What is the school of architecture?

Architectural School-Functionalism Architecture

School of Architecture II Modernist Architecture

Architectural school IV postmodern architecture

Five architectural schools: organic architecture

Compromise architecture of six major architectural schools

Architectural School 1: Functionalist Architecture

Functionalist architecture is an architectural school, which believes that the form of architecture should obey its function. Since ancient times, many buildings have paid attention to function. However, in the late19th century, some architects in Europe and America opposed the academic design idea of pursuing form and neglecting function, explored the road of new architecture and highlighted the function of architecture.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Sullivan, an architect of Chicago School, advocated the slogan "Form follows function", arguing that "function remains unchanged, so does form". Sullivan divided the shape of his high-rise office building into three sections according to the functional characteristics: the first floor and the second floor have similar functions, the upper floors are used for office and the top equipment floor is a section, which became a typical high-rise office building at that time.

Sullivan believes that architectural design should be from the inside out and must reflect the consistency of architectural form and function. This is completely different from the design thought of the academic school at that time, which advocated traditional style and ignored functional characteristics. Later, representatives of modernist architecture, such as le corbusier, emphasized that meeting functional requirements was the primary task of architectural design.

With the development of modernist architectural movement, functionalism was all the rage in the 1920s and 1930s. Originally, emphasizing the function of architecture was one of the important viewpoints of modernist architectural movement, but later some people regarded it as an absolute creed and called it "functionalism". They believe that not only the architectural form must reflect the function and express the function, but also the architectural layout and spatial combination must be based on the function, and all components with different functions should be displayed separately.

For example, columns and beams as building structures should be clearly visible, both inside and outside the building, clearly showing the function of the frame supporting the floor and roof.

Functionalists praise machine aesthetics. They think that the machine is an "organism", which is different from other geometric forms, contains internal functions and embodies the beauty of the times. Therefore, some people compare architecture with cars and airplanes, and think that functional architecture is a beautiful building, and its geometric shape can show beautiful shapes in the sun. They believe that functionalism will automatically produce the most beautiful forms.

In the 1920s and 1930s, another functionalist appeared, mainly some builders and engineers. They believe that economically "affordable" buildings are functional buildings, which will automatically produce beautiful forms. These extreme ideas rule out the artistic laws of architecture itself and will only cause confusion to functionalism itself.

After 1950s, functionalism gradually disappeared, and even le corbusier, who emphasized the architectural function, parted ways with functionalists. But there is no doubt that functionalism has played an important role in promoting the development of modern architecture from the beginning.

Architectural genre 2: Romantic architecture

Romantic architecture is a popular architectural style influenced by literary romanticism in some European and American countries from the second half of18th century to the second half of19th century.

Romanticism emphasizes individuality in art, advocates naturalism, and advocates using medieval artistic style to compete with academic classicism. This trend of thought is manifested in the pursuit of ultra-dust and refined taste and exotic atmosphere in architecture.

From1the 1960s to the 1930s, it was the first stage of the development of romantic architecture, also known as pre-romanticism. Castle-like mansions in the Middle Ages and even sketches of oriental architecture have appeared. The 1930s and 1970s were the second stage of romantic architecture, which has developed into a trend of architectural creation. Because of the pursuit of medieval Gothic architectural style, it is also called Gothic Renaissance architecture.

Britain is the birthplace of romanticism. The most famous architectural works are the Houses of Parliament, St Gilles Church in London and Manchester City Hall.

Romantic architecture is mainly limited to churches, universities, town halls and other medieval architectural types. Its development in different countries is different. Generally speaking, it was popular in Britain and Germany in the early days, but not very popular in France and Italy.

The United States followed the footsteps of European architecture, and romantic architecture was once popular, especially in universities and churches. The old school building of Yale University has the Gothic architectural style of medieval castles in Europe, and its law school and school library are typical Gothic revival buildings.

Architectural School III: Modernist Architecture

Modernist architecture refers to an architectural trend of thought that dominated the western architectural world in the middle of the twentieth century. The representative of this kind of architecture advocates that architects should get rid of the shackles of traditional architectural forms and boldly create brand-new buildings that meet the conditions and requirements of industrialized society. Therefore, it has distinct rationalism and radicalism, and is also called modernist architecture.

Modernist architectural thoughts emerged in the late19th century, matured in the 1920s, and swept the world in the 1950s and 1960s. Since the 1960s, some people think that modernist architecture is out of date, and some people think that the basic principles of modernist architecture are still correct, but they need to be revised and supplemented. Since 1970s, when referring to modernist architecture, some documents have been labeled as "1920s" or "orthodox".

19 19, German architect Gropius was the principal of Bauhaus. Under his leadership, Bauhaus became one of the most radical art and architectural centers in Europe in the 1920s, which promoted the architectural innovation movement. Mies van der Rohe, a German architect, also published a series of articles in the early 1920s, expounding new ideas and showing the features of future buildings with schematic diagrams.

In the mid-1920s, Gropius, le corbusier, Miss Van der Rohe and others designed and built some buildings with novel styles. Among them, the Bauhaus school building in Gropius, the Savoi Villa in le corbusier, the Swiss student dormitory in Paris and his design scheme of the Geneva International union buildings, and the German Pavilion of the Barcelona Expo in ludwig mies van der rohe have great influence. Under the influence of these three architects, some young European architects, such as Finnish architect Aalto, also designed some excellent new buildings in the late 1920s.

Different from academic architects, Gropius and others are concerned about the housing that ordinary residents need in large quantities, and some people have made scientific research on it.

During the period of 1927, a residential exhibition was held in Stuttgart, Germany under the auspices of Mies van der Rohe, which had a great influence on the research work of residential buildings and the formation of new architectural styles. In 1928, 42 representatives of innovative architects from 12 countries gathered in Switzerland and established the International Association of Modern Architecture, and one of them, "Modernist Architecture", also spread everywhere.

From the speeches and practical works of Gropius, le corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and others, we can see that the "Modernist Architecture" advocated by them emphasizes that architecture should keep pace with the times and modern architecture should adapt to the industrialized society. Emphasize that architects should study and solve the practical function and economic problems of buildings; Advocate the active adoption of new materials and structures, and give play to the characteristics of new materials and structures in architectural design; Advocate resolutely getting rid of the shackles of outdated architectural styles and creating new architectural styles; Advocate the development of new architectural aesthetics and create new architectural styles.

The representative figures of modernist architecture advocate new architectural aesthetic principles. Including the unity of expression and construction means; Coordination between architectural form and internal function; The logic of architectural image; Flexible and balanced asymmetric composition; Simple manipulation and pure body shape; Absorb the new achievements of visual art in architectural art.

Some people call these architectural views "functionalism", others "rationalism", but more people call them "modernism".

During the period of 1927, a residential exhibition was held in Stuttgart, Germany under the auspices of Mies van der Rohe, which had a great influence on the research work of residential buildings and the formation of new architectural styles. In 1928, 42 representatives of innovative architects from 12 countries gathered in Switzerland and established the International Association of Modern Architecture, and one of them, "Modernist Architecture", also spread everywhere.

In the 1920s-1930s, the architectural works designed by architects with modernist architectural ideas had some similar formal features, such as flat roofs, asymmetrical layout, smooth white walls, simple eaves treatment, glass windows of different sizes, and little or no decorative molding. Such an architectural image once appeared in many countries. In 1930s, modernist architectural thought spread rapidly from Western Europe to all parts of the world. Gropius and Mies van der Rohe were forced to emigrate to the United States because the German fascist regime was hostile to the new architectural concept. Bauhaus school was closed. However, Bauhaus's teaching content and design ideas have had a far-reaching impact on architectural education all over the world.

Modernist architectural thought is first implemented in practical building types such as factory buildings, primary and secondary schools, hospitals, libraries and a large number of residential buildings. In 1950s, it was also realized in memorial and national buildings, such as the United Nations Headquarters Building and the Parliament Building. By the middle of the twentieth century, modernism occupied a dominant position in the world architectural trend.

Architectural school 4: postmodern architecture

Since the 1960s, there has been an ideological trend in the United States and Western Europe to oppose or amend modernist architecture. After World War II, modernist architecture became the dominant architectural trend in many parts of the world. However, differences quickly emerged within the modernist architectural camp, and some people questioned and criticized the views and styles of modernist architecture.

1966, in the book Complexity and Contradiction of Architecture, American architect Venturi put forward a set of architectural theories and propositions that were in sharp opposition to modernist architecture, which caused shock and repercussions in the field of architecture, especially among young architects and architectural students. In 1970s, the trend of opposing and deviating from architectural modernism became more intense. This tendency has been called by different names, such as "anti-modernism", "post-modernism" and "post-modernism", and the latter is widely used.

People have different views on what postmodernism is and what are the main features of postmodern architecture. American architect Stern proposed that postmodern architecture has three characteristics: decorative; Symbolic or metaphorical; Integration with existing environment.

At present, it is generally believed that Venturi did put forward a relatively complete guiding ideology for postmodernism. Although he himself does not want to be regarded as a post-modernist, his remarks have played an extremely important role in inspiring and promoting the post-modernist movement.

Venturi criticized modernist architects for being keen on innovation and forgetting that they should be "experts in keeping tradition". Venturi maintains the traditional practice of "using traditional components and introducing new components appropriately to form a unique whole" and "combining traditional components through unconventional methods". He advocated drawing lessons from folk architecture, especially appreciating the spontaneously formed architectural environment in American commercial streets. Venturi concluded: "For artists, innovation may mean choosing and choosing from old and existing things." In fact, this is the basic creative method of post-modern architects.

Western architectural magazines promoted post-modernist architectural works in the 1970s, but in fact, until the mid-1980s, there were few representative post-modernist buildings in Western Europe or the United States. Typical examples are the expansion of Allen Art Museum of Oberlin College, Portland Municipal Building, AT&T Building, Philadelphia Apartment for the Aged, etc.

From 65438 to 0976, the extension of Allen Art Museum of Oberlin College, which was built in Ohio, USA, was connected with the old museum, and the colors and patterns of the walls echoed the original building. In a corner, a wooden, deformed Ionian pillar was placed in isolation. It is short, fat and funny, so it got the nickname "Mickey Mouse Ione". This treatment embodies the technique advocated by Venturi: it is a fragment, a decoration, a symbol and an example of "combining traditional ingredients in an unconventional way".

Portland Municipal Building, completed at 1982, is the first large-scale official postmodern building in the United States. The building is square with a height of 15 floors. Outside is a large plastered wall with many small square windows. There are some strange decorations on each facade, and there are large irregular glass walls between neatly arranged small square windows. There are also some small houses on the roof that are out of proportion. Some people praised it as "replacing the brainless glass box with the metaphor of classical architecture".

The AT&T Building was completed in 1984, and the architect was Johnson. The building is located in the bustling Madison Avenue in Manhattan, new york. Johnson made the exterior of this tall building look like a stone building. At the bottom of the building, there is a tall colonnade; A circular arch in the middle is 33 meters high; The top of the building is made into a gable shape with a circular gap. Some people describe the roof as an old wooden clock from a distance. Johnson explained that he intended to inherit the style of new york's old skyscrapers at the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

Smith, an American architect, is regarded as the best among American postmodern architects. The houses he designed in Tuscany and Laurensen include two small houses, one in Spanish style and the other in classical style, that is, three orange classical columns are asymmetrically attached to the facade.

1980, the architectural exhibition of Venice Biennale Art Festival is considered as a worldwide exhibition of post-modern architecture. The exhibition is located in an arsenal left over from the16th century in Venice, Italy. Twenty architects from all over the world were invited to design the temporary building facade and form a 70-meter-long street in the factory. The theme of the exhibition is "Presentation of History".

Invited architects include Venturi, Seymour, Stern, Graves, Smith, Isozaki of Japan, Portoghesi of Italy, Bofil of Spain, etc. These post-modernist or quasi-post-modernist architects express fragments of historical architectural forms in their works in an unconventional way.

People's views on postmodernism are quite different, which is often related to their views on modernist architecture. Some people think that modernism only pays attention to the influence of function, technology and economy, ignoring and cutting off the connection between new buildings and traditional buildings, so it can't meet the requirements of ordinary people for architecture. In particular, they accused the international architecture associated with modernism of being out of harmony with the original architectural culture of various ethnic groups and regions, which destroyed the original architectural environment.

In addition, after the energy crisis in the 1970s, many people thought that modernist architecture was not more economical than traditional architecture and needed to change their attitude towards traditional architecture. Some people think that modernism reflects the requirements of the industrial revolution and industrialization period, and some developed countries have passed that period, so modernism is no longer suitable for the new situation. Those who hold the above views pin their hopes on postmodernism.

Those who oppose postmodernism believe that modernist architecture will develop with the times and should not deny the basic principles of modernism. They believe that it is correct for modernism to combine architectural design and artistic creation with social material production conditions, and it is also correct for architects to care about social problems. On the contrary, postmodernists mainly focus on decoration, symbol, metaphorical tradition and history, while ignoring many practical problems.

On the issue of form, postmodernists engage in new eclecticism and technicalism, which are superficial things. Therefore, those who oppose postmodernism believe that modernism is an all-round revolution in architectural thought, while postmodernism is only a popular style in architecture and cannot last long. The social and historical significance of the two cannot be compared.

Others think that it is reasonable for postmodernists to point out the shortcomings of modernism, but the prescription is not desirable. People think that the actual works produced by postmodernists so far are clumsy and mediocre in form and cannot be elegant. Some people think that postmodernists have not put forward any serious theories, but they have broken through the convention in architectural form and their works are enlightening.

Architectural genre 5: organic architecture

Organic architecture is a faction in the modern architectural movement, and the representative figure is American architect Wright. This school believes that the special appearance of each creature is determined by its internal factors that can survive in the world. Similarly, the form and composition of each building and the solution of various problems related to it should be considered according to its own internal factors and strive to be reasonable.

The core of this kind of thought is "Taoism is natural", that is, acting according to the truth inspired by nature, rather than imitating nature. Nature is organic, hence the name "organic architecture".

Wright advocates that every building should be designed according to its own unique objective conditions, forming an idea that runs through every part of the building from the inside out, so that every part is interrelated and becomes an inseparable part of the whole. He believes that the essence of architecture is its internal space. He advocates that the design should pay attention to the internal space effect. "Life comes from nothing", and entities such as roofs, walls, doors and windows are in a subordinate position and should obey the envisaged spatial effect. This has broken the past concept of focusing on the design of roofs, walls, doors and windows, and opened up a new realm for architecture.

Organic architecture also has his own views on other issues of architecture. This school advocates that architecture should be in harmony with nature, just like growing out of nature; And try to extend the indoor space outward and introduce natural scenery into the room. On the contrary, buildings in cities use external shielding methods to shield the noisy external environment and try to create a lively and pleasant environment inside.

In dealing with materials, this school advocates understanding the different properties of various materials from the perspectives of engineering and art, giving full play to the advantages of each material and avoiding its shortcomings. This school believes that decoration should not be added to buildings, but should grow out of buildings, just as flowers grow out of trees. It advocates simplicity, but unlike some schools, it thinks decoration is a sin.

The attitude of this school towards traditional architectural forms is to understand the reasons why tradition can be formed under the conditions of the past times and how to do it under the current conditions. This is the correct attitude towards tradition, rather than copying ready-made forms.

This school believes that machines are human tools, and architectural forms should show the characteristics of the tools used. Organic architecture accepted some positive aspects of romantic architecture and abandoned some negative aspects.

Wright's Flowing Water Villa, Essien Winter Camp in Siitari and Berlin Philharmonic Concert Hall of German architect Salon are all models of organic architecture.

Architectural genre 6: eclectic architecture

Eclectic architecture is a popular architectural style in some European and American countries from the first half of 19 century to the beginning of the 20 th century. Eclectic architects imitate various architectural styles in history at will, or freely combine various architectural forms. They don't emphasize the fixed French style, but only the proportional balance and pure formal beauty.

With the development of society, various buildings are needed to meet various requirements. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the convenience of transportation, the progress of archaeology, the development of publishing industry and the invention of photography technology all helped people to understand and master the architectural heritage of previous times and regions. As a result, many cities have seen buildings with Greek, Roman, Byzantine, medieval, Renaissance and oriental sentiments.

/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, eclectic architecture was the most typical in France, and the Paris Academy of Fine Arts was the center for spreading eclectic art and architecture at that time. 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the United States was the most prominent. Generally speaking, the eclectic architectural trend of thought is relatively conservative, and new architectural forms are not created according to the emerging new building materials and new building technologies at that time.

The representative works of eclectic architecture are: Paris Opera House, which is an important monument of the Second Empire of France. The facade of the theater imitates the late Baroque architectural style of Italy, mixed with complex carvings, which has a great influence on European architecture.

The memorial building of Emmanuel II in Rome was built to commemorate the reunification of Italy. It uses the Corinthian colonnade in Rome and the altar in late ancient Greece.

The Sacred Heart Church in Paris has a towering dome and thick walls, showing Byzantine architectural style and adopting Roman architectural expression. The architecture of the Columbia Expo in Chicago is modeled after the architecture of Venice in the Italian Renaissance.