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"Folk art" is a classification in the field of art, in accordance with the literal meaning of "so-and-so art" of a form of expression, and the crown "folk" words, obviously to be With the so-called "court art" and "aristocratic art" and so on to distinguish. However, regardless of how broad the scope of "folk art" is, the basic structure of "so-and-so art" focuses on "art," so it is necessary for us to first understand the meaning of art. Therefore, it is necessary for us to understand the meaning of art first. The Dictionary (Taiwan's Chung Hwa Shuei) has the following definition: "Art" (Art) I. Broad: All activities and productions containing skill and thought, such as machinery, craftsmanship, architecture, and housing, are referred to as art; the meaning is comparable to that of technology. Second, the narrow sense: refers to the value of the activities of beauty, or the product of its activities; meaning and fine art (fine art) with. It can be seen that art refers to learning and technology, can also be called "skillful art" or "craft". This can be seen from the six skills of the Zhou Dynasty (six arts: rituals, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics), as well as the "Rites of the Zhou" Zheng's note in the basic book series of national studies about the "Hundred Workers," we know that the original meaning of art is to refer to "craftsmanship," which can be summarized from the ancient books as follows

1. Craft refers to the knowledge necessary for life.

2. Craft refers to the making of household utensils by human beings.

3. A craft is the manual production of objects by taking into account materials and processing techniques.

4. Craft means skillful and refined technology.

From the above definitions of art, and by adding the word "folk" to "folk art", it is easy to understand that "folk art" is in fact "folk crafts", which is different from "aristocratic crafts", "mechanical crafts", "industrial crafts", "fine arts crafts", "modern crafts" and other fields of art. All kinds of popular traditional arts, as well as techniques and skills with folk colors, which are formed, developed and widely spread in the folk world, such as traditional crafts, opera, dance, music, sculpture, weaving, Chinese knotting, cutting and carving, puppetry, magic, acrobatics, aboriginal culture ...... and so on, belong to the folk arts.

"Shadow" is a generic term for shadow theater and shadow theater characters (including scenes, props and scenery) products. China's shadow art, is China's folk arts and crafts and opera clever combination of unique art varieties, is the Chinese nation's art hall is an indispensable pearl of sophistication.

Shadow play is to let the audience through the white curtain, watching a plane puppet performance of light and shadow to achieve the artistic effect of the form of theater; and shadow play in the plane puppet as well as the scene props scenery, usually folk artists with handmade, knife carving and painting made of leather products, so it is called shadow.

Shadow play is one of the earliest operatic plays in China. It is a lightweight performance equipment, rich and beautiful singing, wonderful and moving performance. Thousands of years Lei, loved by the general public, so widely spread. Not only that, the shadow theater also played a role in the development of culture and art at home and abroad. There are a lot of new local operas and dramas, which are derived from various shadow theater singing. The principle of curtain and shadow performance used in Chinese shadow theater, as well as the artistic means of shadow theater performance, have also played a pioneering role in the invention of modern movies and the development of modern movie art films. The Western world, from Goethe in the 18th century to Chaplin later, and other world cultural celebrities, have all highly praised the art of Chinese shadow theater. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other state leaders have also entertained domestic and foreign guests with shadow puppetry on many occasions. However, the art of shadow play in the "Cultural Revolution" after the disaster, the endangered situation has not been reversed.

As for the modeling and production of figures and scenery in the shadow play, it belongs to the category of folk art in China. Its artistic style, in the national art garden is also unique. In order to adapt to the shadow play's curtain expression, it adopts a combination of abstraction and realism, and makes a bold planarization, artistic, cartoonization and operatic treatment of the characters and scenes. Their faces and costumes are vivid and graphic, exaggerated and humorous. Or simple and rough, or delicate and romantic. Coupled with the smoothness of the carving, the coloring of the colorful, transparent and flexible limbs of the craft production effect, can really make people enjoy the eyes, love. Shadow figures (referred to as shadow figures) are not only used for shadow theater performances, but also can be used by everyone to play with their hands for entertainment, and can be placed in front of the window or on the white wall as indoor art decorations. Because of its simple and elegant shape, strong ethnic odor, both artistic appreciation and collection value, many museums, collectors, art workers and shadow lovers at home and abroad have Chinese shadow. In international exchanges, there are often Chinese people with Chinese shadow as a superior gift to international friends.

Paper-cutting

Paper-cutting is one of the most popular folk arts in China. It is proved that since the Shang Dynasty, people have been making decorations with gold and silver foils, leather or silk fabrics by openwork carving, and later, in 105 A.D., Cai Lun began to make paper in large quantities by improving and popularizing his predecessors' experience, and the openwork form was born into the present art of paper-cutting because he found a material that was easier to popularize.

Kites

The fact that kites originated in China is now a unanimously recognized conclusion in the world kite industry. The earliest Chinese kites were made by the ancient scientist Mo Zhai, and the early kites were mainly used in the military, and from the late Tang Dynasty onwards they were gradually used as toys, and now a part of Chinese kites are also exported to Japan, North Korea, Europe and other countries.

Paper-cutting

Paper-cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk decorative arts in China. It is generally popular because of its easy availability of materials, low cost, immediate effect and wide range of adaptability; and because it is the most suitable for rural women to make in their leisure time, and it can be used as both practical objects and beautification of life. Paper-cutting can be seen all over the country, and even formed different local styles and schools. Paper-cutting not only expresses the aesthetic preferences of the masses, and contains the deep-seated psychology of the national society, but also one of the most distinctive folk art in China, whose modeling characteristics are especially worth studying.

Now the earliest paper-cutting objects have been found in the North and South Dynasty tombs of animal flowers, scholars believe that can be traced back to the Han and Tang Dynasty, women use gold and silver foil cut into a square win pasted on the sideburns as a decorative custom, although we have found Cai Lun before the Eastern Han Dynasty paper objects, strictly speaking, paper-cutting fear that will not be earlier than the Han Dynasty. Early paper-cutting is related to the Taoist rituals to invoke the soul of the spirit, for example, Du Fu's poem has a "warm soup wash my feet, paper-cutting to invoke my soul," a clear record. Today, the Miao people still have the witchcraft custom of cutting the shape of ghosts and gods and sticking them on the cattle pen or door during New Year's Day.

In the past, people often use paper to make different forms of objects and portraits, and the dead with the burial or funeral burning, this custom can still be seen outside of China sometimes. The art of paper-cutting generally has a symbolic meaning, in addition to paper-cutting is also used as a decoration for offerings to ancestors and gods. Nowadays, paper cuttings are more often used for decoration. Paper cuts can be used to decorate walls, doors, windows, pillars, mirrors, lamps and lanterns, etc., but also for gifts for decoration, and even paper cuts themselves can be used as gifts for others. People used to use paper-cutting as a model for embroidery and spray-painting art.

Skilled folk artists only draft directly with scissors to cut the paper into shapes, professional artists have a carving knife in the wax board producers, called "carved paper". After the draft, cut and carve, paste, uncovering, trimming and become, can be carved through multiple layers of paper, and improve production.

Paper-cutting because of the thin material, more than a full spread of evenly proportioned and the image of each other series of plane composition method, the image of more decorative, avoiding large black and white, decorated with delicate patterns to decorate the main characters. Clever artists in the performance of the "cat catching mice" to create a "mouse in the transparent cat belly" peculiar effect, the naive style is very intriguing. The technique of overlapping planes not only creates a strong ethnic flavor, but also expands the capacity of the picture and improves the expressive power of paper-cutting. The vast majority of paper-cutting does not pursue strict realism, but the expression of the imagery in the minds of the masses, for example, Shaanxi paper-cutting of the cow, the swirling hair on the cow to do extreme exaggeration of the decorative patterns on the body of the cow, not only to add visual changes in the sense of dynamism, but also to strengthen the beauty of the form.

Customs of the Spring Festival: Lion Dance

Many customs have been formed around the Spring Festival over thousands of years. Some customs, such as receiving God, respect for the sky, etc., with superstitious colors. With the improvement of people's scientific and cultural level has been gradually eliminated, some customs, given a new content, such as firecrackers, posting Spring Festival couplets and New Year's paintings, dragon lanterns, lion dance, etc., is still widely prevalent.

Lion Dance

Whenever the "firecrackers sound to get rid of the old year", the traditional lion dance is accompanied by the warm spring breeze and joyful gongs and drums in the towns and villages in the vast land of China. For the annual Spring Festival, adding a rich atmosphere of joy.

Lion dance is a traditional folk sports activity in China, originated in the era of the North and South Dynasties.

According to legend, in May of the 23rd year of Yuanjia, Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty (466 A.D.), the assassin of Jiazhou in the Song Dynasty was ordered to invade Linyi, and Fan Yang, the king of Linyi, used an elephant army to participate in the battle. This army of elephants made it difficult for the enemy, who possessed only short weapons, to even approach it because the soldiers were armed with spears and rode on the backs of tall and large elephants, and the Song soldiers began to suffer great losses. Later, the vanguard officer, General Zhenwu Zongcourt, thought of a solution. He said that all beasts are afraid of lions, and elephants are probably no exception. So, overnight with the noodles, hemp, etc. made a lot of fake lions, painted in colorful, and special open mouth. Each "lion" by two warriors draped, hidden in the bushes. He also dug many deep and big traps around the intended battlefield. When the elephant army was attacked by the enemy, Zongcourt released fake lions with his bow, and each of these "lions" flipped its big bloody mouth and ran straight to the elephants with claws and tusks.

The elephants were scared to turn their heads, Zongcourt took the opportunity to command the soldiers ten thousand crossbows, the frightened elephants were running around, a lot of them fell into the trap, people and elephants were captured alive. ...... From then on, the lion dance was first popular in the army, and then spread to the people. Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi's "West Liang Envoy" in the "masked Hu people masked lion, carved wood for the head of the silk for the tail; gold-plated eyes and silver posting teeth, rise up the sweater swinging ears ...... ". Visible, in the Tang Dynasty has a similar modern lion dance.

Why do people like to dance lions during the Spring Festival? It is said that the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Guangdong Foshan region appeared a monster, every year will be over, it appears in the suburbs of Foshan, trampling crops everywhere, mutilation of people and animals, rural farmers do not win their suffering people will be bamboo grates tied into a number of lion model, and painted a variety of mottled colors, beforehand, when the beast appeared, drums and gongs ringing, the group of lions dance, all towards the beast, the beast was terrified, turned his head and ran, and then the local townspeople think that the lion dance is a good idea, but it's not the only thing. Afterwards, the local villagers think that the lion has the power to drive away evil spirits and suppress demons, and has auspicious omens. So, every year in the Spring Festival to play drums and gongs, door to door, lion dance to pay tribute to the New Year, in order to show that the elimination of harm, the forecast of good luck.

Lion dance, in addition to the Spring Festival, in the days of celebration, also often with a lion dance. Folk general lion dance by two people cooperate to pretend a big lion (some areas called too lion), a person pretending to be a small lion (some areas called less lion), another person pretending to be a samurai, holding an embroidered ball as a guide, and the first open fist kicking, in order to induce the lion to dance. The lion with the drum beat of fast, slow, light, heavy, and suddenly look up, and suddenly back to look down, and suddenly back to prostrate, and suddenly wagging his head and tail, a thousand different, interesting, in imitation of the action, there are licking the hair, wipe the feet, scratching the head, wash the ears, worship, rolling and other actions; in the skills, there are on the platform, across the bridge, across the three mountains, out of the cave, down the mountain, rolling, spitting and picking up the green, and so on.

The bamboo horse is usually made of bamboo or gabion with a skeleton, framed with paper and then painted. The bamboo horse is divided into two halves and tied to the performer's waist, making the performer ride like a horse. Yangcheng County, Jinshan City, Shanxi Province, is filled with Chinese crotch pants in grass, a head for the horse's head, a head for the horse's tail, white pants waist is the performer's mount part, plus the horse's head, people called "pants horse.

Running Bamboo Horse, generally in the first month of the lunar calendar, the fifteenth Lantern Festival, "red hot" when the activities in the square or the streets and alleys. Shanxi Province, the number of people participating in the performance of running bamboo horse varies, the form of the activity also has a certain degree of difference.

Chinese folk art appreciation

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The motherland family of the various ethnic groups, have a high degree of aesthetic ability and excellent creative talent, among them produced, passed down, the development of folk art and its rich and colorful, one of the essence of China's traditional culture is an important part of the national art.

Folk art is relative to court art, literati art and professional art, called "producer's art" by Mr. Lu Xun. It refers to the clothing and accessories, bedding, food and cooking utensils, furniture, as well as New Year's paintings, paper cuttings, performances and toys, etc., which are created by the working people as the main authors to satisfy their needs for clothing, food, housing, transportation, living and aesthetics. It combines magnificent beauty and simplicity in art, showing a simple and bright, hot and upward style, emanating the inner sincerity, kindness, straightforwardness, enthusiasm and other psychological qualities and aesthetic interests of the working people.

Because folklore is the carrier of folklore, it is necessary to combine the various ethnic groups, local customs and folklore to appreciate. As the saying goes, "ten miles of different customs", all ethnic groups around the world have their own festivals and festivals, folk art and these festivals are closely integrated to appreciate how it is "things to use", "local materials We have to appreciate how it "puts things to use" and "draws materials from the local area", and how it "applies art according to talent". Folk art is one of the ideological arts, that is, as they themselves say: "from the heart out of the", "how do you want to do", can not be measured by the scientific anatomical perspective to measure it, and can not be used to professional aesthetics standards to appreciate the good and bad, the beautiful and ugly, but should be Through the folk art unique "auspicious and beautiful" and other interests and childish expression to feel, experience, appreciation.

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