method, and the temperature of calcination should be controlled between 240 and 270 ℃, and the time of 40 minutes is good. The contents of various trace elements of this kind of concoction were obviously elevated. At the same time, the experimental results also showed that the hemostatic effect was not the strongest in the samples with high ellagitannin content, while those with lower ellagitannin content than those of the raw products had a more significant effect on shortening the clotting time of the animals. This indicates that ellagitannin is not the main hemostatic component in the charcoal samples of C. parviflora. In addition, the use of stewing method of calcination charcoal of lateral cypress leaves can reduce the loss of its main component volatile oil content, increase the content of calcium, and strengthen the hemostatic effect. Another study concluded that the main active part of its hemostatic activity is the total flavonoid part. Using orthogonal test method with quercetin as the index component, the optimal concoction process for the charcoal of Lateralis was determined to be the frying temperature controlled at 280℃, the frying time was 5 minutes, and the resulting charcoal tablets of Lateralis were in accordance with the provisions of the Pharmacopoeia. It has also been reported that the temperature of baking of lateral cypress leaves is easy to control, the yield of finished products is high, the loss of components is small, and the hemostatic effect is good, so the baking method is considered to be better than the traditional method of stirring charcoal. The process parameters of the baking method are 160～180℃, time 20 minutes.

According to the experiment, the hemostatic effect of lateral cypress leaves was very significant when the baking temperature was 100～200℃, and the hemostatic effect of burnt lateral cypress leaves was similar to that of the 200℃ baked product, and they were all very significant compared with the saline control group. Bacteriostatic test showed that all the artillery products of lateral cypress leaves have certain bacteriostatic effect in vitro, and the strength of its effect is as follows: raw product>; baked product>; charcoal product.

Attachment

1. Recent methods of concoctions are also roasted method, steaming method, wine method, etc..

2. Literature excerpts from "Roasted Slightly Yellow" ("Sheng Hui Fang"). "Nine steamed and nine exposed, pounded Luo for the end" ("Certificate Class"). "Burning ash to save sex, research very fine powder, with a paper bag, bowl cover on the ground overnight, out of the fire poison" ("Ten Medicines"). "Wine poisoning blood, cypress leaves nine steamed nine sun ...... for the end of the honey pill. ...... month water constantly, lateral cypress leaves sizzling ...... water and wine decoction" ("Holding the Spirit"). "Borrowing fried black to stop bleeding ears" ("Seeking Truth").

Summary of lateral cypress leaves from the Song Dynasty began to use roasted, fried, steamed, slop system, wine system, salt system, bean system, fried charcoal and other methods of concocting. In recent years, the majority of the local concoctions of the specification contained in the raw side of cypress leaves and side of cypress leaves charcoal. Modern experience generally believes that the raw leaves of cypress are good at clearing heat and cooling blood, relieving cough and phlegm, and producing hair, mostly used for vomiting blood, epistaxis, coughing and alopecia when the blood is hot. The charcoal of cypress leaves is specialized in astringency and stopping bleeding, and is mostly used in various bleeding cases. The 2010 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia contains both the raw leaves and the charcoal of cypress.

After the production of charcoal, the chemical composition of the leaves of Juniperus communis produced different changes, some components decreased or increased; some components have been transformed or produced new components. These changes in composition are closely related to the concoction method, concoction temperature and time. Taking the constituents and hemostatic effect of the leaves of the lateral cypress as an index, and making a comprehensive examination of its concocting process, it is believed that the concocting of lateral cypress leaves charcoal by the baking method may be worthy of further research and popularization, but the technological parameters of the baking method, the quality control standards of the tablets and the testing methods should be formulated as soon as possible.

According to the literature, the clinical application of the leaves of Cyperus rotundus has been divided into raw and prepared. The system of roasted (fried) is more, the purpose of which is to alleviate the dryness and enhance the efficacy of the drug. And raw products and products have better hemostatic effect. At present, there are many kinds of clinical uses for lateral cypress leaves, such as raw, slightly fried, and charcoal production, but these methods lack scientific control indexes and process parameters. In addition, the trace elements are elevated to different degrees after the leaves are made into charcoal. In addition to the reason of elemental enrichment after making charcoal, it is also related to the physical and chemical changes produced in the process of making charcoal. The mechanism and clinical significance of the elevation need to be further studied. In addition to the hemostatic, antitussive, asthma, expectorant and other effects, clinically used in the treatment of leakage, whooping cough, burns, mumps, etc., has achieved good results, shelling of the effect on these roles, but also need to be studied in depth.