History of Chinese pottery? In what ways is its beauty evaluated?

History of Ceramic Development

1. Ceramic Culture during Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

2. Ceramic Culture during Qin and Han Dynasties

3. Ceramic Culture during Sui and Tang Dynasties

4. Ceramic Culture during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

5. Ceramic Culture during the Yuan Dynasty

6. Ceramic Culture during the Ming Dynasty

7. Ceramic culture during the Qing Dynasty

8. Modern Chinese pottery

Ceramic culture during the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

The pottery shards and pots dug out from the ruins of Yinxu in the Shang Dynasty include many kinds of styles, such as grey, black, red, colored and white pottery, as well as hard pottery with glaze, and the patterns, symbols and writing on these pottery are closely related to the oracle bones and blue ware of the Yin and Shang Dynasties

7. . The high cost of greenware could only be enjoyed by the aristocracy, and pottery could only be used for various kinds of living vessels of the general public. Therefore, it can be understood that the Shang Dynasty pottery craft has also been the general development of hard pottery with glaze has appeared in this period, the glaze green and brownish-yellow, the tire is relatively hard, grayish-white.

Pottery at this time has not been limited to containers, a wider range of applications, can be roughly divided into daily necessities, construction, martyrdom, sacrificial rites. The court also attached great importance to the production of pottery.

Ceramic culture of the Qin and Han Dynasties

Qin and Han Dynasties - Ancient buildings were mostly constructed of wood, which was not easy to survive for a long time. Therefore, some of the great buildings, such as the Afang Palace of the Qin Dynasty and the Weiyang Palace of the Han Dynasty, could not be preserved in their entirety, but relics of tiles and bricks could still be found in the remaining ruins, which could provide a small glimpse of the scale of the ancient buildings.

Tile Dang

The frontmost tile of the eaves is the Tile Dang, which has a pattern of hanging round shaped stoppers. The pattern of the wadang is beautifully designed, and the font is flowing and extremely varied, with cloud-head patterns, geometric patterns, taotie patterns, text patterns, animal patterns and so on, making it an exquisite work of art.

Han bricks

The carvings on Han bricks are all-encompassing, complex and beautiful. Whether it is painted or relief images are lively, flexible lines; which shows the story is a microcosm of society at that time, in Sichuan Province, Pengshan found in the Han tombs, there is a kind of Xieng Khouang bricks are designed to build tombs or tunnels used in the structure seems to have been aware of the application of physics on the reasoning behind the cylindrical hollow.

Since ancient times, China's society advocates generous burial, pottery can be stored for a long time, became the best burial goods, there are models of premises, musical instruments, birds and animals, as well as human figurines, the Qin and Han Dynasties Terracotta Warriors and horses are the most famous, and recently unearthed one after another (animal) for the importance of archaeologists.

Terracotta Warriors

Terracotta Warriors made of molded plastic combination of methods, first made of pottery molds, then covered with a layer of fine clay for the processing of engraving and coloring, some of which are burned and then connected, some of which are connected and then burned, the fire is uniform, color and lustre is simple, hardness is very high.

Lead-glazed pottery

Lead-glazed pottery is an innovation of the Han Dynasty pottery, yellow, brown, green and other colors, green glaze is more popular to lead for the glaze, plus a little oxidation can be obtained lime green, low melting point only burned Celsius seven hundred to eight hundred degrees, and must be able to thin evenly hung on the tire.

In the south is also abundant in green glazed pottery, high fire, hard glaze, is also the beginning of the later development of celadon. Celadon was produced in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, using the "dragon kiln" to raise the kiln temperature, and kaolin clay, which was commonly used for porcelain, was also used.

Sui-Tang Dynasty period of ceramic culture

589 A.D., Yang Jian usurped the Northern Zhou and Southern Chen, unified the Central Plains, and changed the country's name to Sui, Sui's dynasty is short, but in the porcelain firing, but there are new breakthroughs, not only celadon firing, white porcelain also has a very good development, and at this time in the decorative techniques have also been innovated, such as in the ware of the other pieces of clay -Applique, is an example.

Tang Dynasty period of ceramic culture

Tang Dynasty, porcelain production can be metamorphosed to the realm of maturity, and cross into the real porcelain era. Because the difference between pottery and porcelain, care about the quality of white hard or translucent, and the biggest key in the fire temperature. Although the Han Dynasty porcelain, but the temperature is not high, fragile texture can only be regarded as the original porcelain, and the development of the Tang Dynasty, not only the development of glaze drug maturity, the fire temperature can reach more than one thousand degrees Celsius, so we say that the Tang Dynasty is the real era into the porcelain. The most famous kiln in the Tang dynasty for the Yue kiln and Xing kiln.

Yue kiln

Yue kiln in the south of shaoxing, zhejiang province, mainly manufacturing celadon; Xing kiln in the north of xingtai, hebei province, mainly manufacturing white porcelain. Yue kiln celadon clear as ice, crystal warm jade, the color is green with green and tea green color is similar.

Xing Kiln

The white porcelain produced at the Xing Kiln is characterized by a fine, moist soil, firm and thin walls, and a stable, thick, smooth line.

Tang Sancai

The most important product of the Tang Dynasty was the famous Tang Sancai, which has been widely preferred and collected until today's civilization. Tang Sancai is accompanied by burial pottery, brightly colored with yellow, green, green lead glaze, so the name Tang Sancai, but not necessarily every piece of Tang Sancai are three colors, but can use the three-color cross-mixed glazing technology to create beautiful flowers, as well as the first in the blanks engraved into the dark pattern, endless variations, colorful.

Tang Sancai was distributed in both Chang'an and Luoyang, with those in Chang'an known as the West Kiln and those in Luoyang known as the East Kiln. The Tang Dynasty was characterized by generous burials, not only for the great officials and nobles, but also for the people, and a trend has been formed.

Tang Sancai many kinds of figures, animals, bowls and plates, water, wine, stationery, furniture, houses, and even pots of ashes and so on. Generally more people love is the horse figurines, some feet gallop, some wandering stand, some neck hissing, are showing a lifelike posture. As for the character modeling of women, civil officials, generals, Hu terracotta warriors, heavenly kings, according to the characters of the social status and rank, portraying different personalities and characteristics; noblewoman face rounded, combed into a variety of buns, wearing brightly colored clothing, civil officials polite, warriors fierce and brave, Hu terracotta warriors, high deep eyes, the heavenly kings of the angry eyes of the mighty and majestic, enough for our country's ancient sculpture of the exemplary boutique.

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of ceramic culture

The Tang Dynasty after the Anshi Rebellion, the country's power is declining, after the Tang destroyed the Yuan for fifty years, faced with the situation of the split, the north by the Houliang, after the Tang, after the Han Dynasty, after the Jin Dynasty, after the Zhou Dynasty, the five dynasties ruled successively in the Yellow River Basin. In the south, there existed many regimes such as the former Shu, Wu, ≥, Wu Yue, Chu, Southern Han, Jingnan, Later Shu, Southern Tang, Northern Han and so on, which are called the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in history.

Chai Kiln

This period is more famous for the Chai Kiln of Emperor Shizong of the latter Zhou Dynasty, which was mainly in the color of azure, and Emperor Shizong commented, "After the rain, the clouds break, and the color is for the future," and so it is known as "After the rain, the color is green". Tao Road recorded "green as the sky, bright as a mirror, thin as paper, sound like a chime", can be slightly known as the production of exquisite.

Secret Kilns

The Yue kilns became the imperial vessels of King Qian of Wu-Yue in the Fifth Dynasty and were not allowed to be used by the common people, so they were also called "secret kilns", which belonged to the celadon manufacture.

Song Dynasty ceramic culture - set of porcelain of the great

The latter Zhou Dynasty Zhao Kuangyin seized power and established the Song Dynasty capital Kaifeng, historically known as the Northern Song Dynasty. Ceramics of the Song Dynasty was the heyday of our country, and the "Song porcelain" was also famous all over the world. Ding kiln, Ru kiln, official kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln for the five famous kilns, beautiful shape, elegant and heavy, not only beyond the achievements of predecessors, even if the latter imitation can rarely match.

Ding Kiln

Ding Kiln, also known as the powder Ding, Ding Kiln in today's Quyang County, Hebei Province, the town of Lingshan, the ancient name of Dingzhou, so called Ding Kiln, is the best kiln for the production of white porcelain, following the Tang Dynasty, after the Xing Kiln.

The glaze of Ding kiln is divided into North Ding and South Ding, and after the Song room moved south, a part of it went to Jingdezhen, and a part of it went to Jizhou, which is called South Ding. Produced in Jingde glaze color like powder, also known as powder Ding. Ding kiln also like persimmon color red Ding, purple purple Ding, black black Ding and so on.

General decorative techniques are scratching, printing, carving, etc. A variety of motifs all-inclusive, the production of fine and delicate, smooth lines, the texture of the tire is firm and fine, creamy white or ivory color, more bowls and plates, tire thin and rounded. In order to avoid distortion of the firing, more cover firing, and then inlaid with metal for the edge.

Ru Kiln

Ru Kiln in Linru County, Henan Province, is the first famous kiln in the north of the celadon, firing the Imperial Palace of the ware, a very short period of time, the number is also small. Ware type is simple, but the glaze color is warm and soft, in the semi-glare state like sheep's fat jade, and intercepted Ding kiln, Yue kiln decorative techniques, the formation of a unique artistic style.

Late in Linru County, called Linru kiln, which has "Feng Hua" two words is the Song Emperor Liu Fei's hall name, some people say it is the later complementary carving.

Jun Kiln

Jun Kiln in Yuxian County, Henan Province, known as Jun Tai in ancient times, called Junzhou in the Ming Dynasty, so named Jun Kiln, not many heirlooms, commented ¤ Shen Gao.

Jun kiln was founded in the Tang Dynasty, through the Song, Jin to the Yuan Dynasty, the tire is delicate, the glaze color is gorgeous and eye-catching, the variety is too numerous to mention; there are rose purple, begonia red, eggplant purple, sky blue, rouge, cinnabar, fire red, and kiln change. Ware type to bowl and plate is more, but the most outstanding flower pots.

The bottom of the vessel is engraved with a number of one to ten, according to legend, one, three, five, singular for the red, two, four, six plural for the green, but some people say that the smaller the number of the vessel is the larger, just kiln workers to facilitate the identification of the marks made just.

Official kilns

Official kilns were made in Bianliang during the Daguan and Zhenghe years of the Song Dynasty, and the celadon glazes were crystal clear, cracked, or ice flakes, and the powdered-green, purple-mouthed TieDing was its specialty.

Ge Kiln

Ge Kiln was created by the Zhang brothers in Chuzhou, Zhejiang Province, the older brother, Zhang Sheng I burned as "Ge Kiln", and the younger brother, Zhang Sheng II burned as "Di Kiln", also known as Longquan Kiln or Zhang Kiln.

The main feature of Ge kilns is the glaze cracks open piece, this crack is due to the glaze and tire shrinkage rate of the size of the difference is called caviar pattern crab claw pattern, also known as the hundred set of broken. The glaze color has pinkish green, beige, the glaze appeared in the size of the bubble, the tire is blackish brown, the mouth edge shows a brown edge called "purple mouth iron foot".

Longquan kilns

Longquan kilns glaze color verdant, the Northern Song Dynasty, more pinkish green, the Southern Song Dynasty was onion green, there is no open piece of the vessel at the turn, often exposed tire show tire color, glaze is thick and moist, decorative rarely carved, scratched flowers, and popular with appliqués, relief, for example, in the dish is often piled up and pasted a double fish pattern, in the bottle body pasted the tangled branches of peony pattern.

The Song Dynasty porcelain industry flourished, in addition to the above five famous kilns, Pingyang kiln in Pingyang, Shanxi Province, Yaozhou kiln in Yaozhou, Shaanxi Province, Fujian Province, Jian'an Jian kiln, Jiangxi Province, Jizhou kiln, also burned quite good porcelain.

Magnetism Kiln in today's Magnetism County, Hebei Province, is the center of North China's large kiln industry, is very much valued by Japan, successive generations have a large number of porcelain sold to Japan, the Japanese people also called porcelain magnetism, there is a reason for it.

Yuan Dynasty ceramic culture

Yuan Dynasty into the Central Plains for ninety-one years, the porcelain industry than the decline of the Song Dynasty, however, there are new developments in this period, such as the rise of blue and red glaze, a large number of popular colored porcelain, white porcelain to become the mainstream of the porcelain, glaze white pan blue, led to the subsequent development of the Ming and Qing dynasties, porcelain, and get a very high level of achievement.

Pivot Kiln

Yuan dynasty in jingdezhen design official kiln, exquisite production, decorative patterns often have "pivot" two words, and therefore also known as the pivot kiln, jingdezhen gradually formed the national porcelain manufacturing center is also from the beginning of the yuan dynasty.

Cyanite

Cyanite is painted with cobalt on white porcelain fired into a pattern, using only a blue color, but the intensity of the pigment, the level, can show extremely rich and varied artistic effects. Blue and white simple but gorgeous, both complex and uniform, as blue calico, with simple, simple, elegant features, become the main varieties of porcelain.

Glazed red

Glazed red is oxidized instead of cobalt material, practice and the blue and white is underglaze coloring, due to the reduction of snow red, glaze through the red, so the name glazed red, the Yuan dynasty, following the kiln after the emergence of another red performance method, firing is not easy, is a more difficult to burn porcelain, often gray-red or dark brown, quite unstable, not much production, less heirloom.

Ming Dynasty ceramic culture

China's pottery development to the Ming Dynasty and entered a new journey, before the Ming Dynasty porcelain to celadon, and after the Ming Dynasty to white porcelain, especially blue and white porcelain, especially into the Ming Dynasty white porcelain, and Jingdezhen became the main kiln, the largest, has been continued for the Ming and Qing Dynasties five, six hundred years and not decline, describing the prevailing situation as "daytime" white smoke covering the sky, red flames at night. White smoke covers the sky during the day, and red flames burn the sky at night.

Yongle Xuande period for the early period of blue and white porcelain, although not as sweet white, off the exquisite, but because of the importation of cobalt material Su mud Boqing use, so that this period of blue and white color; artist's artistic training is very high, the use of green material of the scattering of the halo, for the end of the bone floral strokes, resulting in the ink of the interest; some use different thickness on the line, resulting in lively changes, appear more vivid and powerful. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the importation of Islam also brought rich patterns at this time, coupled with the use of Chinese painting, the layout of the content of a clear and bright, feel his majestic simplicity.

Chenghua, Zhengde for the middle of the blue and white porcelain, at this time the Su mud Boqing has been used up, switching to equal green, color pale than the Suqing rich, more no loose halo ink effect, so the other towards adding color or detailed expression of the development of the painting techniques to strive for refinement, fine drawings and even dyeing, coupled with the thin tire of the white porcelain, to achieve the goal of sophistication.

Jiajing, Wanli years for the late blue and white porcelain, back to the use of green, to the kilns of the Jiajing brought a feast, colorful and strong. At this time the production is larger, and by the Dutch ship to Europe.

Wanli years famous five-color, doucai, became the basis for the development of later generations of colored porcelain, and even Japan's Ivory ancient porcelain is based on the development of this period of doucai, "Wanli color," also became famous in history. At the same time, there are red and yellow color, blue and yellow flowers, red and blue, yellow and blue five color, red and so on all kinds of color magnet and the previous generation of kilns of the great success, the pattern is more varied, increase many.

Beginning of the Ming Dynasty, kiln sites tend to concentrate in Jingdezhen, regardless of the official kilns or kilns are biased in favor of painted porcelain, Song ceramics before the monochrome glaze is the main, and after the Ming Dynasty into the world of colorful paintings, ceramic tires tend to be thin, fine, white demand, remember the style in the blanks have also begun to date, the age of the hall, the names of the people, so that the study of the evidence to have a more accurate identification.

Cyanite glaze red

Cyanite glaze red collocation plant, but also create some innovative works.

Doucai

Chenghua porcelain using Doucai, first traced the outline of the blue and white material, glaze firing, and then add the glaze color, fill in the five colors, increase the gaudy, extremely famous, and became the object of later generations of competition to imitate. Zhengde years using back to the green, light and dark, the tire also owes white less than the Chenghua bowls and dishes and so on more, slag bucket is its unique place.

Ceramic culture during the Qing dynasty

Chinese porcelain during the Qing dynasty can be said to be the peak. Thousands of years of experience, coupled with the natural raw materials of Jingdezhen, the management of the pottery officer, the early years of the Qing dynasty, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong three generations, due to political stability, economic prosperity, the emperor attached importance to the achievements of porcelain is also very outstanding, the emperor's hobby and advocate, so that the early Qing dynasty porcelain production technology is highly skilled, decorated with fine and gorgeous, the achievements of the extraordinary, is the long history of Chinese ceramics the most glorious and brilliant.

Ceramics production in the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the official kilns in Jingdezhen as the center, all over the kilns are extremely prosperous and prosperous, and get a lot of achievements, especially the gradual advancement of the Western wind, ceramics export, Western raw materials and technology imported by foreign influences, so that ceramics is more rich and colorful, but also because of mass production and imitation of the wind, the pursuit of the painting of the Academy of the work of the fine and slender, although there is a phenomenal work, but less creativity and the flow of artisanal.

Dehua, Fujian Province, white porcelain, white and transparent, the production of Buddha is quite famous. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the development of export ceramics, Guangcai, colorful and bright.

Pastel

Yongzheng period is the most successful pastel, pastel main feature is a soft and light tone, the proportion of fine and neat, it is also known as "soft color"; using white powder to set up a body shape and then add color, and dyed into the intensity of the dark and light levels, fresh and thorough, warm and plain, with a deep brushwork of birds and flowers meaning and strong decorative.

Enamel

The Qianlong period inherited the style of the previous two Qing dynasties, produced a lot of beautiful and exquisite works, and then spared no capital, the pursuit of creativity, the synthesis of a variety of craft techniques, used in ceramics on top of the imitation of a variety of other materials are also many products. The greatest achievement in color painting is enamel, the earliest use of imported pigments fired, so also known as "foreign color".

The material used in enamel, color choice crystal, texture condensation, used as a decoration, the pattern has a slightly convex pile of feeling. Jingdezhen porcelain tires shipped to the court, the order of the Painting Institute of chemical to be painted, more than "secret play of the inner court, so the decorative painting method is extremely fine, the pursuit of gorgeous, mythical animals with the palace atmosphere, plus the palace of the "Gu Yue Xuan" for style, all of which belongs to the inner court, become famous Gu Yue Xuan porcelain.

Purple sand

Yixing purple sand to the qing dynasty production is greater, famous artists, in addition to the manufacture of yixing pots, daily supplies such as bowls and plates, vases, flower pots, etc., to keep the tire color, the ancient, all kinds of color ceramics are also creative.

Weaving gold

Weaving gold is to use gold thread to fill in the edge with color, which is quite unique, and the Jingde white embryo was used to add color in Guangzhou for export, which has been passed down to the present day.

Black Porcelain

Boshan, Shandong Province, black porcelain, is a popular household item for northern farmers.

Shiwan plastic

Guangxi Shiwan molding figures in recent years is very important, glaze color changes, lifelike, especially to the story characters, vivid and powerful expression and interesting, for the collector's preference.

Modern Chinese ceramics

From ancient times to the present, although the world's peoples of the appreciation of the beauty of the thousands of different, but, but all can somehow get to the enjoyment of beauty. As far back as more than nine thousand years ago, Chinese ancestors, while engaging in fishing, hunting and agricultural production activities, not only began the most primitive construction activities, but also, with the invention and use of fire, and in the long-term labor practice of transforming nature, accompanied by countless times of time and success of the experience, began to manufacture and use pottery, which has become one of the artistic creations of the ancient culture of China, and unveiled the history of human development in the "Neolithic Age" in the history of human development.

Despite the fact that due to the differences of the times, regions or nationalities, and because of all the influences of other conditions, the forms and styles of pottery have undergone diverse changes, and each has produced a lot of characteristics, but they all express their own spirit of the times, which was first expressed in the Neolithic Age in the form of the pottery with the feel of the ornamentation and the texture. In the middle of the Neolithic period, the greatest achievement of China's pottery industry is the art of colored pottery, and the cultures of various regions influenced each other, exchanged with each other, or inherited and developed, and then the long history of China has formed a *** with the same colorful and colorful art styles.

Beauty comes from life, the potter is from the point of view of the performance of life, allegorical, indirectly expressed the thoughts and feelings of people, or directly depicted the real life of the customs and styles. After the Yangshao culture with colored pottery as culture, another type of cultural remains of Longshan culture centered in Shandong appeared. The outstanding achievement of the pottery industry in this period is the art of black pottery. Longshan culture gray pottery surface, do not seek unhelpful decoration. Depending on the body of the black body to win, it is "black" shiny for the best realm, the body is sometimes slightly embellished with concave-convex pattern or skeleton hole and shaping the combination of firing, reflecting a simple rustic beauty.

Entering the Shang Dynasty, imitating the same period of bronze pattern and shape of the white pottery appeared, at that time it is more luxurious than the bronze craft, the shape of almost all ceremonial vessels. Especially rich in features are the wave-like thunder pattern, hooked thunder pattern and a kind of weird humanoid cloud thunder pattern. It is a rare art and craft in human culture. Shang and Zhou period of pottery production technology did not make significant progress, artistry is not much development, from the Warring States period, China entered a long feudal society. The production of hollow bricks was an important creation of the potters of the Warring States period.

Because China is a multi-ethnic country, the land is vast, and ceramic supplies vary greatly from place to place due to geographic location or other factors, from the texture point of view, China's southeastern sea along the coast of the Baiyue region, prevalent gray pottery, printed hard pottery and primitive pottery, while other areas are mainly clay gray pottery, sandwiched pottery followed. In daily-use pottery, it is mainly clay gray pottery. The clay of gray pottery contains certain sand grains, the firing temperature is high, and the pottery is hard, mostly in gray or black-gray color. At the same time, printed hard pottery was commonly used in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and in Guangdong and Guangxi in the Pearl River Basin. However, due to the rough texture of printed hard pottery, it is not suitable for eating utensils, so most of them are containers. "Six Kings Bi, Four Seas One".

The Qin and Han Dynasties were also an important period in the history of China's ceramic development. Qin Dynasty terracotta figurines with its perfect art form, vivid and realistic demeanor, profoundly revealing the inner world of various characters, not only shows the long tradition of realism in my sculpture art and China's high level of ancient ceramics, and also for the world to show the Chinese nation's deep and majestic national style.

In terms of painting style, the Han Dynasty painted pottery changed the Warring States painted pottery flowing vivid, enthusiastic and unrestrained style, and turned to advocate the condensed elegant charm. The picture covered the sky, rich and brilliant colors. To the Tang Dynasty economic prosperity and development, long-term political stability and high national will, all aspects of the Tang Dynasty is unprecedented prosperity and improve the ceramic art can best express the weather of the Tang is the Tang three-color glazed pottery. Three-color pottery figurines and three-color pottery, is the manufacture of its artistic record of the era and the Tang people's interest in life style painting.

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