What is the brief history of Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty (960-1279) is an era in Chinese history that began with the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the Yuan Dynasty, and can be subdivided into the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty according to the changes in capitals and boundaries, collectively known as the Two Songs.

In order to avoid the phenomenon of the Tang dynasty since the end of the dynasty, the Song dynasty adopted the phenomenon of feudalism and eunuchs, and took the policy of governance, on the one hand, in the military weak, 1127 Hui, Qin two emperors by the Jin captured, forcing the Song dynasty to move to the south; 1276, Kublai broke the Song capital of Lin'an, the Song dynasty died. But the Song Dynasty is also one of the most prosperous times in Chinese history in terms of economy and culture and education, Confucianism revival, the society is filled with respect for teachers and the culture of education, scientific and technological development is also rapidly advancing, the politics is also more enlightened and honest, the end of the Song Dynasty did not have serious eunuchs chaotic government and the local occupation, the number of mutinies and civil unrest and the scale of the history of China is also relatively small. Famous historian chen yin ke said: "the culture of the Chinese nation, after thousands of years of evolution, the creation of the ultimate in the age of zhao sung." The Western and Japanese historians believe that the Song Dynasty was a renaissance and economic revolution in Chinese history. The economic and cultural development and prosperity of the Song Dynasty was unprecedented in scale, with agriculture, handicrafts, porcelain making and shipbuilding all flourishing.

The Beginning of the State

Zhao Kuangyin, the Founding Emperor of the Song Dynasty, was Zhao Kuangyin, whose temple name was Taizu. He was originally the pre-temple censor of the Later Zhou Dynasty, and because of his outstanding war achievements, he became the right-hand man of Zhao Kuangyin, the Song Dynasty's Great Ancestor, who was the Shizong of the Later Zhou Dynasty. After the death of Shizong, the succeeding Emperor Gong was young, so Zhao Kuangyin had the ambition to become the emperor. In the Spring Festival of the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Xiande, Zhao Kuangyin's party created false information about the attack of Liao, and Fan Qi, the prime minister at that time, ordered Zhao Kuangyin to lead his army northward to defend the enemy. On the third day of the first month, Zhao Kuangyin arrived at Chenqiaoyi, and while he was sleeping soundly that night, he was crowned the Son of Heaven by his men in yellow robes, who called out "Long Live the Emperor". When the Zhou bureaucrats learned of this, they knew they were powerless and had to face reality. Emperor Gong of Zhou was forced to abdicate. In July of the second year of Jianlong (961) and in October of the second year of Kaibao (969), Emperor Song Tazu took over the military power (the dramatic doctrine of "releasing the military power by drinking cups of wine" has been circulated in history), stripped the generals who held heavy armies of their military power and the local officials of their military power, entrusted them with imaginary posts, and replaced them with civil officials to lead the army, so that the general's power and the power of finances were centralized to the central government. The general's power and financial power were all centralized in the central government. It was not uncommon that soldiers under the authority of generals did not even know the generals, thus the Song Dynasty was saved from the situation of the Tang Dynasty, in which the feudal lords and towns were divided. However, this also led to a long period of military sluggishness in the Song Dynasty, which led to the Song Dynasty's repeated defeats in foreign wars. Zhao Guang (Kuang) Yi, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty The other cause facing Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty was the unification of the country. After discussing with Zhao Pu in the snowy night, Zhao Kuangyin decided to unify the whole country by going south first and then north. Zhao Kuangyin firstly killed Nanping and Chu in a trick of destroying the State of Guo. After that, he destroyed the three kingdoms of Hou Shu, Nan Han and Nan Tang. In his desire to unify the whole country, he also set up a storehouse to save money and cloth, hoping to buy the 16 states of Yanyun from the Liao Dynasty in the future. In August of the ninth year of the reign of Kaibao (976), Tazu once again went on a northern expedition. However, on October 19th, he suddenly died, leaving behind the historical mystery of "the shadow of the candle and the sound of the axe". His brother, Zhao Guangyi, was busy with his accession to the throne, and the cause of national unification came to a temporary halt. Zhao Guangyi, the younger brother of Emperor Taizu of Song, assumed the throne with the temple name of Emperor Taizong. After securing his rule, Emperor Taizong continued the cause of national unification. First, Chen Hongjin and Wuyue Qian, who were the rulers of Zhang and Quan in Fujian Province, surrendered, and then the Northern Han Dynasty was destroyed. In May of the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo (979), despite the opposition of his ministers, Taizong took advantage of the aftermath of the destruction of the Northern Han Dynasty and set off from Taiyuan to carry out a northern expedition. At first, he recaptured Yizhou and Zhuozhou. Being complacent, Emperor Taizong ordered an attack on Yanjing. As a result, he suffered a crushing defeat at the Gaoliang River. After this battle, the strategy of the Song Dynasty turned passive. In the third year of the Yongxi era (986), Taizong launched another northern expedition, which resulted in another defeat and the death of the famous general Yang Ye. After that, the Song Dynasty lost many wars against the Dangjia, and civil unrest broke out in Sichuan. Emperor Taizong's administration had to shift to emphasize the internal and the external. As a result, the government paid special attention to culture, and the Song dynasty began to emphasize education. Emperor Taizong was also fond of calligraphy, and was good at six scripts: cursive, clerical, running, seal script, eight points, and Feibai, especially Feibai. Even the characters on Chunhua Yuanbao (淳化元宝), the currency of the Song Dynasty, were inscribed by Emperor Taizong himself. The reign of Emperor Taizong was a matter of suspicion, the "Candle Shadow and Axe Sound" incident, and folklore has been saying that Zhao Kuangyin was killed by Zhao Guangyi. In order to ensure the legitimacy of the regime, Zhao Guangyi threw out his mother, Empress Dowager Du's last orders, that is, "the Alliance of the Golden Pavilion". The origin of the Alliance of the Golden Pavilion is that the Empress Dowager Du called Zhao Pu into the palace to record her last order, and she said that she wanted Zhao Kuangyi to pass on to Guangyi, then Guangmei (later renamed Tingmei), and then Dezhao (Zhao Kuangyin's eldest son) after Zhao Kuangyin's death. This testament is hidden in the Golden Pavilion, so it is called the Alliance of the Golden Pavilion. Although there is the saying of the Alliance of the Golden Pavilion, Emperor Taizong successively forced the death of Taizu's son Dezhao and De Fang, and deposed Tingmei to Fangzhou, and Tingmei died in banishment two years later. Taizong's eldest son Yuan Zuo was also deposed for sympathizing with Tingmei, another son Yuan Xi died violently, and finally Xiang Wang Yuan Kan was made crown prince and renamed Heng. In the third year of Zhidao (997), when Taizong died, Empress Li and the eunuch Wang Ji'en attempted to install Yuan Zuo as the emperor. Luckily, Chancellor Lü Duan handled the situation properly, and Zhao Heng was crowned as the emperor, with the temple name of Zhenzong. The Song Dynasty began to enter its heyday.

Step into the heyday

Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng After the death of Emperor Taizong, Zhenzong Zhao Heng took over the throne. Zhenzong practiced the Huanglao politics of the last years of Emperor Taizong and did nothing. Since the Northern Expedition of Yongxi, the Liao Dynasty had been looting and plundering the border between Song and Liao, and in the first year of Jingde's reign (1005), the Liao Dynasty finally invaded the Song Dynasty on a large scale. Chancellor Kou Zhun urged Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng to resist the war, which resulted in Zhenzong's personal expedition, which boosted the morale of the Song army, and the Liao army was forced to beg for peace after a fight at the city of Stillwater. After several negotiations, the two countries succeeded in making peace. The main content of the peace treaty was: Song gave Liao 200,000 pieces of silk and 100,000 taels of silver every year, and both sides were brotherly countries. History calls this peace treaty the "Alliance of Still Waters". Later, Kou Zhun fell out of favor and was eventually dismissed from his post. Emperor Zhenzong began to give credit to a sycophant, Wang Qinruo. Wang Qinruo was good at pandering and knew that the Emperor wanted to create an atmosphere of peace, so he strongly advocated the Emperor's Zen visit. Wang Qinruo himself joined hands with another prime minister, Wang Dan, to create a lot of "auspicious" signs all over the world, which was well received by the Emperor. As a result, Zhenzong made three Zen visits in the first year of Dazhongxiangfu (1009). This seriously depleted the people's power. True Father and Empress Liu had no children. He occasionally visited one of Liu's maids, Li, who gave birth to a son (Zhao Zhiqi) in 1011, later known as Inzong. Liu later raised the child with another concubine, Yang ****. In the mid-autumn of the second year of the Tianxi reign (1019), Emperor Zhenzong formally named Zhao Beneficence as the crown prince and changed his name to Zhao Zhen. On February 20, 1023, the first year of the Qianxing reign, Emperor Zhenzong died. Prince Zhao Zhen assumed the throne, Empress Liu was honored as the Empress Dowager, in the adult Renzong before the proxy military affairs. From then on, Empress Dowager Liu began the sixteen-year era of curtain rule. Fan Zhongyan, "first the world's worries and worries, after the world's happiness and joy" Renzong early reign has been in the shadow of Liu, until after Liu's death he was able to realize his ambitions. Although the empress of Emperor Renzong was Cao, he had always favored one Zhang Guifei in particular. However, Zhang's lowly background prevented her from becoming empress. On the eighth day of the first month of the sixth year (1055), Zhang died. Renzong even to the queen's rituals to deal with the funeral, and posthumously named Queen Wen Cheng, the result of a life and death of two queens, can be said to be the ancient not seen. Western Xia Li Yuanhao in the Daqing three years (1039) after the emperor, the war between Song and Xia broke out for several years, the Song army lost many battles, resulting in a heavy Xi increase in currency. Later, Emperor Renzong appointed Fan Zhongyan, Lu Yijian, Fu Bi, Bao Zheng, Han Qi and other capable ministers to implement the Qingli New Deal, which achieved very good results. The country entered the most prosperous stage since the founding of the nation. However, some old-fashioned people alleged that these reformist officials were ganging up and boasting to each other, which was a cronyism. Since Emperor Renzong had always hated the idea of cliques, these bureaucrats were later relegated to the rank of magistrates. This was the end of the short-lived Qingli New Deal. On the border, Emperor Renzong appointed a general, Di Qing, to quell the rebellion of the southern barbarian Nong Zhigao and the provocations of the Western Xia. After the death of Emperor Renzong, he was succeeded by Emperor Yingzong Zhao Shu. He was the grandson of King Zhao Yuanfen of Shang, the younger brother of True Father. He was made Crown Prince in the seventh year of the Jiawu reign (1063). He was sickly, and at first the government was in the hands of Empress Dowager Cao. It was only after May of the first year of the reign (1065) that King Yingzong began to take charge of the government. However, half a month after he came into power, the Pu Discussion broke out, and the dispute lasted for 18 months. It started when the prime minister Han Qi brought up the issue of the name of King Yingzong's biological father for discussion. The court was divided into two factions, one of which believed that King Pu, the father of King Yingzong, should be referred to as Huangbo, while the other believed that he should be called Huangkao. In the end, Empress Dowager Cao issued a decree to call the father of Emperor Yingzong as Huangkao. Only to calm the debate. But on the whole, Emperor Yingzong was still a capable monarch. He continued to appoint capable ministers from the previous dynasty, and he also dared to explore new talents. He also attached great importance to the compilation and revision of books, and the writing of the Ziji Tongjian was initiated by Emperor Yingzong.

Jiayan's Southern Expedition

The Jin Dynasty captured many of the Song royal families during the Jingkang War, and King Kang, Zhao Ju, was one of those who slipped through the net. In the second year of Jingkang (1127), Zhao went south from today's Hebei province to the capital of Nanjing, Yingtianfu (present-day Shangqiu, Henan Province), where he was crowned Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty and renamed his name Jianyan (建炎). After that, Zhao Gou made his way from the Huai River and Yangtze River to Hangzhou to restore the Song Dynasty, elevating Hangzhou to the Lin'an Prefecture. In the first year of Shaoxing (1131), the capital of the Song Dynasty was Lin'an, which was called "Xingzhi" (the capital of the Song Dynasty), but was actually the capital of the Song Dynasty. Jin Dynasty also all the way to the south, pushed Lin'an, Gaozong had no way to escape, had to enter the sea to escape, in Wenzhou coast drifting for four months. Due to the southern weather humid river longitudinal, coupled with the Southern Song Dynasty soldiers and civilians of Yue Fei heroic resistance, the gold commander Wanyan Wuzhu decided to withdraw his troops to the north. While retreating north to Zhenjiang, he was cut off by Song general Han Shizhong, and as a result was forced into Huangtiandang. Song army to eight thousand troops besieged the gold soldiers 100,000, both sides held forty-eight days, the last gold army fire attack to open the gap, to retreat, the gold army and in Jiankang was defeated by Yue Fei, and from then on no longer dare to cross the river. In the Southern Song Dynasty "four generals", the most famous is Yue Fei. He seized the land controlled by the pseudo-Qi regime supported by the Jin Dynasty through the Northern Expedition. However, Yue Fei's success and disagreement with Emperor Gaozong set the stage for his subsequent murder. In May of the Shaoxing decade (1140), the Jin once again tore up the peace agreement and invaded the south, and due to the heroic resistance of the Song army and people, the Jin attack in Sichuan and Shaanxi, and the two Huaihuai all failed. In July, the Jin general Wuzhu turned to attack the placebo, was defeated by Yue Fei, turned to attack Yingchang, and lost again. Yue's army took advantage of the victory to pursue the attack, until it reached Zhuxianzhen, which is only forty-five miles away from Kaifeng. The northern volunteers also responded to Yue Fei. So much so that the Jin sighed "easy to shake the mountain, shake the Yue family army is difficult", and once intended to give up Kaifeng, across the river to escape. But at this time, the high emperor even twelve gold medals to urge Yue Fei division, the success of the Northern Expedition was ruined. Finally, Yue Fei was killed on trumped-up charges. In November of the 11th year of Shaoxing (1141), Song and Jin reached the "Shaoxing Peace Treaty", in which the two countries took the Huai Shui - Dasan Pass as the border. The Song paid an annual tribute of 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 pieces of silk to the Jin. Emperor Gaozong appointed Qin Hui as a minister. Qin Hui was an advocate of anti-Jin during the Jingkang period, but was later plundered by the Jin. In October, 1130, Qin Hui returned to the south, and because of his policy of surrender, he was very much in line with Emperor Gaozong's wishes. He became vice prime minister in March and right prime minister in August. He was dismissed by Emperor Gaozong a year later because of his active cultivation of party members and his lack of enthusiasm for peace negotiations. After his dismissal, Qin Hui bided his time and waited for opportunities. In May, 1138, Emperor Gaozong appointed Qin Hui as the right prime minister. After Qin Hui came to power, he persecuted officials who disagreed with him, married foreign relatives, and made friends with internal ministers. Gao Zong only acquiesced to Qin Hui's behavior. In the later period, Qin Hui became too powerful and attracted the attention of Emperor Gaozong. For example, he ordered Qin Hui's grandson to lose his scholarship. Qin Hui's power declined day by day. In the 25th year of Shaoxing (1155), Qin Hui was seriously ill, and he plotted to have his son take over the post of minister, which was vetoed by Emperor Gaozong, and he died soon afterward. After Qin Hui's death, Gaozong cracked down on the rest of the party while rehiring surrendered officials. Gaozong was infertile, so he chose Zhao Yuan and Zhao Qu, two descendants of Taizu, to be his successors. In the end, Zhao Yuan won. In the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), Zhao Yuan was made the crown prince and renamed Zhao Shi (赵昚). In the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1161), Wanyan Liang, King of Hailing of Jin, invaded from the south and was repulsed by Yu Yunwen at Cai Shi. This incident made Emperor Gaozong feel like retreating. In June 1161, at the age of fifty-six, he abdicated by imperial decree and crowned himself Emperor Xiaozong (孝宗), who himself became Emperor Taishang (太上皇). He himself was called the Supreme Emperor and resided in the De Shou Palace. After becoming the Supreme Emperor, Emperor Gao Zong indulged in pleasures and spent a great deal of money. On October 8, 1187, Gaozong died.

Partialization of Jiangnan

Xiaozong took the throne, reforming the government, trying to restore the Song Dynasty relatively into a period of prosperity, Xiaozong vindicated Yue Fei injustice Southern Song Dynasty territory prison, the rise of the war faction, the sharp intention to recover the Central Plains. Longxingyuan year (1163) in April, Emperor Xiaozong made Li Xianzhong, Shao Hongyuan and other troops to launch a northern expedition. Although the Northern Expedition was victorious for a while, it failed after only twenty days due to the discord among the generals and the thought of being lightly defeated. After that, Emperor Xiaozong had no choice but to make peace with Jin, and in December of the second year of Longxing (1164), Song and Jin formally signed a peace agreement, known as the Longxing Peace Agreement. However, Emperor Xiaozong still remembered to restore the Central Plains and continued to reorganize his armament. However, due to the resignation of Yu Yunwen and other warlords, the Northern Expedition was not finalized. Internally, Emperor Xiaozong actively reorganized the bureaucracy, eliminated redundant officials, punished corruption, strengthened the centralization of power, and emphasized agricultural production. Generally speaking, the internal affairs of the Song Dynasty improved. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, Emperor Xiaozong became more and more apathetic towards politics and finally decided to abdicate his throne to his son Zhao Dun (赵敦), also known as Emperor Guangzong (光宗). However, Guangzong suffered from mental illness soon after his accession to the throne, and he was very unfilial to himself, which made Xiaozong very sad. In the seventh month of the fifth year of Shaoxi (1194), Emperor Xiaozong died. Gwangjong was a jealous man and distrusted his father's ministers, so two years after his accession, he became increasingly insane. In July of the fifth year of Shaoxi, after the death of Emperor Xiaozong, Guangzong did not mourn. The city of Lin'an was in a state of chaos and instability. The clansmen Zhao Ruyu and Zhao Yanjiu began to secretly plan for a new ruler. In the end, the Empress Dowager issued an edict, and Guangzong was consecrated as the supreme emperor. His son, Zhao Dang, was crowned as Ningzong and renamed Qingyuan (1195). Six years later, Guangzong died. According to history, Ningzong was "not wise" and had a low IQ. During his reign, he was controlled by two powerful ministers, Han entrusted to Han and Shi Mi Yuan. Despite his low IQ, he was generally a loyal lord.

Internal and external troubles

In the early years of the reign, Zhao Ruyu was the prime minister. Zhao Ruyu himself had good political integrity. However, due to the fact that the royal family serving as prime minister was not in accordance with the rules of etiquette, coupled with Han's incitement, he was finally dismissed from the post of prime minister. However, the people still miss him very much, and there are poems on the Lin'an city gates every day. Han entrusted Han in order to completely remove the influence of Zhao Ruyu and exclude dissidents, under the pretext of academic name, to create the Qingyuan party ban. The science of science called "pseudo-scholarship", and the ministers who believed in the science of science in the court were mostly against Han 侂胄. Han took this opportunity to expel all the scholars who believed in Rigaku from the government. In the sixth year of the Qingyuan era (1200), Han asked Han to lift the party ban when he saw that rationalism was no longer a threat. However, the party ban was unpopular, and in order to enlist the scholars, Han entrusted the name of the Northern Expedition to confuse the people. In the second year of Kaixi (1206), Han entrusted the Northern Expedition, which was soon defeated. The failure of the Northern Expedition made Han a target. His political opponent Shi Miyuan used this opportunity to form an alliance with the peacemakers and Han's opponents. The Jin in turn offered to kill Han as one of the conditions of the peace talks. On the third day of the eleventh month of the third year of the Kaixi era (1207), Shi Yiyuan and others forged a secret decree and killed Han. From then on, the period of Shi Yiyuan's dictatorship began. Shi collaborated with the Empress Yang and was able to monopolize the power. Ning Zong had eight sons, but they all died young. So he appointed Zhao Hong, the son of King Yi, as the crown prince. Zhao Hong was very dissatisfied with Shi Yiyuan's dictatorship. Therefore, Shi Meiyuan abrogated Zhao Hong's position as the crown prince and appointed Zhao Yun as the heir to the throne. On the third day of the eighth month of the seventeenth year of the Jia Ding reign (1224), Emperor Ning Zong died. Zhao Yun took over the throne and became Emperor Li Zong. However, Shi Miyuan continued his dictatorship, while Zhao Yun practiced the strategy of hiding his power. Shi Mi Yuan died in October 1233, the sixth year of Shao Ding. Finally, Emperor Li Zong was free from Shi Miyuan's shadow. In the following year, he changed his name to Duanping and implemented a series of reforms, known as the "Duanping Reforms". He dismissed all of Shi's old party members, and the government was improved for a while. Meanwhile, in the north, the Jin Dynasty was facing Mongolian aggression and was facing the end of the country. The foreign policy of the dynasty was divided into two schools, one of which believed that it should join hands with the Mongols to fight against the Jin Dynasty, while the other believed that it should bear in mind the principle of "lips dying, teeth chilling" as well as the lessons learned from the alliance at sea, and should assist the Jin Dynasty so that the Jin Dynasty could become a vassal of the Song Dynasty. In December of the fifth year of Shao Ding (1232), Mongolia sent an envoy to discuss the cooperation between Song and Mongolia to fight against the Jin Dynasty, and most of the ministers of the court agreed with the idea, but only Zhao Fan was against it. Lizong agreed to Mongolia's request, and Mongolia also promised to return Henan to the Song Dynasty after the destruction of the Jin Dynasty. However, this was only a verbal agreement, and no written agreement was left, which led to future problems. When Jin Aizong learned of this, he also sent an envoy to the Song Dynasty to make a statement, hoping to unite against the Mongols, but was rejected by the Rizong. Rizong appointed Shi Songzhi to be in charge of the extermination of Jin. In the sixth year of Shao Ding (1233), the Song army captured Dengzhou. In May of the first year of Duanping (1234), Caizhou was captured and King Ai of Jin hanged himself, which led to the fall of the Jin Dynasty. Song general Meng Qi brought the remains of King Ai of Jin back to Lin'an. Emperor Li Zong enshrined the remains of Emperor Ai Zong in the Imperial Temple to console the spirits of Emperor Hui and Emperor Qin.

Decline

After the fall of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongol army withdrew northward, Henan was empty, and the Rizong intended to restore the Central Plains by defending the pass (Tongguan), guarding the river (Yellow River), and recapturing the three capitals (Kaifeng in Tokyo, Luoyang in the western capital, and Guide in Nanjing). In May of the first year of Duanping (1234), Rizong appointed Zhao Kwai as the commander-in-chief and Quan Zicai as the vanguard, and issued an imperial edict to send troops to Henan. On June 12, Quan Zicai recaptured Nanjing. On July 5, the Song army entered Kaifeng. However, due to the lack of food and supplies, the Song army missed the opportunity to attack Luoyang and was ambushed by the Meng army, which resulted in heavy losses. All Song armies retreated. Duanping's entry into Luoyang was declared a failure, and the Song suffered heavy losses in this battle, with a large number of elite troops and supplies going down the drain, which also provided an excuse for the Mongols to invade the Song afterward. After the Duanping Incident, Emperor Li Zong neglected his political affairs and indulged in sex and horse racing, which led to the deterioration of the dynasty. Two of his sons died young, so he chose Brian Zhao, the son of his brother Zhao and Rui, to be his crown prince. Because his mother had taken abortifacients during his pregnancy, Brian was born with a birth defect. In June of the first year of Jingding (1260), the Li Zong issued an edict making Brian Zhao the crown prince. On December 26, 1264, King Jingding died, and Brian Zhao assumed the throne as Duzong. After his accession to the throne, Brian ignored the government and indulged in sex and horseplay. As a result, Jia Sidao, the right chancellor of the state, was able to seize power. Jia Sidao is a self-interested party member, and rejects dissenters. He spent his days in his villa at Ge Ling having fun with his concubines, and was known as the "Cricket Chancellor" because of his love of cricket. He was forbidden to let Du Zong know about the battle on the front line. It was only after the siege of Xiangyang and Fancheng for three years that Du Zong learned about it. In the second year of Duanping (1235), the Meng army invaded south for the first time and was repulsed. Undeterred by the defeat, the Mongol army invaded south twice in the following September and the third year, with its front almost approaching the northern bank of the Yangtze River. As the Song army fought bravely, they defeated the Meng army and once again thwarted their attempts to descend south of the Yangtze River. Later, the Southern Song army and people, under the command of the anti-Mongolian generals Meng Gong, Meng Ying, and Yu Jie, defeated the Meng army several times, so that it had to attempt to go around the river. In the first year of the Kaiqing era (1259), Mongol Khan Mongkol died of wounds inflicted by a stray arrow from the Song army during his campaign in Hezhou. His brother Kublai was fighting with the Song army in Ezhou, and when he heard the news, he immediately prepared to withdraw his troops in order to seize the Khan's throne, and Jia Sidao took the opportunity to send someone to negotiate peace with Kublai to ensure peace. In this way, Kublai returned directly to the north and established himself as the Khan. In the seventh year of Xianchun (1271), Kublai established his state in the Central Plains under the name of Yuan. On July 9, 1274, Du Zong died at the age of 35 years. After his death, his eldest son Zhao Xian assumed the throne. At that time, the rule of the Song Dynasty was paralyzed. In the spring of the first year of Deyou (1275), the Yuan army conquered the military towns of Anqing and Chizhou, and pushed Jiankang to the brink, resulting in the collapse of the Yangtze River defense line. The court was greatly shocked, and all sectors hoped that Jia Sidao could go to war, but the Song army was defeated. Jia Sidao was demoted and killed by Zheng Huchen, a prison official, on his way to his post. On November 20 of the first year of the Deyou era, Changzhou fell to the Yuan army and a massacre was committed. Soon Pingjiang also fell, Lin'an panic. On the fifth day of the second month of the second year of Deyou (1276), a surrender ceremony was held in Lin'an, and Zhao Xi was captured. The Southern Song Dynasty fell. Then, Zhao Xi's younger brothers, Zhao and Bing, escaped from Lin'an under the protection of the ministers. Zhao Xie's brother, Zhao Bing, escaped from Lin'an under the protection of his ministers. Zhao Xie was crowned Duanzong in Fuzhou, and was renamed Jingyan (1276). However, the internal struggle of the small court continued. In November of the first year of Jingyan, the Meng army approached Fuzhou, and on the 15th of November, courtiers Chen Yizhong and Zhang Shijie escorted Zhao and Bing to flee southward on a boat, and from then on, the small court could only conduct their courtships on the sea. In the spring of the third year of Jingyan (1278), the small court arrived at Leizhou. On April 15, at the age of eleven, Zhao Yuyun died. Lu Xiu Fu and his ministers adopted the last Zhao as the emperor and changed his name to Xiang Xing (1278). Under the onslaught of the Yuan army, Leizhou was lost and the small court moved to Yashan (today's Xinhui, Guangdong). The Yuan army, followed closely by the rebel Han general Zhang Hongfan of the Southern Song Dynasty, launched a general attack on Yashan, and the Song army, unable to fight, collapsed on all fronts. The last of Zhao Bing jumped into the sea with Lu Xiu Fu and more than 800 members of the Zhao Song royal family. The world is not ashamed of Zhang Hongfan, especially in this monument "Song Zhang Hongfan destroyed the Song in this" mockery, the Song Dynasty here to declare the complete demise. The Battle of Yashan was extremely tragic, after the battle, there were 100,000 people committed suicide, the sea was full of corpses. Wen Tianxiang personally witnessed the tragic situation, composed a poem: "Capricorn on the South China Sea, people died as messy as hemp. Fishy waves beat heart broken, soaring wind blowing sideburns Hua."