Main features of the socialist Soviet model

The most important managerial features of the Soviet model: a highly centralized and planned economy. Some people therefore simply refer to the Soviet model directly as the Stalinist model. Unlike Europe and the United States, the Soviet Union had a relatively weak socio-economic base, making the polity represented by Stalin eager to rapidly grow its national power and emphasize socialist construction under the same ideological system. The over-emphasis on the dictatorship of the proletariat and the socialist political system while neglecting the construction of socialist democracy widened social contradictions; the over-centralization of power created a huge bureaucratic class in the USSR, which seriously impeded social progress. Stalin's model of socialism in the USSR had the following characteristics: first, a highly centralized planned economic system: ① in terms of ownership structure, the implementation of a single public ownership system, including the two forms of universal ownership and collective ownership, and do not allow the existence of other economic components; ② in terms of the structure of the economic structure of the priority to the development of heavy industry, ignoring the development of light industry and agriculture, the formation of a deformed economic structure of the absolute priority of heavy industry; ③ in the management system, the implementation of the unity of management and operation rights, economic management by sector, that is, the management of the main articles, the central department set macroeconomic and microeconomic decision-making power in one, directly dominate the enterprise's manpower, financial resources, material resources, and production, supply and marketing power; ④ in the economic operation mechanism, the implementation of the exclusion of the law of value of the directive-planned economy, with a high degree of centralization, extensive and directive characteristics. That is to say, the main planning targets were formulated centrally by the state from top to bottom, encompassing all spheres of economic life, and once formulated and approved by the Supreme Soviet, they became documents with the force of law.

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The second is the highly centralized political system: ① the essential attributes of the state emphasize dictatorship and the repressive functions of the state. Neglect of democracy and the rule of law; ② the relationship between the ruling party and the state emphasizes the party's leadership, turning the party's leading role almost into a party to the state direct orders, the party instead of the government, the party's decisions into the state decrees of the voting machine; ③ joining the *** and the state of the party, political, economic and cultural power is excessively centralized in the central government, the name of the federal state in fact become a unitary state, the power is excessively concentrated in the central government; ④ ruling party The ruling party itself can not implement self-supervision, democratic centralism is not well implemented, the party's leadership system is a pyramid, General Secretary Stalin set the party, political and military supreme power in a single body, the formation of a personal centralization of power and life-long system. Thirdly, strictly unified ideology and tight control of public opinion, theoretical ideas and academic views are ruled by the official will. The Soviet model under Stalin had a clear duality of advantages and disadvantages. For example, a high degree of centralization of power and individual will enabled the USSR to achieve a high degree of ideological and organizational concentration and concentration of social resources in the fight against Nazi Germany, which led to the final victory in the Patriotic War; however, during the period of peaceful state-building, it intensified social conflicts, consumed a great deal of the country's energy, increased the cost of state management, and left behind a lot of potential hidden dangers, which led the USSR to the eventual disintegration of the Soviet Union. These radical practices constituted the main inherent contradictions of the Soviet model, i.e., the Stalinist model.

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The later Soviet model can be called the post-Soviet model, which took the following main forms: the Khrushchev-Ponezhilev- The Khrushchev-Ponezhilev-Kosygin era, the beginning of the quest for world hegemony and criticism of the Stalinist period and its predecessors, which we once called "Soviet revisionism". During Gorbachev's rule, the original socialist ideological foundation of the USSR was seriously shaken, mainly due to the lack of improvement in the living standards of the people, the decline in the overall power of the USSR, and the prevalence of bureaucratic corruption. Another reason was the absence of higher ideological theories and management models to improve the existing model. Gorbachev allowed the Soviet Union to disintegrate, making himself a historical figure and the end of Soviet socialism. Another way of looking at it is that it was a historical necessity. The highly centralized state system of the Soviet Union under a one-party system gradually lost its popular base and eventually buried itself. On the whole, Lenin's Soviet model was milder, revealing more rationality; Stalin's Soviet model was harsher, highlighting more sensibility. The fact that there was such a big difference in the mode of management of a country under a single system of government reflected the common problem of the rule of man in socialist countries. A review of the Soviet model reveals many of its characteristics. These features can be advantages at one time and disadvantages at another. For example: a high degree of unity of government, the party instead of the government, the party instead of the law, the advantage of its high efficiency, can quickly turn around an unfavorable situation, the disadvantage is prone to corruption, radicalization of social contradictions, and a loss of trust in the people.