national economy

In recent years, there have been some contradictions and problems in the process of China's rapid economic growth, which have had a certain impact on the transformation of China's economic development mode. These problems are mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1. 1 excessive energy consumption. Although China has achieved an average annual growth rate of more than 9% in the past 20 years, the growth is mainly driven by investment, and the growth mode is relatively extensive. Blind investment and low-level redundant construction in some industries have achieved output growth, but at the expense of consuming a lot of resources and energy, which is not only conducive to the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, but also conducive to the healthy development of the national economy. In 2006, China produced only 5.5% of GDP, but consumed 15% of the world's total energy, 30% of steel consumption and 54% of cement consumption. In the past 20 years, the average elasticity coefficient of energy demand was 0.5, but it exceeded 1.0 during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. China's Tenth Five-Year Plan predicts that the emission of major pollutants will decrease by 10% in 2005, in which the emission of sulfur dioxide will decrease from199,500 tons in 2000 to179,600 tons in 2005, but the result will increase by 27%, reaching 25.49 million tons. From the comparison of energy consumption between China and seven western developed countries (Table 3- 1), the average energy consumption of G-7 countries to create 1 USD GDP is n.7* 1O(6) coke, while that of China to create 1 USD GDP is 69. This shows that China's economic growth mode is extensive. ③. 1.2 The environmental pollution is serious. For a long time, China's rapid economic growth did not put environmental pollution in an important position, but continued the road taken by western countries in the early stage of development, developing the economy first and then controlling environmental pollution. Industrial waste gas, waste residue and waste water pollute the environment, especially rivers, and directly endanger people's health. For example, 54% of the seven major water systems in China are polluted to varying degrees, and 76% of the rivers are polluted. The development of industrial economy consumes a lot of resources, which leads to the sharp increase of carbon dioxide in the air, produces a lot of solid waste and pollutes the environment. The level of waste discharge in China is much higher than that in developed countries. The wastewater discharge per unit GDP is four times higher than that in developed countries, and the solid waste generated per unit industrial output value is more than 10 times higher than that in developed countries. In 2006, the total discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater in China was 45.3 billion tons, of which the discharge of chemical oxygen demand was 65.438+0.348 million tons, ranking first in the world. The emission of sulfur dioxide is 210.2 million tons, ranking first in the world; The annual emission of carbon dioxide is second only to the United States, ranking second in the world. At the beginning of 2005, Davos World Economic Forum published the latest evaluation of "Environmental Sustainable Development Index". Among the 144 countries and regions in the world, China ranks 133, and among the 20 most polluted cities in the world, 16 are in China. According to the estimation of China Academy of Sciences in 2003, the losses caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction in China account for smart% of GDP. (1) At present, China's environmental protection laws and regulations are not perfect, fiscal policies are lagging behind, and public financial policies are not enough to support circular economy. For example, there are too few taxes related to environmental protection. At present, only resource tax and income tax are related to environmental protection, and other main taxes have no preferential policies for the comprehensive utilization of "three wastes", which limits the regulation of tax on environmental pollution, makes it difficult to form a special tax source for environmental protection, and weakens the role of tax in environmental protection; Lack of restrictions on emission pollution projects. Some taxes are tax-free for environmental protection projects themselves, but there are no restrictions on sewage projects. At the same time, those pollution-free products and clean production that are conducive to environmental protection do not enjoy preferential tax policies. As far as the existing resource tax related to environmental protection is concerned, the tax rate is too low, the gap between different files is too small, and the scope of taxation is narrow, which can not obviously adjust the rational utilization of resources, which is extremely disproportionate to the situation of resource shortage, low utilization rate and serious waste in China. Because most of the resource tax revenue belongs to local governments, in the process of implementation, it is because of taxing the income from the use of natural resources such as coal, oil, natural gas and salt. It often plays a role in encouraging local over-exploitation of resources, but it intensifies the deterioration of the ecological environment. 1.3 The relationship between investment and consumption is not harmonious. For a long time, China has mainly relied on investment and export, especially high investment to stimulate economic growth, and consumption has been insufficient for a long time. According to statistics, since 2003, the average annual growth rate of China's fixed assets investment has remained at around 25%, and the proportion of capital formation in GDP has exceeded 40%. However, the proportion of China's final consumption in GDP (consumption rate) dropped from over 62% in 1980s to 50% in 2006, while the world average consumption rate was 80. 1%(2002), which was 28 percentage points lower than the world average. From the international comparison, the proportion of China's consumption expenditure, especially household consumption expenditure, to GDP is not only far below that of developed countries, but also far below the average level of developing countries. However, the investment ratio is too high, which is twice that of developed countries and 1.6 times that of developing countries (see table 3-2). Judging from some countries with developed economies and high openness in the world, whether it is the United States, Japan or several big European countries, the first factor to promote economic growth is consumption. For example, the United States is the largest importer and exporter in the world, but the contribution rate of exports to the economy is only more than 10%, and its impact on economic growth lags far behind domestic consumption. The consequences of high investment and low consumption are low investment efficiency, overcapacity in some industries, affecting the adjustment of industrial structure, improving the overall quality of life of residents, and ultimately affecting the sustainable development of the economy. 1.4 Unreasonable industrial structure At present, China's industrial structure is unreasonable, traditional industries are still dominant, and the proportion of high-tech industries is low. In terms of three industrial structures, there are still some problems, such as weak agricultural foundation, low industrial quality and backward development of service industry. Since 2004, China's investment in steel, cement and electrolytic aluminum has grown too fast, which not only caused these products to rise in turn, but also increased the pressure of overall price increase and further aggravated the contradiction of industrial structure. Due to the contradiction between supply and demand in the market, steel prices have risen, leading to blind expansion of the steel industry. Such a production scale will inevitably lead to high input, waste of resources, environmental pollution and low efficiency. Since the reform and opening up, the proportion of the primary industry in China has obviously decreased, the proportion of the secondary industry has remained basically unchanged, and the proportion of the tertiary industry has greatly increased. The proportion of the added value of the three industries in GDP has been adjusted from 28.2: 47.9: 265,438+0.9 in 2007 to 65,438+0.3: 48.6: 40.1. Compared with 1978, the proportion of primary industry decreased by 16.9 percentage points, the proportion of secondary industry increased by 0.7 percentage points, and the proportion of tertiary industry increased by 16.2 percentage points in 2007. However, from an international perspective, the proportion of primary and secondary industries in China, especially the material capital-intensive secondary industry, is still too high, while the proportion of the tertiary industry with relatively dense human capital is still too low: not only lower than the world average, but even significantly lower than the average level of low-income countries (see Table 3-3). Judging from the pulling effect of the three industries on GDP growth, China's GDP growth rate has been above 10% since 2003. The contribution rate of primary industry and tertiary industry to economic growth is relatively low, while the contribution rate of secondary industry is too high. In 1980s, Chinese township enterprises rose rapidly. At the same time, China implemented reform and opening up, introduced a large amount of foreign capital, and mainly developed processing industry. At the end of 1990s, China became the main target of processing industry transfer in developed countries and regions, thus rapidly expanding into the "processing workshop" of the world. The rapid expansion of the secondary industry has become the main reason for China's vigorous economic development since 1980s, and it is also the basic feature of the industrialization development stage. The rapid development of industrialization has also brought some sequelae to the society, such as the extreme waste of resources, serious environmental pollution, the relative backwardness of agriculture and the underdevelopment of the tertiary industry. China is currently in the middle stage of industrialization, and the service industry accounts for less than 40% of GDP, while the international developed countries generally account for more than 70%. The disharmony among the three industries not only affects the healthy development of the whole social economy, but also affects the sustainable development of the secondary industry itself. Judging from the employment ratio of primary, secondary and tertiary industries (the proportion of employees in each industry to the total employment), it was 40.8:26.8:32.4 in 2007. Compared with 1978, in 2007, the employment proportion of the primary industry decreased by 29.7 percentage points, the secondary industry increased by 9.5 percentage points, and the tertiary industry increased by 20.2 percentage points. However, the proportion of the added value of China's three industries is seriously disproportionate to its employment structure: the added value of the primary industry only accounts for 1 1% of GDP, but it concentrates more than 40% of the employed population; The added value of the secondary industry accounts for nearly half of GDP, but it only absorbs more than 1/4 of the employed population; Although the added value of the tertiary industry is basically commensurate with its employment proportion, compared with the international level, its employment proportion is less than half of the average level of developed countries and far lower than that of many developing countries (see 3-4). Therefore, vigorously developing the tertiary industry is not only the need to promote sustainable economic development, but also the main way to achieve full employment, the biggest livelihood issue. 1.5 Urban and rural development is unbalanced. Both the eastern coastal areas and the vast inland areas have achieved rapid economic development, and the development of regional economy has made great contributions to the sustained and rapid growth of the national economy. However, the problems such as market segmentation, local protection, similar industrial structure and disorderly competition between regions have not been well solved, especially the economic and social development between urban and rural areas and between regions is still unbalanced. According to the Annual Report on the Income Distribution of China Residents in 2006 issued by the National Development and Reform Commission in February 2007, the income gap in eastern, central and western China increased by 462 yuan and 545 yuan respectively in 2005 compared with 2004. At the same time, the "urban-rural income gap" within each region is larger than that of 500 yuan in the previous year; The per capita income of rural residents in China is less than 1/3 of the per capita disposable income of urban residents. China is even called the country with the fastest development of inequality in the world, and the reform has been unable to generally improve the "income" of all groups. The Human Development Report 2005 published by the United Nations Development Programme describes the regional disparity and the gap between the rich and the poor in China. According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, the richest 65,438+00% people in the mainland account for 45% of the national wealth. The poorest 10% population has only 1.4% wealth; 60% of the bank's deposits are in the hands of 10% depositors. All these show that the fruits of China's rapid economic growth in recent years have not been enjoyed by all social strata, but gathered in the hands of a few people. ① The income gap of Chinese residents is too large, and a large number of residents belong to low-income or middle-low income classes, which is the fundamental reason for the low proportion of Chinese residents' consumption in GDP. This is directly related to the imperfection of China's social security system, personal income tax and property tax system and the failure to give full play to the role of redistribution. For example, China's personal income tax adopts the classified income tax system, which does not comprehensively consider the actual burden of the family's population, livelihood, health status and education expenditure, and the tax burden is unfairly distributed. 1.6 sound and rapid economic development is inseparable from high-quality workers, who are the main force to promote the transformation of economic development mode. Education investment is the main way to form and accumulate human capital. Education should not only impart scientific knowledge and skills, but also strengthen the education of work attitude and professional ethics to provide talent base and intellectual support for economic development and transformation of economic development mode. At present, China's low investment in scientific and technological talents, education and research and development has seriously affected the improvement of scientific and technological level and labor quality, thus restricting the transformation of economic growth mode. For example, from the perspective of education, in 2007, the proportion of education investment in GDP in developing countries was above 4% on average, while that in China was only 1.32%. China's Eleventh Five-Year Plan puts forward the goal of "fiscal education expenditure accounts for 4% of GDP" of about 20 10. India, also a developing country with a large population, although its economic development level is not as good as that of China (according to the statistics of the World Bank, in 2007, China's per capita national income was US$ 2,360, while India's was only US$ 950), India achieved this goal as early as 2000, and made ambitious efforts to reach the average level of 5% in OECD countries. Therefore, although our government attaches great importance to education, the growth rate of education expenditure is higher than the average growth rate of fiscal expenditure, but the proportion of fiscal revenue to GDP is too low, so the proportion of education investment to GDP is too low, which will inevitably restrict the development of education. At the same time, China has a huge labor force, but the overall quality of the labor force is not high. The research results provided by UNESCO show that there is a high positive correlation between productivity and workers' education level. Compared with illiteracy, the productivity of primary school graduates can be increased by 43%, junior high school students can be increased by 65,438+008%, and college students can be increased by 300%. Therefore, China's human capital resources are relatively scarce, and the level of higher education and vocational education in China needs to be improved urgently. Compared with innovative countries, the independent innovation ability of Chinese enterprises is still weak, and there is a serious lack of independent brands. Independent intellectual property rights are related to major industrialization. Lack of independent innovation ability will not provide a strong impetus for China's economic development, but will lead to the decline of the country's innovation status. According to CCTV, China ranked 33rd in the "global competitiveness" in 2002-2003 and 46th in 2004-2005. The main reasons for the weak independent innovation ability of Chinese enterprises are insufficient investment in R&D, shortage of scientific and technological talents, failure to establish the main position of technological innovation of enterprises, and failure to give full play to the due role of tax policy in promoting independent innovation. China's current tax system to encourage independent innovation is imperfect, the tax policy objectives are unclear, lack of systematicness, and the tax benefits are uneven. For example, there is a lack of inclination in the field of scientific and technological development supported and encouraged by preferential tax policies, and the goal of how to coordinate the development of basic theoretical research and applied technology research, develop high-tech and transform traditional technologies is unclear; The current preferential policies have benefited recipients of scientific and technological achievements more, while scientific research units and scientific and technological workers have benefited less. China's preferential tax policies for independent innovation are mainly preferential after the event, lacking prior encouragement and support. For example, China's current preferential tax policies for high-tech industries focus on the downstream of the industrial chain, which plays an important role in the formation and scale of high-tech industries. However, due to the lack of policy support for the upstream of the industrial chain, the enthusiasm of independent innovation of enterprises is restrained. Lack of risk investment and financing related tax policies. In the whole process of technological innovation, there are capital risks. However, due to the high risk and unstable income of technological innovation activities, it is generally difficult to get the support of commercial banks. However, the effect of subsidizing enterprise technological innovation only by government direct financial expenditure is very small. Therefore, high-tech enterprises and individuals with core technological innovation projects in China are faced with the problems of difficulty in raising funds and low profits in the initial stage of technological innovation, while China lacks relevant risk-oriented investment at present. In China's current tax policy, there is no clear personal income tax preference for the income of high-tech talents, especially for the innovation and invention income of high-tech talents, and there are no effective tax measures for the personal income tax collection of technology shares and stock options of high-tech talents. The existence of these problems is not conducive to mobilizing the enthusiasm of scientific and technological talents, but also reduces the attractiveness of high-tech industries to talents, making a large number of talents flow overseas. 1.8 it is difficult for enterprises to invest overseas. International investment is conducive to the rational flow of global factors of production such as capital, resources and technology. China government pays more and more attention to foreign investment, and some enterprises have enthusiasm for foreign investment. However, due to various factors, it is difficult for Chinese enterprises to invest overseas, mainly in the following aspects: the legal policy of overseas investment is backward, and the legal system and structure of foreign investment in China are not reasonable. China's current foreign investment legislation is limited to attracting foreign investment, while the legislative work on overseas investment of enterprises is almost blank. For a long time, China lacks overall planning for the development of overseas investment enterprises, and overseas investment is in a state of self-development. The policy basis for overseas investment is mainly the contents and requirements of the main documents required for the examination and approval of overseas investment projects, which are completely formulated according to the requirements of the documents of the central ministries and commissions. The government has not promulgated the overseas investment management law. The above requirements only involve state-owned and collective enterprises. There is no approval procedure for overseas investment by private and foreign-funded enterprises. 1.8.2. The procedures for overseas investment are very complicated. The original intention of the relevant state departments in approving overseas investment projects is to strictly control the implementation and economic benefits of foreign investment projects as far as possible. However, at present, there are too many levels, too wide scope and too many links for government departments to participate in the examination and approval, and the scale of each department is different, which brings many difficulties to enterprises to apply for projects. This not only dampened the enthusiasm of enterprises for foreign investment, but also delayed business opportunities. 1.8.3 Constraints on foreign exchange control Up to now, China has not liberalized the RMB capital account, and there are strict controls on the remittance of foreign exchange needed for overseas investment. Although the central government has determined the general policy of promoting overseas investment, the specific foreign exchange management measures have not changed accordingly. This has a great influence on China's "going out" strategy, mainly in the following aspects: the foreign exchange control of capital account is too strict, which hinders the development of overseas investment; Repatriation of profits to margin management is not conducive to enterprise capital turnover; The current Foreign Exchange Management Law for Overseas Investment has increased the cost of foreign exchange for enterprises. Overseas Chinese-funded enterprises have difficulty in financing. 1.8.4 Lack of financial support for overseas investment At present, the development of China's financial and insurance industry is far from meeting the needs of overseas investment. The main manifestations are: insufficient financial support for overseas enterprises, inflexible financing methods that enterprises can adopt, and regulated international commercial financing, which hinders enterprises from using the international capital market; The lack of understanding and management of leasing business, the economic status and role of leasing industry have not been fully affirmed, and the lack of perfect leasing legislation has affected enterprises to rely on leasing business to enhance their financial strength and expand overseas; The investment consulting industry is lagging behind. 1.8.5 policy support measures are not perfect. China lacks the necessary scientific mechanism to protect overseas investment. Benefit comparison and risk assessment have not yet formed a system, and there is not even a suitable institution to undertake overseas investment guarantee. These problems undoubtedly restrict and hinder the overseas investment of China enterprises to varying degrees. 1.8.6 lack of information services and the government has not yet been established. Overseas investment, especially the investment of high-tech enterprises, usually requires enterprises to do sufficient investigation and research in advance. Due to the weak strength of enterprises in China, it is difficult to independently invest a lot of manpower and material resources to understand the international market information, which requires the relevant departments to establish an overseas investment service network covering a vast market space, and provide domestic enterprises with all-round consulting services from inspection, research and registration to public places, management, taxation, law and accounting. +0.8.7 The guarantee for enterprises' overseas investment is not enough to invest in overseas markets. If it is influenced by the host country's economic policies, political forms, international payment and exchange rate policies, it is risky and may cause great losses to enterprises. Therefore, developed countries have relatively perfect risk protection mechanisms for overseas enterprises and overseas investment. However, China has not done enough in this respect. So far, there is no overseas investment insurance institution to provide overseas investment insurance for enterprises. 1.8.8 compared with domestic operations, enterprises need to pay extra costs for overseas operations, so they need strong strength. Compared with western multinational companies, enterprises in China are weak, especially small and medium-sized enterprises. Judging from the scale of overseas investment projects, the average investment scale of multinational companies in developed countries is 6 million US dollars, while that of developing countries is 2.6 million US dollars, while the average investment of non-trading enterprises in China is only 6.5438+0.2 million US dollars. (1) 1.8.9 Successful multinational enterprises that lack transnational management talents cannot do without excellent management talents, especially senior management talents. Transnational operation needs more high-quality talents and a good incentive and restraint mechanism. In the process of rapid economic growth in China, there has been a shortage of talents, especially international and compound management talents, which has led to the low quality of expatriates from China enterprises. At the same time, the weak strength of multinational enterprises in China also restricts the excavation and cultivation of human resources. Lack of tax support China lacks a systematic tax legal system to promote enterprises to "go global". The international common practice is to encourage domestic enterprises to develop resources overseas through low taxes or tax exemption. In recent years, China has begun to implement preferential tax policies for overseas investment enterprises, but the preferential policies are few and scattered, and there are many principled provisions. Only a few enterprises can really implement them, and the scope of support policies is limited. In addition, the current income tax policy for foreign investment is non-investment-oriented and non-discriminatory, and no tax preference is given to specific projects, which leads to the unreasonable regional structure and industrial structure of foreign investment. Therefore, at present, China's tax policy support for enterprises to "go global" is not reflected in the differences of investment industries, nor in the policy orientation of investment fields and investment forms. The preferential tax policies for foreign investment in specific projects and industries are almost blank, which does not reflect the orientation of industrial development and is not conducive to promoting domestic industrial upgrading. From the form of tax support, it is mainly tax reduction and exemption, and the form is relatively simple.